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172-637: The name is derived from the Latin word clavis , meaning "key" (associated with more common clavus , meaning "nail, rod, etc.") and chorda (from Greek χορδή) meaning "string, especially of a musical instrument". An analogous name is used in other European languages (It. clavicordio , clavicordo ; Fr. clavicorde ; Germ. Klavichord ; Lat. clavicordium ; Port. clavicórdio ; Sp. clavicordio ). Many languages also have another name derived from Latin manus , meaning "hand" (It. manicordo ; Fr. manicorde , manicordion ; Sp. manicordio , manucordio ). Other names refer to

344-566: A Channel 4 documentary along with Sir David Attenborough called When Björk Met Attenborough , as part of their Mad4Music season of programmes. Björk and Attenborough discussed the human relationship with music, focusing around Biophilia , and also featuring scientist Oliver Sacks . In 2014, the apps were the first ever to be inducted into the Museum of Modern Art 's permanent collection. In June, Björk recorded original vocal samples for Death Grips , which they used on all 8 songs of Niggas on

516-755: A jazz fusion group, Exodus, collaborated in another group, JAM80, and graduated from music school. In 1982, she and bassist Jakob Magnússon formed another group, Tappi Tíkarrass ("Cork the Bitch's Ass" in Icelandic ), and released the EP Bitið fast í vitið ("Bite Hard Into the Mind" in Icelandic), in August 1982. Their album Miranda was released in December 1983. The group was featured in

688-564: A Masonic Cantata, on this clavichord. Haydn composed the greater part of "The Creation", one of his masterpieces, on the clavichord. He used the clavichord to accompany the voice. Latin Latin ( lingua Latina , pronounced [ˈlɪŋɡʷa ɫaˈtiːna] , or Latinum [ɫaˈtiːnʊ̃] ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages . Latin

860-591: A box set meant to celebrate the end of the album cycle which 14 wooden flutes that imitate various bird calls and a USB stick featuring the digital albums, music videos and remixes, alongside an unreleased instrumental track, "Arpegggio". On 6 September 2019, two remixes of "Features Creatures" were released as digital singles, one by Fever Ray and the other by the Knife . Both remixes, as well as Björk's own remix of Fever Ray's 2017 song, "This Country", were collected on Country Creatures . On 27 September 2019, Björk made

1032-566: A cover of Joni Mitchell 's song "The Boho Dance" to the album A Tribute to Joni Mitchell (2007). Director and previous collaborator Michel Gondry asked Björk to star in his film The Science of Sleep , but she declined. The role was played by Charlotte Gainsbourg instead. Björk starred in Gunar Karlsson's 2007 animated film Anna and the Moods , along with Terry Jones and Damon Albarn . Björk's sixth full-length studio album, Volta ,

1204-560: A featured artist on "Afi", a track from the Björgvin Gíslason 1983 record Örugglega . Due to the imminent cancelling of radio show Áfangar , two radio personalities, Ásmundur Jónsson and Guðni Rúnar, requested musicians to play on a last live radio show. Björk joined with Einar Melax (from the group Fan Houtens Kókó), Einar Örn Benediktsson (from Purrkur Pillnikk), Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson and Sigtryggur Baldursson (from Þeyr), and Birgir Mogensen (from Spilafífl) to perform in

1376-591: A festival in Iceland was headlined by English anarchist punk band Crass , whose record label, Crass Records offered the band a record deal. The Eye was released in 1984, followed by a two-month tour in Europe, which also included a performance at Roskilde Festival in Denmark. This made Kukl the first Icelandic band to play at the festival. During this period Björk published a hand-coloured book of poems. Um Úrnat frá Björk

1548-718: A few in German , Dutch , Norwegian , Danish and Swedish . Latin is still spoken in Vatican City, a city-state situated in Rome that is the seat of the Catholic Church . The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part, in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology . They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics . Their works were published in manuscript form before

1720-454: A flute rendition of "The Anchor Song" from 1993's Debut before embarking on the brief Utopia tour , playing in several European music festivals during the summer. On 12 November 2018, Björk announced a new concert production centered around her Utopia album, entitled Cornucopia . Björk described the show as one "where the acoustic and digital will shake hands". Cornucopia opened in May 2019 at

1892-516: A frequent collaborator for Björk. Her first adult solo album, Debut , was released in June 1993 to positive reviews; it was named album of the year by NME and eventually went platinum in the United States. Debut was the leap Björk made from being in numerous bands during her teens and early twenties to her solo career. She named the album Debut to signify a start of something new. Debut had

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2064-453: A mix of songs Björk had been writing since she was a teenager, as well as more recent lyrical collaborations with Hooper. The dance -oriented album varied in instrumentation. One single from the album, " Venus as a Boy ", featured a Bollywood -influenced string arrangement. Björk covered the jazz standard " Like Someone in Love " to the accompaniment of a harp, and the final track, "The Anchor Song",

2236-418: A musical genre. Although she often calls herself a pop artist, she is considered a "restlessly experimental creative force". According to The New Yorker ' s Taylor Ho Bynum , "no contemporary artist so gracefully bridges the divide [between music experimentalist and pop celebrity] as Björk". Her album Debut , which incorporated electronic, house , jazz, and trip hop, has been credited as one of

2408-562: A new Classical Latin arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other literate men, who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as a sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech. Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of Plautus , which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of

2580-579: A novel "tangible-interface" synthesizer from the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona , which on Volta is played by Damian Taylor. The first single from the album, " Earth Intruders ", was released digitally on 9 April 2007 and became her second-ever Billboard Hot 100 entry in the United States. Volta debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 albums chart, becoming her first top 10 album in

2752-556: A one-off show at the Sydney Opera House as part of the Sydney Festival . Her music was featured in the 2008 documentary Horizons: The Art of Steinunn Þórarinsdóttir directed by Frank Cantor. Announced via an eBay auction , a new Björk track was revealed under the title " Náttúra ". Björk commented the song was intended "to encourage active support for a more environmental approach to Iceland's natural resources." The song

2924-425: A range of disciplines and genres, and exploring a variety of multimedia projects. Her later, post-nineties, albums consist of Vespertine (2001), Medúlla (2004), Volta (2007), Biophilia (2011), Vulnicura (2015), Utopia (2017) and Fossora (2022). With sales of over 40 million records worldwide, Björk is one of the best-selling alternative artists of all time. Several of her albums have reached

3096-412: A re-release of Debut ), collaborated on two songs for Tricky's Nearly God project, appeared on the track "Lilith" for the album Not for Threes by Plaid , and co-wrote the song " Bedtime Story " for Madonna 's 1994 album Bedtime Stories . Björk also had an uncredited role as a runway model in the 1994 film Prêt-à-Porter . Post was Björk's second solo studio album. Released in June 1995,

3268-472: A remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian (Roman Catholic) culture. It was not until the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711, cutting off communications between the major Romance regions, that the languages began to diverge seriously. The spoken Latin that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from the other varieties, as it

3440-463: A seemingly naked Björk (actually wearing a close fitting bodysuit), this time with her nipples secreting a red thread that eventually enveloped her in a cocoon. The video was directed by Japanese artist Eiko Ishioka and was not aired by MTV. She was invited to record " Gollum's Song " for the film The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers but declined the invitation, as she was then pregnant;

3612-581: A series of clavichord improvisations. The Beatles ' " For No One " (1966) features Paul McCartney playing the clavichord. Rick Wakeman plays the Clavinet in the track "The Battle" from the album Journey to the Centre of the Earth . In the clavichord, strings run transversely from the hitchpin rail at the left-hand end to tuning pegs on the right. Towards the right end they pass over a curved wooden bridge. The action

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3784-406: A similar fashion to the hammering technique on a guitar. Unlike in a piano action, the tangent does not rebound from the string; rather, it stays in contact with the string as long as the key is held, acting as both the nut and as the initiator of sound. The volume of the note can be changed by striking harder or softer, and the pitch can also be affected by varying the force of the tangent against

3956-695: A small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university. In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of Western culture . Canada's motto A mari usque ad mare ("from sea to sea") and most provincial mottos are also in Latin. The Canadian Victoria Cross

4128-409: A smaller volume, even though many or most unfretted instruments tend to be significantly larger than fretted instruments; and many more strings to keep in tune. Unfretted instruments tend to have a sweeter, less incisive tone due to the greater load on the bridge resulting from the greater number of strings, though the large, late (early 19th century) Swedish clavichords tend to be the loudest of any of

4300-432: A solo career. She began working with producer Nellee Hooper (who had produced Massive Attack , among others). Their partnership produced Björk's first international solo hit, " Human Behaviour ", a dance track based on a guitar rhythm sampled from Antônio Carlos Jobim . In most countries, the song was not widely played on radio, but its music video gained strong airtime on MTV. It was directed by Michel Gondry , who became

4472-443: A supposed full version of the album leaked online . In an effort to salvage potential losses in sales due to the leak and to allow fans to hear the album in superior quality, it was made available worldwide on 20 January 2015 on iTunes. Vulnicura is a portrayal of her breakup with former partner, Matthew Barney , with lyrics that are emotionally raw in comparison to the abstract concerns of her previous album. Its surprise release

4644-528: A surprise appearance during Mutant;Faith , Arca's performance-art piece at the Shed, to debut "Afterwards", a new collaboration which Björk performed in a combination of Spanish and gibberish. The song is included on Arca's fourth studio album KiCk i , which was released on June 26, 2020. Björk is currently set to embark on her eleventh concert tour, called Björk Orkestral , in which she will perform orchestral arrangements of songs from her career so far. As part of

4816-588: A tale of witchcraft based on the Brothers Grimm story, directed by Nietzchka Keene . Björk played the role of Margit, a girl whose mother has been killed for practising witchcraft. That summer, former band member Einar Örn and Eldon formed the arts collective Smekkleysa ("Bad Taste" in Icelandic), created with the intention of being both a record label and book publishing company. Various friends, namely Melax and Sigtryggur from Kukl, along with Bragi Ólafsson and Friðrik Erlingson from Purrkur Pillnikk, joined

4988-429: A time on each string, the fretting pattern is generally chosen so that notes rarely heard together (such as C and C ♯ ) share a string pair. The advantages of this system compared with unfretted instruments (see below) include relative ease of tuning (with around half as many strings to keep in tune), greater volume (though still not really enough for use in chamber music ), and a clearer, more direct sound. Among

5160-832: A tribute to McQueen, with whom Björk collaborated on multiple occasions. Björk appeared on Átta Raddir , one of Jónas Sen's TV shows. The episode aired on 27 February 2011. The shows are produced by the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service. In the show Björk performed eight songs, including "Sun in My Mouth", which had not previously been performed live. Biophilia was released in 2011. The album project combined music with technological innovation and themes of science and nature, including an " app album", educational collaborations with children and specialised live performance, debuting in Manchester , United Kingdom at

5332-469: A week later. On 7 December 2015, Vulnicura was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album . On 15 July 2016, a standard "commercial" edition of Vulnicura Live was released, featuring the same performances but newly mixed and with different artwork. A luxury version of Vulnicura Live was released on 23 September. The performance of "Come to Me" from the album was also included in

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5504-411: Is Veritas ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's four official languages . For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH , which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica ,

5676-459: Is Full of Love" was also the first DVD single to ever be released in the US, which paved the way for other artists to include DVD video and other multimedia features with their singles. Björk began to write more personally, saying "I realised that I'd come to the end of the extrovert thing. I had to go home and search for myself again." In 1999, Björk was asked to write and produce the musical score for

5848-420: Is a kind of written Latin used in the 3rd to 6th centuries. This began to diverge from Classical forms at a faster pace. It is characterised by greater use of prepositions, and word order that is closer to modern Romance languages, for example, while grammatically retaining more or less the same formal rules as Classical Latin. Ultimately, Latin diverged into a distinct written form, where the commonly spoken form

6020-626: Is a reversal of the original phrase Non terrae plus ultra ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to legend , this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the Pillars of Hercules , the rocks on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. In

6192-400: Is an Icelandic singer, songwriter, composer, record producer, and actress. Noted for her distinct voice, three- octave vocal range , and sometimes eccentric public persona, she has developed an eclectic musical style over a career spanning four decades, drawing on electronica , pop , dance , trip hop , jazz , and avant-garde music. Regarded as the " Queen of Experimental Pop ," Björk

6364-638: Is highly fusional , with classes of inflections for case , number , person , gender , tense , mood , voice , and aspect . The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at the Vatican City . The church continues to adapt concepts from modern languages to Ecclesiastical Latin of

6536-661: Is modelled after the British Victoria Cross which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin Pro Valore . Spain's motto Plus ultra , meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin. It is taken from the personal motto of Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and

6708-422: Is often associated with funky , disco -infused 1970s rock. Guy Sigsworth has played clavichord in a modern setting with Björk , notably on the studio recording of " All Is Full of Love ". Björk also made extensive use of and even played the instrument herself on the song "My Juvenile" of her 2007 album Volta . Tori Amos uses the instrument on "Caught a Lite Sneeze" from the album Boys for Pele and on

6880-579: Is one of the most influential pioneers in electronic and experimental music . Born and raised in Reykjavík , Björk began her music career at the age of 11 and gained international recognition as the lead singer of the alternative rock band The Sugarcubes by the age of 21. After the Sugarcubes disbanded in 1992, Björk gained prominence as a solo artist with her albums Debut (1993), Post (1995), and Homogenic (1997), collaborating with artists from

7052-399: Is simple, with the keys being levers with a small brass tangent, a small piece of metal similar in shape and size to the head of a flat-bladed screwdriver, at the far end. The strings, which are usually of brass, or else a combination of brass and iron, are usually arranged in pairs, like a lute or mandolin. When the key is pressed, the tangent strikes the strings above, causing them to sound in

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7224-406: Is speculation that some works written for organ may have been intended for pedal clavichord. An interesting case is made by Speerstra (2004) that Bach's "Eight Little Preludes and Fugues" , now thought spurious, may actually be authentic. The keyboard writing seems unsuited to organ, but Speerstra argues that they are idiomatic on the pedal clavichord. As Speerstra and Williams (2003) also note,

7396-909: Is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools, the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico , the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium . Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include Radio Bremen in Germany, YLE radio in Finland (the Nuntii Latini broadcast from 1989 until it

7568-447: Is the same version on display at MoMA earlier that year. On 2 October 2015, Vulnicura Strings was announced. The album serves as a purely acoustic companion to Vulnicura , and features additional string arrangements plus the viola organista , a unique string instrument played on a keyboard designed by Leonardo da Vinci . It was released on 6 November 2015 on CD and digital and 4 December 2015 on vinyl. A week later, Vulnicura Live

7740-531: The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same: volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information. The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy . About 270,000 inscriptions are known. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. In

7912-684: The 100 most influential people in the world . Rolling Stone named her the 64th-greatest singer and the 81st- greatest songwriter of all time in 2023. Björk starred in the 2000 Lars von Trier film Dancer in the Dark , for which she won the Best Actress Award at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for " I've Seen It All ". Björk has also been an advocate for environmental causes in Iceland. A retrospective exhibition dedicated to Björk

8084-601: The Antony and the Johnsons album Swanlights . The song is titled "Flétta". On 20 September 2010, Björk performed her version of " Gloomy Sunday " at designer Alexander McQueen 's memorial in St. Paul's cathedral in London. On 7 December 2010, a previously unreleased song, called "Trance", was released by Björk as the backing track of a short film made by Nick Knight, titled "To Lee, with Love", as

8256-508: The Biophilia instruments (Tesla coil, MIDI controlled organ, the newly created Gameleste, and gravity harp) were on display in the lobby of the museum and played automatically throughout the day, the MoMA commissioned video installation, "Black Lake", directed by Andrew Thomas Huang , which consisted of 2 complementary edits of the "Black Lake" video screened in a small room with 49 speakers hidden in

8428-512: The Holy See , the primary language of its public journal , the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , and the working language of the Roman Rota . Vatican City is also home to the world's only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin. In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. There are

8600-496: The Late Latin period, language changes reflecting spoken (non-classical) norms tend to be found in greater quantities in texts. As it was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . Late Latin

8772-479: The Manchester International Festival on 30 June. This was the first part of the Biophilia tour , that toured the world for two years. In June 2011, the first single from Biophilia , " Crystalline ", was released. The song was composed using one of the several instruments custom built for the project, the "gameleste", a celesta modified with elements of gamelan . A central part of Biophilia

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8944-595: The Middle Ages as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance , which then developed a classicizing form, called Renaissance Latin . This was the basis for Neo-Latin which evolved during the early modern period . In these periods Latin was used productively and generally taught to be written and spoken, at least until the late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode. It then became increasingly taught only to be read. Latin grammar

9116-561: The Middle Ages , borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century or indirectly after the Norman Conquest , through the Anglo-Norman language . From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed " inkhorn terms ", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by

9288-407: The common language of international communication , science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the early 19th century, by which time modern languages had supplanted it in common academic and political usage. Late Latin is the literary language from the 3rd century AD onward. No longer spoken as a native language, Medieval Latin was used across Western and Catholic Europe during

9460-486: The monochord -like nature of a fully fretted clavichord (It. monacordo or monocordo ; Sp. monacordio ). Italian also used sordino , a reference to its quiet sound ( sordino usually designates a mute). The clavichord was invented in the early fourteenth century. In 1404, the German poem " Der Minne Regeln " mentions the terms clavicimbalum (a term used mainly for the harpsichord ) and clavichordium , designating them as

9632-565: The 16th century to the 18th century, but mainly flourished in German-speaking lands, Scandinavia , and the Iberian Peninsula in the latter part of this period. It had fallen out of use by 1850. In the late 1890s, Arnold Dolmetsch revived clavichord construction and Violet Gordon-Woodhouse , among others, helped to popularize the instrument. Although most of the instruments built before the 1730s were small (four octaves, four feet long),

9804-633: The 18-month Volta tour , having performed at many festivals and returning to Latin America after nine years, playing in Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Curitiba , Guadalajara , Bogotá , Lima , Santiago de Chile , and Buenos Aires , as part of different events. She also returned to Australia and New Zealand for the first time in 12 years in January 2008, touring the nations with the Big Day Out Festival. She played

9976-468: The 1995 Hector Zazou collaborative album Chansons des mers froides , singing the traditional Icelandic song " Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu ". Björk left London for Spain, where she recorded the album Homogenic , released in 1997. Björk worked with producers Mark Bell of LFO and Howie B , as well as Eumir Deodato ; numerous remixes followed. Homogenic is regarded as one of Björk's most experimental and extroverted works, with enormous beats that reflect

10148-415: The 500 greatest albums of all time . During this period, the press exalted Björk's eccentricity by creating a " pixie " persona around her, a descriptor she later confronted with her following albums. Although Björk continued to receive more mainstream attention for her videos than her singles, Post included several UK pop hits and was eventually certified platinum in the US. Björk also contributed to

10320-719: The April/May cover of Vogue Scandinavia , her first ever Vogue cover, photographed by Viðar Logi wearing Maison Margiela . In October, a newly discovered large butterfly species was named Pterourus bjorkae in honor of Björk. Over her three-decade solo career, Björk has developed an eclectic and avant-garde musical style that incorporates aspects of electronic , dance , alternative dance , trip hop , experimental , glitch , jazz , alternative rock , instrumental , and contemporary classical music . Her music has since been subject to critical analysis and scrutiny, as she consistently defies categorisation in

10492-561: The British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. Several states of the United States have Latin mottos , such as: Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: Some law governing bodies in the Philippines have Latin mottos, such as: Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example Harvard University 's motto

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10664-567: The Brodsky Quartet recorded "Prayer of the Heart", a composition written for her by composer John Tavener in 2001, and it was played then for a slide show presentation in 2003 for the American photographer, Nan Goldin . In 2003, Björk released a box set, Live Box , consisting of four CDs containing live recordings of her previous albums and a DVD featuring a video of one track from each CD. Each of

10836-400: The Cinema room of the MoMA exhibit), "Stonemilker" (a 360-degree VR video) "Family", and "Mouth Mantra" were also produced for the album, as well as a three part remix series available digitally and on limited edition vinyls. No traditional singles were released for Vulnicura . In December, the "Stonemilker VR App" was released for iOS devices, featuring an exclusive strings mix of the song. It

11008-519: The Germanic and Slavic nations. It became useful for international communication between the member states of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies. Without the institutions of the Roman Empire that had supported its uniformity, Medieval Latin was much more liberal in its linguistic cohesion: for example, in classical Latin sum and eram are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which are compound tenses. Medieval Latin might use fui and fueram instead. Furthermore,

11180-416: The Grinch Stole Christmas! , The Cat in the Hat , and a book of fairy tales, " fabulae mirabiles ", are intended to garner popular interest in the language. Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissner's Latin Phrasebook . Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series,

11352-449: The Latin language. Contemporary Latin is more often studied to be read rather than spoken or actively used. Latin has greatly influenced the English language , along with a large number of others, and historically contributed many words to the English lexicon , particularly after the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are heavily used in English vocabulary in theology ,

11524-472: The Line ", was filmed in collaboration with the Icelandic artist Gabríela Friðriksdóttir in late 2004. This was initially a sequence from an art installation movie of the artists but was released exclusively on the Medúlla Videos DVD as an official promo for the track. In 2005, Björk collaborated with partner Matthew Barney on the experimental art film Drawing Restraint 9 , a dialogueless exploration of Japanese culture . Björk and Barney both appear in

11696-405: The Moon , the first part of their double LP, The Powers That B . In late 2014, a concert film, Björk: Biophilia Live , was released worldwide, including in more than 400 cinemas. Björk worked with producers Arca and the Haxan Cloak on her ninth studio album, titled Vulnicura . On 18 January 2015, just days after being publicly announced, and two months ahead of its scheduled release,

11868-431: The US, netting week-one sales of 43,000. The album also reached number three on the French albums chart with sales of 20,600 albums sold in its first week, and number seven in the UK Albums Chart with 20,456 units sold. The second single from the album, " Innocence ", was digitally released on 23 July 2007, with an accompanying music video chosen from a contest conducted through her official website. " Declare Independence "

12040-409: The United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was E pluribus unum meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the Great Seal . It also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from

12212-447: The University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University. There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The Latin Misplaced Pages has more than 130,000 articles. Italian , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Romanian , Catalan , Romansh , Sardinian and other Romance languages are direct descendants of Latin. There are also many Latin borrowings in English and Albanian , as well as

12384-510: The album was produced in conjunction with Nellee Hooper , Tricky , Graham Massey of 808 State , and electronica producer Howie B . Building on the success of Debut , Björk continued to pursue different sounds, taking particular interest in dance and techno . Production by Tricky and Howie B also provided trip hop/electronica-like sounds on tracks like " Possibly Maybe " and "Enjoy". It was these producers' influence along with older friend Graham Massey that inspired Björk to create material like

12556-480: The album's first video, "Hidden Place", which was subsequently released as a DVD single. The next video, for "Pagan Poetry", brought Björk to an even higher level of controversy with the channel. The video features graphic piercings, Björk's exposed nipples, and simulated fellatio . As a result, the clip was banned from MTV. In 2002, it was aired unedited as part of a late night special on MTV2 titled, "Most Controversial Music Videos". The video for "Cocoon" also featured

12728-428: The album, she collaborated with experimental musicians such as Matmos , Denmark-based DJ Thomas Knak , and harpist Zeena Parkins . Lyrical sources included the works of American poet E. E. Cummings , the American independent filmmaker Harmony Korine , and English playwright Sarah Kane 's penultimate play, Crave . To coincide with the album's release, an eponymous coffee table book of loose prose and photographs

12900-497: The attractiveness of the pianoforte and in addition features the vibrato (Bebung) and portato (Tragen der Töne) which I produce by means of added pressure after each stroke. It is at the clavichord that a keyboard player may be most exactly evaluated." Among recent clavichord recordings, those by Christopher Hogwood ( The Secret Bach , The Secret Handel , and The Secret Mozart ), break new ground. In his liner notes, Hogwood pointed out that these composers would typically have played

13072-578: The author and then forgotten, but some useful ones survived, such as 'imbibe' and 'extrapolate'. Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French . Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and Dutch vocabularies. Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Bj%C3%B6rk Björk Guðmundsdóttir OTF ( / b j ɜːr k / BYURK , Icelandic: [pjœr̥k ˈkvʏðmʏntsˌtouhtɪr̥] ; born 21 November 1965)

13244-535: The beginning of the Renaissance . Petrarch for example saw Latin as a literary version of the spoken language. Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the post-classical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed, that is from around 700 to 1500 AD. The spoken language had developed into the various Romance languages; however, in the educated and official world, Latin continued without its natural spoken base. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as

13416-425: The benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also songs written with Latin lyrics . The libretto for the opera-oratorio Oedipus rex by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin. Parts of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana are written in Latin. Enya has recorded several tracks with Latin lyrics. The continued instruction of Latin is seen by some as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin

13588-464: The best instruments to accompany melodies. One of the earliest references to the clavichord in England occurs in the privy-purse expenses of Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII, in an entry dated August 1502: Item. The same day, Hugh Denys for money by him delivered to a stranger that gave the queen a payre of clavycordes. In crowns form his reward iiii libres . The clavichord was very popular from

13760-497: The box set 7-inches for Planned Parenthood in support of the women's health organization. Björk launched Björk Digital in June 2016, a virtual reality exhibit showcasing all the VR videos completed for Vulnicura thus far, including the world premiere of "Notget", directed by Warren du Preez and Nick Thornton Jones, at Carriageworks for Vivid Sydney 2016 in Sydney, Australia. She DJ'd

13932-477: The box set in repackaged format. The DualDiscs were also released separately. Björk's former band, the Sugarcubes, reunited for a one-night-only concert in Reykjavík on 17 November 2006. Profits from the concert were donated to the Sugarcubes' former label, Smekkleysa , who according to Björk's press statement, "continue to work on a non-profit basis for the future betterment of Icelandic music". Björk contributed

14104-475: The cast of The Northman , the third feature film by Robert Eggers , co-written with Sjón , alongside her daughter Ísadóra Bjarkardóttir Barney, in her debut film role. It was released on April 22, 2022, in the United States. In an interview with The Mercury News published on 19 January 2022, Björk mentioned that she was wrapping up work on her upcoming tenth studio album. She revealed in an interview with The Guardian , published on 19 August 2022, that

14276-508: The clavichord in the privacy of their homes. In England, the composer Herbert Howells (1892–1983) wrote two significant collections of pieces for clavichord ( Lambert 's Clavichord and Howells' Clavichord ), and Stephen Dodgson (1924–2013) wrote two clavichord suites. In a note written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's wife, Constanze Mozart (1761–1842), found inside Mozart's clavichord, it is mentioned that Mozart composed his works, including The Magic Flute, La Clemenza di Tito, The Requiem, and

14448-513: The clavichord with them on their travels to practice. During the Mozart family's visit to Augsburg, they had the chance to visit the outstanding German keyboard instruments maker, Johann Andreas Stein (1728–1792), and purchased a clavichord from him. In a letter to his friend, Leopold Mozart (1719–1787) described it as "A pretty little keyboard instrument, which does us good service for practicing on during our travels." Until electronic amplification in

14620-430: The comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and the author Petronius . While often called a "dead language", Latin did not undergo language death . By the 6th to 9th centuries, natural language change eventually resulted in Latin as a vernacular language evolving into distinct Romance languages in the large areas where it had come to be natively spoken. However, even after the fall of Western Rome , Latin remained

14792-493: The compass of the keyboard parts of Bach's six trio sonatas for organ (BWV 525–530) rarely go below the tenor C, so they could have been played on a single manual pedal clavichord, by moving the left hand down an octave, a customary practice in the 18th century. Much of the musical repertoire written for harpsichord and organ from the period circa 1400–1800 can be played on the clavichord; however, it does not have enough (unamplified) volume to participate in chamber music, with

14964-468: The concert. The group developed a gothic rock sound. During this experience, Björk began to develop her vocalisation – punctuated by howls and shrieks. The project performed as Gott kvöld during the concert. When they later decided to keep playing together as a group, they used the name Kukl (" Sorcery " in Icelandic). Björk's acquaintance gave the group their studio to record in and released their first single in 1983. Their first big performance at

15136-461: The country's full Latin name. Some film and television in ancient settings, such as Sebastiane , The Passion of the Christ and Barbarians (2020 TV series) , have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as The Exorcist and Lost (" Jughead "). Subtitles are usually shown for

15308-493: The decline in written Latin output. Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965 , which permitted the use of the vernacular . Latin remains

15480-561: The development of European culture, religion and science. The vast majority of written Latin belongs to this period, but its full extent is unknown. The Renaissance reinforced the position of Latin as a spoken and written language by the scholarship by the Renaissance humanists . Petrarch and others began to change their usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through

15652-427: The disadvantages: temperament could not be re-set without bending the tangents; and playing required a further refinement of touch, since notes sharing a single string played in quick succession had to be slightly separated to avoid a disagreeable deadening of the sound, potentially disturbing a legato line. Some clavichords have been built with a single pair of strings for each note. The first known reference to one

15824-465: The documentary Rokk í Reykjavík , with Björk being featured on the cover of the VHS release. Around this time, Björk met guitarist Þór Eldon and surrealist group Medusa, which also included poet Sjón , with whom she started a lifelong collaboration and formed a group, Rokka Rokka Drum. She described her time as part of Medusa as "a gorgeous D.I.Y. organic university: extreme fertility!" Björk appeared as

15996-413: The earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon script to what ultimately became a strictly left-to-right script. During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to AD 200,

16168-556: The ensemble Alarm Will Sound , Arca on electronics (on festival dates the Haxan Cloak took over) and percussionist Manu Delago . After completing its New York residency, the tour travelled to Europe before ending in August 2015. New York's MoMA hosted a retrospective exhibition from 8 March – 7 June 2015 that chronicled Björk's career from Debut to Biophilia ; however, aspects of Vulnicura were included as well but not previously announced. The retrospective consisted of 4 parts:

16340-445: The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of authors' works were published by Isaac Casaubon , Joseph Scaliger and others. Nevertheless, despite the careful work of Petrarch, Politian and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following. Neo-Latin literature

16512-434: The film Dancer in the Dark , a musical drama about an immigrant named Selma who is struggling to pay for an operation to prevent her son from going blind. Director Lars von Trier eventually asked her to consider playing the role of Selma, convincing her that the only true way to capture the character of Selma was to have the composer of the music play the character. Eventually, she accepted. Filming began in early 1999, and

16684-455: The film debuted in 2000 at the 53rd Cannes Film Festival . The film received the Palme d'Or , and Björk received the Best Actress Award for her role. It was reported that the shoot was so physically and emotionally tiring that she vowed never to act again. Björk later stated that she always wanted to do one musical in her life, and Dancer in the Dark was the one. The soundtrack Björk created for

16856-497: The film was released with the title Selmasongs . The album features a duet with Thom Yorke of Radiohead titled " I've Seen It All ", which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song and was performed at the 2001 Oscars (without Yorke), while Björk was wearing her celebrated swan dress . In 2001, Björk released the album Vespertine . It featured chamber orchestras, choirs, hushed vocals, microbeats made from household sounds, and personal, vulnerable themes. For

17028-602: The film, playing two occidental guests on a Japanese factory whaling vessel who ultimately transform into two whales. She is also responsible for the film's soundtrack, her second after Selmasongs . Björk also appeared in the 2005 documentary Screaming Masterpiece , which delves into the Icelandic music scene. The movie features archive footage of the Sugarcubes and Tappi Tíkarrass and an ongoing conversation with Björk herself. During this era, Björk earned another BRIT Awards nomination for Best International Female Solo Artist. She

17200-441: The first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop. Her work has been described as "frequently explor[ing] the relationship between nature and technology". Broadly summarising her wide-ranging integration of art and popular music, Joshua Ostroff suggested that "there is no better descriptor for what Björk does than artpop ". The NME also called her output a "consistently progressive pop agenda." Björk's work

17372-497: The former and latter also receiving limited edition remix EPs. Utopia was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards , making Björk's fifteenth nomination at the Grammys. On 22 May 2018, Björk appeared as the headlining musical guest on Later... with Jools Holland , her first time on the BBC series since 2011. She sang a set of four songs, including

17544-425: The four CDs was later released separately at a reduced price. In August 2004, Björk released Medúlla . During production, Björk decided the album would work best as an entirely vocal-based album. This initial plan was modified, as the majority of the sounds on the album are indeed created by vocalists but several feature prominent basic electronic programming, as well as the occasional musical instrument. Björk used

17716-426: The group and a band coalesced in the collective solely to make money. They were initially called Þukl, but they were advertised as Kukl (the name of the previous band). At a later concert supporting Icelandic band Stuðmenn, they referred to themselves as Sykurmolarnir ("Sugarcubes" in Icelandic). Their first double A-side single, "Einn mol'á mann", which contained the songs " Ammæli " ("Birthday") and "Köttur" ("Cat"),

17888-414: The harpsichord and the clavichord. The former is used mainly in louder music, the latter alone. The more recent pianofortes, when they are durable and well built, have many advantages, although their touch must be carefully worked out, a task which is not without difficulties. They sound well by themselves and in small ensembles. Yet, I hold that a good clavichord, except for its weaker tone, shares equally in

18060-400: The historic clavichords. While clavichords were typically single manual instruments, they could be stacked, one clavichord on top of another, to provide multiple keyboards. With the addition of a pedal clavichord , which included a pedal keyboard for the lower notes, a clavichord could be used to practice organ repertoire. Most often, the addition of a pedal keyboard only involved connecting

18232-536: The history of Latin, and the kind of informal Latin that had begun to move away from the written language significantly in the post-Imperial period, that led ultimately to the Romance languages . During the Classical period, informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors, inscriptions such as Curse tablets and those found as graffiti . In

18404-679: The invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions, such as the Loeb Classical Library , published by Harvard University Press , or the Oxford Classical Texts , published by Oxford University Press . Latin translations of modern literature such as: The Hobbit , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe , Paddington Bear , Winnie the Pooh , The Adventures of Tintin , Asterix , Harry Potter , Le Petit Prince , Max and Moritz , How

18576-436: The keys of the pedalboard to the lower notes on the manual clavichord using string so the lower notes on the manual instrument could be operated by the feet. In the era of pipe organs , which used man-powered bellows that required several people to operate, and of churches only heated during church services if at all, organists used pedal harpsichords and pedal clavichords as practice instruments (see also: pedal piano ). There

18748-430: The landscape of Iceland, most notably in the song " Jóga ", which fuses lush strings with rocky electronic crunches. The album was certified gold in the US in 2001. The album was backed by string of music videos , several of which received airplay on MTV . The video for " Bachelorette " was directed by frequent collaborator Michel Gondry , while " All Is Full of Love " was directed by Chris Cunningham . The single "All

18920-675: The language of the Roman Rite . The Tridentine Mass (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the Mass of Paul VI (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of

19092-405: The language, Vulgar Latin (termed sermo vulgi , "the speech of the masses", by Cicero ). Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be a separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed. The term 'Vulgar Latin' remains difficult to define, referring both to informal speech at any time within

19264-600: The last quarter of 1988, the Sugarcubes toured North America to positive reception. On 15 October, the band appeared on Saturday Night Live . Björk alone contributed a rendition of the Christmas song "Jólakötturinn" ("The Christmas Cat") on the compilation Hvít Er Borg Og Bær . The band went on hiatus following the lack of reception of Here Today, Tomorrow Next Week! (1989) and a lengthy international tour. During this time, Björk started working on her solo projects. In 1990 she provided background vocals on Gums by Bless. In

19436-437: The latest instruments were built up to seven feet long with a six octave range. It was a preferred instrument in the 18th century due to its unique expressive features, size, elegance, and affordability. Due to its lower cost compared to other instruments, the clavichord was accessible, making it the first choice for individuals who wanted to learn the keyboard. Composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), used to bring

19608-437: The leading representatives of the 'Empfindsamer stil' or 'Sensitive Style,' emphasized emotional depth and expressiveness in his compositions. The clavichord was very successful in conveying these characteristics. With its unique sound, touch sensitivity, and ability to convey the most delicate nuances, the clavichord became C. P. E. Bach's most preferred instrument. C. P. E. Bach also used the fortepiano in his compositions, but he

19780-488: The making of one last album, Stick Around for Joy (1992), with a subsequent promotional tour, which she agreed to do. Björk was featured on two tracks of the soundtrack for the 1992 film Remote Control (known as Sódóma Reykjavík in Iceland). The Sugarcubes split up after they played one last show in Reykjavík. Rolling Stone called them "the biggest rock band to emerge from Iceland". Björk moved to London to pursue

19952-431: The meanings of many words were changed and new words were introduced, often under influence from the vernacular. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail. Renaissance Latin, 1300 to 1500, and the classicised Latin that followed through to the present are often grouped together as Neo-Latin , or New Latin, which have in recent decades become a focus of renewed study , given their importance for

20124-481: The new album is called Fossora , a Latin word for "digging". Fossora was released on 30 September 2022. It was supported by four singles: " Atopos " on 6 September 2022, " Ovule " on 14 September, " Ancestress " on 22 September and the album's title track on 27 September. Also in September 2022 Björk ventured into podcasting, hosting Björk: Sonic Symbolism which, according to a press release, features her "discussing

20296-538: The newly built The Shed in New York and was described as Björk's "most elaborate staged concert to date." The residency show then traveled to Mexico and Europe for further dates in 2019. Following the performances, Björk released music videos for "Tabula Rasa" and "Losss", both directed by Tobias Gremmler and used as backdrop during the shows. On 16 August 2019, Björk announced the Utopia Bird Call Boxset ,

20468-472: The opening night party and did the same when the show traveled to Tokyo, Japan on 29 June, showing at Miraikan. During the Miraikan residency, Björk made history by featuring in the world's first ever virtual reality live stream broadcast on YouTube. She gave a live performance of Vulnicura's final song "Quicksand", and the footage was incorporated into the "Quicksand" VR experience. Björk Digital has travelled

20640-417: The player's hand and the production of sound, the clavichord has been referred to as the most intimate of keyboard instruments. Despite its many (serious) limitations, including extremely low volume, it has considerable expressive power, the player being able to control attack, duration, and volume, and even provide certain subtle effects of swelling of tone and a type of vibrato unique to the clavichord. Since

20812-572: The possible exception of providing accompaniment to a soft baroque flute, recorder, or single singer. J. S. Bach's son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach was a great proponent of the instrument, and most of his German contemporaries regarded it as a central keyboard instrument, for performing, teaching, composing and practicing. The fretting of a clavichord provides new problems for some repertoire, but scholarship suggests that these problems are not insurmountable in Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier . C. P. E. Bach, one of

20984-583: The public. The songs on the album were chosen by Björk's fans through a poll on her website. A DVD edition of the CD was also released. It contained all of Björk's solo music videos up to that point. The new single from the set, "It's in Our Hands" charted in the UK at number 37. The video, directed by Spike Jonze , features a heavily pregnant Björk. She gave birth to daughter Isadora Bjarkardottir Barney on 3 October 2002. Björk and

21156-403: The same year, she recorded Gling-Gló , a collection of popular jazz and original work, with the jazz group Tríó Guðmundar Ingólfssonar , which as of 2011 was still her best-selling album in her home country. Björk also contributed vocals to 808 State 's album ex:el , with whom she cultivated her interest in house music . She contributed vocals on the songs "Qmart" and on "Ooops", which

21328-421: The sciences , medicine , and law . A number of phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As a result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to

21500-572: The song " Oceania " at the Opening Ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . As she sang, her dress slowly unfurled to reveal a 10,000 square foot (900 m ) map of the world, which she let flow over all of the Olympic athletes. The song "Oceania" was written especially for the occasion and features the talents of Shlomo , a Leeds -based beatboxer , and a London choir. An alternative version of

21672-473: The song "Smokey Joe" from her 2007 album American Doll Posse . Amos also featured her use of the Clavinet on her 2004 recording "Not David Bowie", released as part of her 2006 box set , A Piano: The Collection . In 1976 Oscar Peterson played (with Joe Pass on acoustic guitar) songs from Porgy And Bess on the clavichord. Keith Jarrett also recorded an album titled Book of Ways (1986) in which he plays

21844-470: The song began circulating on the Internet with additional vocals by Kelis . It originally appeared on the promotional "Oceania" single released to radio stations and later became available to the public as a B-side of the " Who Is It " single, which charted at number 26 in the UK. This was followed in early 2005 by " Triumph of a Heart ", charting at number 31. A video for the potential next single, " Where Is

22016-401: The song is intended to support the inhabitants of Seyðisfjörður in the campaign against Norwegian-owned fish farming operations that threaten to degrade local ecosystems. The proceeds from this song will be donated to Aegis, an environmental organization Björk founded with other Icelandic activists to stop the intensive fish farming that is destroying the fjords. In 2024, Björk appeared on

22188-466: The song was instead recorded by another Icelander, Emilíana Torrini . In 2002 the CD box set Family Tree was issued. It comprised selected rarities as well as previously unreleased versions of her compositions, including her work with the Brodsky Quartet . Also released alongside Family Tree was the album Greatest Hits , a retrospective of the previous 10 years of her solo career as deemed by

22360-460: The storming industrial beats of " Army of Me ". The album was ranked number 7 in Spin 's "Top 90 Albums of the '90s" list and number 75 in its "100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005" list. Post and Homogenic were placed back to back on Pitchfork Media 's "Top Albums of the '90s" list at numbers 21 and 20, respectively. In 2003, the album was ranked number 373 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of

22532-452: The string (known as Bebung ). When the key is released, the tangent loses contact with the string and the vibration of the string is silenced by strips of damping cloth. The action of the clavichord is unique among all keyboard instruments in that one part of the action simultaneously initiates the sound vibration while at the same time defining the endpoint of the vibrating string, and thus its pitch. Because of this intimate contact between

22704-401: The string vibrates from the bridge only as far as the tangent, multiple keys with multiple tangents can be assigned to the same string. This is called fretting . Early clavichords frequently had many notes played on each string, even going so far as the keyed monochord —an instrument with only one string—though most clavichords were triple- or double-fretted. Since only one note can be played at

22876-618: The styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from late antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars. The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom , traditionally founded in 753 BC, through the later part of the Roman Republic , up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin . It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of

23048-423: The textures, timbres and emotional landscapes of each of her albums" with friends writer Oddný Eir and musicologist Ásmundur Jónsson; the first three episodes of the podcast, covering Debut , Post and Homogenic , premiered on 1 September. Björk released the single " Oral ", featuring Rosalía with production from Sega Bodega , on 21 November 2023. A reworked demo written between Homogenic and Vespertine ,

23220-527: The third disc contains "The Volta Videos" and the video competition, while the fourth is The Volta Mixes CD. In May 2010, the Royal Swedish Academy of Music announced that Björk was to receive the Polar Music Prize alongside Ennio Morricone . A month later, Björk, along with Dirty Projectors , announced that they would be collaborating on a joint EP, titled Mount Wittenberg Orca , which

23392-634: The top 20 on the US Billboard 200 chart. Thirty-one of her singles have reached the top 40 on pop charts around the world, with 22 top 40 hits in the UK, including the top-10 singles " It's Oh So Quiet ", " Army of Me ", and " Hyperballad " and the top-20 singles " Play Dead ", " Big Time Sensuality ", and " Violently Happy ". Her accolades and awards include the Order of the Falcon , five BRIT Awards , and 16 Grammy nominations. In 2015, Time named her one of

23564-581: The tour, Björk was scheduled to perform at the Bluedot Festival in July 2020; however, the event was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and she is now scheduled to headline in 2022. Following the rescheduling, Björk announced a series of concerts to be live streamed online for charity, with each concert featuring a different set of musicians and instruments and a unique set list. In August 2020, Björk joined

23736-636: The twentieth century, it was impossible to use the quiet clavichord in anything but a small room. However, during the clavichord's heyday, evenings of music-making in the home formed the largest part of people's musical experiences. In the home the clavichord was the ideal instrument for solo keyboard music and instrumental accompaniment.Organists also were known to practice in their homes on pedal clavichords . Today clavichords are played primarily by Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical music enthusiasts. They attract many interested buyers, and are manufactured worldwide. There are now numerous clavichord societies around

23908-420: The vocal skills of throat singer Tanya Tagaq , hip hop beatboxer Rahzel , Japanese beatboxer Dokaka , avant-rocker Mike Patton , Soft Machine drummer/singer Robert Wyatt , and several choirs . She again appropriated text from E. E. Cummings for the song "Sonnets/Unrealities XI". At the time, Medúlla became her highest-charting album in the US, debuting at number 14. In August 2004, Björk performed

24080-514: The walls and ceiling, a Cinema room showcasing most of Björk's music videos, newly transferred in high definition, and the Songlines walking exhibit which showcased Björk's notebooks, costumes and props from throughout her career. A book entitled Björk: Archives , documenting the content of the exhibition, was published in March. In addition to the "Black Lake" video, videos for "Lionsong" (which played in

24252-406: The world with stops in London, Montreal, Houston, Los Angeles and Barcelona. On 2 August 2017, Björk announced with a handwritten note on her social media the imminent release of a new album. The announcement coincided with an interview for Dazed ' s autumn 2017 cover issue in which Björk talked about the new album. The lead single, " The Gate " was released on 15 September 2017. Its video

24424-557: The world, and some 400 recordings of the instrument have been made in the past 70 years. Leading modern exponents of the instrument have included Christopher Hogwood and Thurston Dart . The clavichord has also gained attention in other genres of music, in the form of the Clavinet , which is a solid body electric clavichord with magnetic pickups that plug into an amp. Stevie Wonder uses a Clavinet in many of his songs, such as " Superstition " and " Higher Ground ". A Clavinet played through an instrument amplifier with guitar effect pedals

24596-422: The written form of Latin was increasingly standardized into a fixed form, the spoken forms began to diverge more greatly. Currently, the five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , and Romanian . Despite dialectal variation, which is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained

24768-646: Was "hell" – it was like divorce!", stating, "So we [were] doing paradise [...] We have done hell, we have earned some points." She produced the album with Arca , whom she collaborated with on Vulnicura . Björk has described her collaborative journey with Arca as "the strongest musical relationship [she's] had", likening it to that of Joni Mitchell and Jaco Pastorius during the albums Hejira and Don Juan's Reckless Daughter ("It's that synergy when two people lose their ego"), which have both been praised by Björk. Three additional music videos were released in 2017: " Blissing Me ", "Utopia" and " Arisen My Senses " with

24940-426: Was Björk's Biophilia education programme, which consisted of workshops for school-children aged 10–12, that explore the intersection of music and science. The Reykjavík City Board of Education brought the programme to all schools in the city over the next three years. She released the 2012 remix album Bastards . It featured remixes by Death Grips and Syrian musician Omar Souleyman . In 2013, Björk featured in

25112-481: Was Iceland's only radio station. The recording was broadcast nationally and, after hearing it, a representative of the Fálkinn record label offered Björk a recording contract. Her debut, Björk , was recorded when she was 11 years old and was released in Iceland in December 1977. During her teens, after the diffusion of punk rock music in Iceland, Björk formed the all-girl punk band Spit and Snot. In 1980, she formed

25284-455: Was a series of interactive iPad apps made by programmers and designers, one app for each of the 10 songs on the new album. The second single, " Cosmogony ", which served as the "mother app" for all the others, was released on 19 July 2011, followed by " Virus " and " Moon ". Biophilia was the first album to be released, in October 2011, as a series of interactive apps. Also in part of the project

25456-648: Was also awarded the Inspiration Award at the Annual Q Magazine Awards in October 2005, accepting the prize from Robert Wyatt, with whom she collaborated on Medúlla . In 2006, Björk remastered her first three solo studio albums ( Debut , Post , Homogenic ) and her two soundtrack albums ( Selmasongs and Drawing Restraint 9 ) in 5.1 surround sound for a re-issue in a new box-set titled Surrounded , released on 27 June. Vespertine and Medúlla were already available in 5.1 as either DVD-A or SACD but are also included in

25628-779: Was also used as a convenient medium for translations of important works first written in a vernacular, such as those of Descartes . Latin education underwent a process of reform to classicise written and spoken Latin. Schooling remained largely Latin medium until approximately 1700. Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin. Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a Romance language ) and later native or other languages. Education methods gradually shifted towards written Latin, and eventually concentrating solely on reading skills. The decline of Latin education took several centuries and proceeded much more slowly than

25800-422: Was announced on double CD / double LP sets sold exclusively through Rough Trade record shops. The set sold out online five days after being announced but limited quantities were made available in store in London and Brooklyn. Each format is limited to 1000 copies each, making it one of the rarest physical releases of Björk's recent career. The CD was released on 13 November 2015 with the picture disc vinyls released

25972-632: Was announced, with a release date in North America of 20 April 2009 (later delayed to mid-June). The release consists of various live recordings of performances in Paris and Reykjavík. The live set was also recorded at the Olympic Studio in London. The first disc is audio of songs from the Volta tour performed live at Olympic Studios; the second disc contains video of the Volta tour live in Paris and live in Reykjavík;

26144-473: Was born. She and her mother moved into a commune . Her stepfather is Sævar Árnason, a former guitarist in the band Pops. At six, Björk enrolled at Reykjavík school Barnamúsíkskóli, where she studied classical piano and flute . After a school recital in which Björk sang Tina Charles 's 1976 hit " I Love to Love ", her teachers sent a recording of her singing the song to the RÚV radio station , which at that time

26316-482: Was by Johann Speth in 1693 and the earliest such extant signed and dated clavichord was built in 1716 by Johann Michael Heinitz. Such instruments are referred to as unfretted whereas instruments using the same strings for several notes are called fretted . Among the advantages to unfretted instruments are flexibility in tuning (the temperament can be easily altered) and the ability to play any music exactly as written without concern for "bad" notes. Disadvantages include

26488-453: Was directed by the visual artist Andrew Thomas Huang . The same day of the single's release, Björk announced the album title, Utopia , during an interview with Nowness . Utopia was released on 24 November 2017. She described it as her " Tinder album" and stated that "it's about that search (for utopia) – and about being in love. Spending time with a person you enjoy is when the dream becomes real." Björk added that her previous album

26660-470: Was distributed in 1984. Kukl's second album, Holidays in Europe (The Naughty Nought) , came out in 1986. The band split up due to personal conflict, with Björk keeping a collaboration with Guðlaugur, which was named the Elgar Sisters . Some of the songs they recorded ended up as B-sides to Björk solo singles. Björk had her first acting role on The Juniper Tree (filmed in 1986, released in 1990),

26832-491: Was extensive and prolific, but less well known or understood today. Works covered poetry, prose stories and early novels, occasional pieces and collections of letters, to name a few. Famous and well regarded writers included Petrarch, Erasmus, Salutati , Celtis , George Buchanan and Thomas More . Non fiction works were long produced in many subjects, including the sciences, law, philosophy, historiography and theology. Famous examples include Isaac Newton 's Principia . Latin

27004-435: Was held at New York's Museum of Modern Art in 2015. Björk Guðmundsdóttir was born on 21 November 1965 in Reykjavík . She was raised by her mother, Hildur Rúna Hauksdóttir (7 October 1946 – 25 October 2018 ), an activist who protested against the development of Iceland's Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant , having divorced from Björk's father, Guðmundur Gunnarsson , an electrician and union leader, after Björk

27176-414: Was initially labelled as a new single by Björk, with backing vocals from Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke . Björk's official website later stated that the single would be released on 27 October 2008 through iTunes , but the track was eventually made available at nattura.grapewire.net, exclusively. In a statement released by bjork.com, a limited edition box set titled Voltaïc from One Little Indian Records

27348-499: Was largely separated from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire. Spoken Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. They were, throughout the period, confined to everyday speech, as Medieval Latin was used for writing. For many Italians using Latin, though, there was no complete separation between Italian and Latin, even into

27520-401: Was much more interested in the technical features provided by the clavichord. He mentioned this in his book (Versuch über die wahre, Art das Clavier zu spielen, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Berlin, 1759.): "Of the many keyboard instruments, many of which are little known because of defects, or because they have not yet been introduced everywhere, there are two which have been most widely acclaimed,

27692-710: Was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio ), the lower Tiber area around Rome , Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . By the late Roman Republic , Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin refers to the less prestigious colloquial registers , attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of

27864-515: Was perceived as a separate language, for instance early French or Italian dialects, that could be transcribed differently. It took some time for these to be viewed as wholly different from Latin however. After the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 and Germanic kingdoms took its place, the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses. While

28036-423: Was positively compared to recent album releases from Madonna and Beyoncé , the former of whom also released her album to iTunes after being leaked, and the latter of whom wanted to revolutionize how albums were released and consumed. Björk began her world tour in March 2015 at Carnegie Hall performing " Black Lake " and other tracks from Vulnicura as well as several from her back catalog with accompaniment from

28208-572: Was published. Björk embarked on the Vespertine world tour . The shows were held in theatres and opera houses in order to have "the best acoustics possible." She was accompanied by Matmos, Parkins and an Inuit choir, whom she had held auditions for on a trip to Greenland prior to the tour. At the time, Vespertine was Björk's fastest selling album to date, having sold two million copies by the end of 2001. Vespertine spawned three singles: " Hidden Place ", " Pagan Poetry ", and " Cocoon ". MTV2 played

28380-417: Was released as a single in the UK in 1991. She also contributed vocals to the song "Falling", on the album Island by Current 93 and Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson . In the same year she met harpist Corky Hale , with whom she had a recording session that ended up as a track on her future album Debut . At this point, Björk had decided to leave the band to pursue her solo career, but their contract included

28552-459: Was released in 1988. After the release of the album, Eldon and Björk divorced soon after the birth of their child despite being in the same group. The album went on to sell more than one million copies worldwide. Björk contributed as a background vocalist on 1987 album Loftmynd by Megas , for whom she provided background vocals also on his subsequent album Höfuðlausnir (1988) and Hættuleg hljómsveit & glæpakvendið Stella (1990). In

28724-435: Was released on 1 January 2008 in a super deluxe package including two 12" vinyls, a CD, and a DVD featuring Gondry's "Declare Independence" video. " Wanderlust " was subsequently released in a similar format, featuring Encyclopedia Pictura's short film directed for the track, shot in stereoscopic 3D . The fifth single released from the album was " The Dull Flame of Desire ", featuring vocals by Anohni . Björk then completed

28896-507: Was released on 1 May 2007. It features 10 tracks. The album features input from hip hop producer Timbaland , singer Anohni , poet Sjón , electronic beat programmer Mark Bell , kora master Toumani Diabaté , Congolese thumb piano band Konono No 1 , pipa player Min Xiaofen , and, on several songs, an all-female ensemble from Iceland performing brass compositions. It also uses the Reactable ,

29068-505: Was released on 21 November 1986, Björk's 21st birthday. At the end of that year, the Sugarcubes signed with One Little Indian . Their first English single, "Birthday", was released in the United Kingdom on 17 August 1987; a week later, it was declared single of the week by Melody Maker . The Sugarcubes also signed a distribution deal with Elektra Records in the United States and recorded their first album, Life's Too Good , which

29240-459: Was released on 30 June, to raise money for marine conservation. In September 2010, Björk released " The Comet Song " as part of the soundtrack for the movie Moomins and the Comet Chase . Also in 2010, she dueted with fellow Icelander (and One Little Indian labelmate) Ólöf Arnalds on a track called "Surrender" from Arnalds's new album, Innundir skinni , and performed a duet with Anohni on

29412-431: Was shut down in June 2019), and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin. A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin. Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include

29584-412: Was sung with only a saxophone ensemble for accompaniment. At the 1994 Brit Awards , Björk won the awards for Best International Female and Best International Newcomer . The success of Debut enabled her to collaborate with British and other artists on one-off tracks. She worked with David Arnold on " Play Dead ", the theme to the 1993 film The Young Americans (which appeared as a bonus track on

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