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22-514: Class40 is a class of monohull sailboat and a yacht primarily used for short handed offshore and coastal racing. The class is administered by International Class40 Association which is recognised by the World Sailing . In 2004 former Vendee Globe and Whitbread competitor, Patrice Carpentier , brought together designers, builders and sailors to formulate a new accessible class of shorthanded offshore racing boats. Now with more than 160 boats,

44-439: A bulb of ballast on a long, thin keel that can tilt from side to side to create a canting keel . This lets the ballast be placed on the windward side, providing a far greater righting moment with a lower angle of heel. Tilting the keel, however, greatly reduces its lift, so canting keels are usually combined with a retractable centerboard or daggerboard that is deployed when the keel is tilted, and retracted (to reduce drag) when

66-415: A righting moment to resist any heeling moment on the hull ). Insufficiently ballasted boats tend to tip or heel excessively in high winds. Too much heel may result in the vessel filling with water and/or capsizing . If a sailing vessel needs to voyage without cargo, then ballast of little or no value will be loaded to keep the vessel upright. Some or all of this ballast will then be discarded when cargo

88-562: Is loaded. If a cargo vessel (such as a tanker, bulk carrier or container ship) wishes to travel empty or partially empty to collect a cargo, it must travel "in ballast". This keeps the vessel in trim and keeps the propeller and rudder submerged. Typically, being "in ballast" will mean flooding ballast tanks with sea water. Serious problems may arise when ballast water is discharged, as water-borne organisms can create havoc when deposited in new environments. Ballast takes many forms. The simplest form of ballast used in small day sailers

110-404: Is so-called "live ballast", or the weight of the crew. By sitting on the windward side of the hull , the heeling moment must lift the weight of the crew. On more advanced racing boats, a wire harness called a trapeze is used to allow the crew to hang completely over the side of the hull without falling out; this provides much larger amounts of righting moment due to the larger leverage of

132-567: The Romans , Phoenicians and Vikings . Modern ships carry tons of ballast in order to maintain their stability; even heavily laden cargo ships use ballast to optimize the distribution of weight. This is the most prevalent form of waterborne vessel. This article about a type of ship or boat is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sailing ballast Ballast is weight placed low in ships to lower their centre of gravity , which increases stability (more technically, to provide

154-431: The leeward ballast tank and fill the windward tank as the boat tacks, and the quantity of ballast can be varied to keep the boat at the optimum angle of heel. A disadvantage of water ballast is that water is not very dense and therefore the tanks required take up more space than other forms of ballast. Some manufacturers offer flexible ballast bags that are mounted outboard of the hull on both sides, and pumps that use

176-520: The 2006 Route du Rhum , with 25 boats registered. The Class 40 monohulls are high-performance racing boats, designed principally for single-handed or small crew offshore competition. Class 40 monohulls sit in size between boats the small offshore classes of the Classe Mini and Beneteau Figaro 3 and the pinnacle class the IMOCA 60 . Single and double-handed sailing represents a rapidly growing sector of

198-627: The Class has become the most successful offshore racing class. The class is not to be confused with the Open 40 which in many ways led the way to this class. The "Class40" can be designed by anyone provided the boat fits within the measurement rule defined. This rule takes the form of a box rule. The association is responsible for defining and updating the class rules for the boats, and has the additional aims of co-ordinating events. Class 40 monohulls outnumbered all other boat classes during their first appearance in

220-1334: The IMOCA 60. Though some boats are sailed by pro sailors, the amateur class continues to grow as sailors look for the next challenge in offshore sailing. [REDACTED]   LE CLAQUIN Aloys  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   Remi AUBRUN  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   Ludovic ENSARGUEIX  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   Camille Lecointre  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   Gideon KRIGER  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   Samuel MANUARD  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   Gonzalo BOTIN  ( ESP ) [REDACTED]   Inigo ORTIZ  ( ESP ) [REDACTED]   Antonio PIRIS  ( ESP ) [REDACTED]   Francisco RIVERO  ( ESP ) [REDACTED]   Pablo SANTURDE  ( ESP ) [REDACTED]   Manuel CARRION  ( ESP ) [REDACTED]   Alesandro PELLA  ( ESP ) [REDACTED]   BOUCHARD Thierry  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   GANDON Olivier  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   MILANESE Michel  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   BERENGER Gilles  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   KRAUSS Oliver  ( FRA ) [REDACTED]   VASSELLIER Pascal  ( FRA ) The class has had numerous success in most of

242-424: The ballast needs to be as low as possible, it is often placed into a centerboard or retracting keel, requiring a heavy-duty mechanism to lift the massive foil . The simplest solution is to use a fixed ballasted keel, but that makes the boat nearly incapable of sailing in very shallow water, and more difficult to handle when out of the water. While prohibited by most class racing rules, some cutting-edge boats use

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264-406: The boat's speed through the water for power. When under way, the pump can be used to fill the windward side, while the lee side is allowed to drain. This system, while not very attractive, does allow significant gains in righting force with no modifications to the hull. A trick commonly used on boats with water ballast is to link port and starboard tanks with a valved pipe. When preparing to tack,

286-452: The centre of gravity. It is the relationship between centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy that dictates the righting moment. The advantage of water ballast is that the tanks can be emptied, reducing draft or the weight of the boat (e.g. for transport on ground) and water added back in (in small boats, simply by opening up the valves and letting the water flow in) after the boat is launched or cargo unloaded. Pumps can also be used to empty

308-408: The crew's weight, but can be dangerous if the wind suddenly dies, as the sudden loss of heeling moment can dump the crew in the water. On larger modern vessels, the keel is made of or filled with a high density material, such as concrete , iron , or lead . By placing the weight as low as possible (often in a large bulb at the bottom of the keel) the maximum righting moment can be extracted from

330-417: The given mass. Traditional forms of ballast carried inside the hull were stones or sand. There are disadvantages to using high-density ballast. The first is the increased mass of the boat; a heavier boat sits lower in the water, increasing drag when it moves, and is generally less responsive to steering. A heavier boat is also more difficult to put on a trailer and tow behind an automobile. Secondly, since

352-452: The hull (which is, after all, close to the same density as the water outside the hull – fresh vs salt water) would add any stability, the water serves to displace air from the bottom of the hull; adding water ballast below the vertical center of gravity increases stability. The water ballast does not need to be lifted above the waterline to affect stability, as any material having greater bulk density than air will have an effect on

374-455: The keel is returned to the vertical. Some canting keels are designed so that when fully extended to either side they have an angle of attack of about 5° allowing the hydrofoil effect of the blade to lift the boat up and reduce wetted surface area for an increase in boat speed. A common type of ballast for small boats that avoids many of the problems of high-density ballast is water ballast. While it may seem counter-intuitive that placing water in

396-528: The logs into a dugout canoe doesn't help much unless the hollow section penetrates below the log's center of buoyancy, then a load carried low in the cavity actually stabilizes the craft. Adding weight or ballast to the bottom of the hull or as low as possible within the hull adds stability. Naval architects place the center of gravity substantially below the center of buoyancy ; in most cases this can only be achieved by adding weight or ballast. The use of stones and other weights as ballast can be traced back to

418-477: The prestigious offshore events. These records are usually calculated by race directions but not endorsed by the World Sailing Speed Record Council . This article related to water transport is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Monohull Among the earliest hulls were simple logs, but these were generally unstable and tended to roll over easily. Hollowing out

440-524: The sport of sailing. The Class 40 is a cheaper boat that can be sailed competitively in a range of conditions either short handed, by two people, or a solo sailor. The class is active in Europe, but growing in North America. Boats are built on a semi-production or custom basis. The class rules though work to keep the boat affordable, limiting exotic materials and equipment seen in high end offshore boats such as

462-409: The valve is opened, and water in the windward tank, which is higher, is allowed to flow to the lee side, and the sheet is let off to keep the boat from heeling too far. Once as much water as possible has been transferred to the lee side, the boat is brought about and the sail sheeted in, lifting the newly full windward tank. A simple hand pump can then be used to move any remaining water from the lee to

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484-558: The windward tank. On empty cargo vessels water is added to ballast tanks to increase propeller immersion, to improve steering, and to control trim and draft. Ballast water discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment . The discharge of ballast water and sediments by ships is governed globally under the Ballast Water Management Convention , since its entry into force in September 2017. It

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