16-570: Burgella Clavulina Membranomyces Multiclavula The Clavulinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales . The family is not well defined, but currently comprises species of clavarioid (club and coral) fungi as well as some corticioid (crust- and patch-forming) fungi . These species are nutritionally diverse, some being ectomycorrhizal , others wood-rotting saprotrophs , others lichenized , and yet others lichenicolous (growing on or parasitizing lichens). The Dutch mycologist Marinus Anton Donk first published
32-466: A class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota . The taxon is roughly identical to that defined for the Homobasidiomycetes (alternatively called holobasidiomycetes) by Hibbett & Thorn, with the inclusion of Auriculariales and Sebacinales . It includes not only mushroom -forming fungi, but also most species placed in the deprecated taxa Gasteromycetes and Homobasidiomycetes. Within
48-466: A mass of 10,000 kilograms (22,000 pounds) and an age of 1,500 years. Agaricomycetes also have antibacterial properties. Agaricomycetes can help in research in treating bacteria. Nearly all species are terrestrial (a few are aquatic), occurring in a wide range of environments where most function as decayers, especially of wood. However, some species are pathogenic or parasitic , and yet others are symbiotic (i.e., mutualistic ), these including
64-538: Is closely related. The lichenized clavarioid genus Multiclavula is also closely related and has been included within the family. Several species formerly referred to the corticioid genus Sistotrema may be included, but have not been formally renamed. The genus Burgella , described for a probable anamorph of this latter group is, however, within the family. As such, the Clavulinaceae currently contain 4 genera and over 60 species. The genus Clavulicium which
80-511: Is in honour of Pietro Benedetto Luigi Burgo (1876-1964), an Italian electrical and industrial engineer. The genus was circumscribed by Paul Diederich and James D. Lawrey in Biblioth. Lichenol. Vol.107 on page 22 in 2007. This Agaricomycetes -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Agaricomycetes Agaricomycetidae Phallomycetidae incertae sedis (no subclass) The Agaricomycetes are
96-470: Is no longer recognized as a natural one—various puffball species have apparently evolved independently from agaricomycete fungi. However, most mushroom guide books still group the puffballs or gasteroid forms separate from other mushrooms because the older Friesian classification is still convenient for categorizing fruit body forms. Similarly, modern classifications divide the gasteroid order Lycoperdales between Agaricales and Phallales . All members of
112-599: The fossil record , and the class does not yet pre-date the Early Cretaceous (146–100 Ma ). The oldest Agaricomycetes fossil, dating from the lower Cretaceous (130–125 Ma) is Quatsinoporites . It is a fragment of a poroid fruit body with features that suggest it could be a member of the family Hymenochaetaceae . Based on molecular clock analysis, the Agaricomycetes are estimated to be about 290 million years old. Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest
128-453: The tribe Clavulinae in 1933 to accommodate species of clavarioid fungi in the genus Clavulina that had "stichic" basidia (basidia with nuclear spindles arranged longitudinally). He considered this feature placed the species concerned closer to the chanterelles ( Cantharellales ) than to other clavarioid fungi. In 1961, he raised the tribe to the rank of family, as the Clavulinaceae. In 1968, Estonian mycologist Erast Parmasto added
144-530: The Agaricomycetes: Amylocorticiales , Jaapiales , Stereopsidales , and Lepidostromatales . Although morphology of the mushroom or fruit body (basidiocarp) was the basis of early classification of the Agaricomycetes, this is no longer the case. As an example, the distinction between the Gasteromycetes (including puffballs ) and Agaricomycetes (most other agaric mushrooms)
160-440: The class produce basidiocarps which range in size from tiny cups a few millimeters across to a giant polypore ( Phellinus ellipsoideus ) greater than several meters across and weigh up to 500 kilograms (1,100 lb). The group also includes what are arguably the largest and oldest individual organisms on earth: the mycelium of one individual Armillaria gallica has been estimated to extend over 15 hectares (37 acres) with
176-525: The corticioid genus Clavulicium to the family, noting that it had very similar basidia to those found in Clavulina . Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , has confirmed the placement of Clavulina within the Cantharellales, but has not yet addressed the circumscription of the family Clavulinaceae. The corticioid genus Membranomyces (formerly referred to Clavulicium )
SECTION 10
#1733084800790192-458: The following relationships: other basidiomycetes ( outgroup ) Cantharellales Sebacinales Auriculariales Stereopsidales Geastrales Hysterangiales Gomphales Phallales Trechisporales Hymenochaetales Thelephorales Polyporales Corticiales Jaapiales Gloeophyllales Russulales Agaricales Boletales Amylocorticiales Lepidostromatales Atheliales There are many genera in
208-1021: The important ectomycorrhizal symbionts of forest trees. General discussions on the forms and life cycles of these fungi are developed in the article on mushrooms , in the treatments of the various orders (links in table at right), and in individual species accounts. A study of 5,284 species with a backbone phylogeny based on 104 genomes has suggested the following dates of evolution: Agaricomycetidae ~ 185 million years ago ( 174 million years ago – 192 million years ago ) Cantharellales 184 million years ago ( 144 million years ago – 261 million years ago ) Agaricales 173 million years ago ( 160 million years ago - 182 million years ago ) Hymenochaetales 167 million years ago ( 130 million years ago – 180 million years ago ) Boletales 142 million years ago ( 133 million years ago – 153 million years ago ) The fruit bodies of Agaricomycetes are extremely rare in
224-575: The subdivision Agaricomycotina , which already excludes the smut and rust fungi, the Agaricomycetes can be further defined by the exclusion of the classes Tremellomycetes and Dacrymycetes , which are generally considered to be jelly fungi . However, a few former "jelly fungi", such as Auricularia , are classified in the Agaricomycetes. According to a 2008 estimate, Agaricomycetes include 17 orders , 100 families , 1147 genera , and about 21000 species . Modern molecular phylogenetic analyses have been since used to help define several new orders in
240-460: The undersides of dead, attached branches or fallen wood. Some of the latter group, however, (including the genus Burgella ) often grow on and may parasitize lichens. Collectively, the Clavulinaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution . Burgella Burgella is a genus of fungi in the family Clavulinaceae . The genus is monotypic , containing the single species Burgella flavoparmeliae , described in 2007. The genus name of Burgella
256-572: Was formerly placed in the Clavulinaceae was found to belong in the new family Stereopsidaceae . Species within the family are unusually diverse in habitat and ecology. Species of Clavulina are ectomycorrhizal , forming mutually beneficial associations with the roots of living trees and other plants. Species of Multiclavula are lichens , their basidiocarps typically found scattered on sheets of their associated algae . Species of Membranomyces and " Sistotrema " are presumed to be wood-rotting saprotrophs , typically forming corticioid basidiocarps on
#789210