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56-433: Clasemont was the home and therefore territorial designation of Sir John Morris, 1st Baronet who founded Morriston , Swansea on the basis of copper-smelting, brass manufacture, tin-plating and coal mining - coal is a major local mineral and copper was imported from other parts of Wales and from Cornwall . Before then, Morriston was a rural and woodland part of Llangyfelach . A township...containing 5924 inhabitants,

112-447: A John Smith of Abercrombie is the head of the territorial house of Smith of Abercrombie . A person bearing a Scottish territorial designation is either a baron , chief or chieftain or a laird , the latter denoting 'landowner', or is a descendant of one of the same. The Lord Lyon is the ultimate arbiter as to determining entitlement to a territorial designation, and his right of discretion in recognising these, and their status as

168-462: A tensor . In representing large numbers, from the right side to the left, English texts usually use commas to separate each group of three digits in front of the decimal. This is almost always done for numbers of six or more digits, and often for four or five digits but not in front of the number itself. However, in much of Europe, Southern Africa and Latin America, periods or spaces are used instead;

224-489: A comma and no conjunction (as in "It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark." ) is known as a comma splice and is sometimes considered an error in English; in most cases a semicolon should be used instead. A comma splice should not be confused, though, with the literary device called asyndeton , in which coordinating conjunctions are purposely omitted for a specific stylistic effect. A much debated comma

280-520: A comma before quotations unless one would occur anyway. Thus, they would write Mr. Kershner says "You should know how to use a comma." When a date is written as a month followed by a day followed by a year, a comma separates the day from the year: December 19, 1941. This style is common in American English. The comma is used to avoid confusing consecutive numbers: December 19 1941. Most style manuals, including The Chicago Manual of Style and

336-461: A comma may prevent ambiguity: The serial comma does not eliminate all confusion. Consider the following sentence: As a rule of thumb , The Guardian Style Guide suggests that straightforward lists ( he ate ham, eggs and chips ) do not need a comma before the final "and", but sometimes it can help the reader ( he ate cereal, kippers, bacon, eggs, toast and marmalade, and tea ). The Chicago Manual of Style and other academic writing guides require

392-468: A comma, although the name came to be used for the mark itself instead of the clause it separated. The mark used today is descended from a / , a diagonal slash known as virgula suspensiva , used from the 13th to 17th centuries to represent a pause. The modern comma was first used by Aldus Manutius . In general, the comma shows that the words immediately before the comma are less closely or exclusively linked grammatically to those immediately after

448-533: A comma, called the serial comma , is one of the most disputed linguistic or stylistic questions in English: The serial comma is used much more often, usually routinely, in the United States. A majority of American style guides mandate its use, including The Chicago Manual of Style , Strunk and White 's classic The Elements of Style and the U.S. Government Publishing Office 's Style Manual . Conversely,

504-413: A comma. Using commas to offset certain adverbs is optional, including then , so , yet , instead , and too (meaning also ). Commas are often used to enclose parenthetical words and phrases within a sentence (i.e., information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence). Such phrases are both preceded and followed by a comma, unless that would result in a doubling of punctuation marks or

560-401: A cool day" parenthetical: As more phrases are introduced, ambiguity accumulates, but when commas separate each phrase, the phrases clearly become modifiers of just one thing. In the second sentence below, that thing is the walk : A comma is used to separate coordinate adjectives (i.e., adjectives that directly and equally modify the following noun). Adjectives are considered coordinate if

616-555: A different peerage. Hence his son, John Sainsbury , was created (in 1989) as Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover, of Preston Candover in the County of Hampshire , while his nephew, David Sainsbury , was created (in 1997) as Baron Sainsbury of Turville, of Turville in the County of Buckinghamshire. Hence the distinction needs to be made between different peers with similar or the same surnames so that there can be no confusion. This can be especially important if peers with similar names sit in

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672-528: A name, dignity or title, has been confirmed in the Scottish courts. According to Debrett's and other references, a John Smith of Abercrombie is addressed as simply Abercrombie . If he is a clan chief, he may be addressed by either the place name or the surname of his clan. Comma This is an accepted version of this page The comma , is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. Some typefaces render it as

728-494: A peerage title in the format "Baron Surname of Place" is wanted, the full territorial designation must be used. Thus if the Barony of Stanley of Alderley were created today, it would be created as Baron Stanley of Alderley, of Alderley in the County of Chester . This dual usage of the same term in the title and in the territorial designation may appear peculiar, but is a regular occurrence, with one recent example being Adair Turner , who

784-476: A small line, slightly curved or straight, but inclined from the vertical, others give it the appearance of a miniature filled-in figure 9 placed on the baseline . In many typefaces it is the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark ’ . The comma is used in many contexts and languages , mainly to separate parts of a sentence such as clauses , and items in lists mainly when there are three or more items listed. The word comma comes from

840-408: A system of single dots ( théseis ) at varying levels, which separated verses and indicated the amount of breath needed to complete each fragment of the text when reading aloud. The different lengths were signified by a dot at the bottom, middle, or top of the line. For a short passage, a komma in the form of a dot ⟨·⟩ was placed mid-level. This is the origin of the concept of

896-464: A word, or a group of words, has been omitted, as in The cat was white; the dog, brown. (Here the comma replaces was .) Commas are placed before, after, or around a noun or pronoun used independently in speaking to some person, place, or thing: In his 1785 essay An Essay on Punctuation , Joseph Robertson advocated a comma between the subject and predicate of long sentences for clarity; however, this usage

952-506: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Territorial designation In the United Kingdom , a territorial designation follows modern peerage titles, linking them to a specific place or places. It is also an integral part of all baronetcies . Within Scotland, a territorial designation proclaims a relationship with a particular area of land. A territorial designation

1008-467: Is an aspect of the creation of modern peerages that links them to a specific place or places, at least one of which is almost always in the United Kingdom . It is given in the patent of creation after the actual peerage title itself, of which it is not considered a part. With the exception of royal peerages, which are often created without them, territorial designations are used with the creation of almost all baronies and viscountcies . For instance,

1064-620: Is at the bottom of Longview Road, Clase, close to its junction with Clasemont Road, and is visible from several miles away [2] Clase from the 1960s until 2000s had a number of high rise tower blocks thereafter replaced by various uses such as low rise housing, a multi-use sports pitch and an open green. Clase is in a Communities First area together with Caemawr under the designation of Clase & Caemawr Communities First Partnership. 51°39′57.00″N 3°56′44.00″W  /  51.6658333°N 3.9455556°W  / 51.6658333; -3.9455556 This Swansea location article

1120-477: Is considered to be an indivisible part of the name, though not necessarily an indicator of ancestral or feudal nobility, though recognition of a territorial designation is usually accorded alongside the grant or matriculation of a coat of arms , which confers 'noblesse' status. A substantive territorial designation holder is understood to be the "Head of the Territorial House of [ designation ]". For example

1176-424: Is non- restrictive , as in I cut down all the trees, which were over six feet tall. (Without the comma, this would mean that only the trees more than six feet tall were cut down.) Some style guides prescribe that two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction ( for , and , nor , but , or , yet , so ) must be separated by a comma placed before the conjunction. In the following sentences, where

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1232-408: Is the actual title, and the part after the comma is the territorial designation. These peers should therefore be referred to as "The Baroness Thatcher" and "The Baron Callaghan of Cardiff": it is incorrect both to use part of the territorial designation as part of the title and to leave out part of the actual title; thus The Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven and The Lord Callaghan are incorrect, although

1288-649: Is the one in the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , which says "A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." but ratified by several states as "A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed." which has caused much debate on its interpretation. Commas are always used to set off certain adverbs at

1344-534: Is very short, typically when the second independent clause is an imperative , as in: The above guidance is not universally accepted or applied. Long coordinate clauses , particularly when separated by "but", are often separated by commas: In some languages, such as German and Polish , stricter rules apply on comma use between clauses, with dependent clauses always being set off with commas, and commas being generally proscribed before certain coordinating conjunctions. The joining of two independent sentences with

1400-582: The AP Stylebook for journalistic writing advises against it. The serial comma is also known as the Oxford comma, Harvard comma, or series comma. Although less common in British English, its usage occurs within both American and British English. It is called the Oxford comma because of its long history of use by Oxford University Press. According to New Hart's Rules , "house style will dictate" whether to use

1456-478: The AP Stylebook , also recommend that the year be treated as a parenthetical, requiring a second comma after it: "Feb. 14, 1987, was the target date." If just the month and year are given, no commas are used: "Her daughter may return in June 2009 for the reunion." When the day precedes the month, the month name separates the numeric day and year, so commas are not necessary to separate them: "The Raid on Alexandria

1512-459: The Greek κόμμα ( kómma ), which originally meant a cut-off piece, specifically in grammar , a short clause . A comma-shaped mark is used as a diacritic in several writing systems and is considered distinct from the cedilla . In Byzantine and modern copies of Ancient Greek , the " rough " and " smooth breathings " ( ἁ, ἀ ) appear above the letter. In Latvian , Romanian , and Livonian ,

1568-457: The House of Lords at the same time, as seen in the distinction made between Baron Hunt (1966–98), Baron Hunt of Fawley (1973–87), Baron Hunt of Tanworth (1980-2008), Baron Hunt of Wirral (created in 1997), Baron Hunt of Kings Heath (created in 1997), and Baron Hunt of Chesterton (created in 2000). Until the 19th century, it was possible to create a different peerage title merely by altering

1624-547: The Lord Lyon to Scottish armigers who own (or were born in or were associated with) named land, generally outside a town (i.e. a rural location). The Lord Lyon advises that for a territorial designation to be recognised, there must be 'ownership of a substantial area of land to which a well-attested name attaches, that is to say, ownership of an “estate”, or farm or, at the very least, a house with policies extending to five acres or thereby'. The territorial designation in this case

1680-426: The comma diacritic appears below the letter, as in ș . In spoken language , a common rule of thumb is that the function of a comma is generally performed by a pause . In this article, ⟨x⟩ denotes a grapheme (writing) and /x/ denotes a phoneme (sound). The development of punctuation is much more recent than the alphabet. In the 3rd century BC, Aristophanes of Byzantium invented

1736-447: The life peerage conferred (in 1992) on the former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was created as: Baroness Thatcher , of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire. The life peerage for former Prime Minister James Callaghan (in 1987) was created as: Baron Callaghan of Cardiff , of the City of Cardiff in the County of South Glamorgan . The part of the peerage before the comma

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1792-606: The County of Londonderry and of Cookstown in the County of Tyrone . Occasionally, a place outside the United Kingdom can be named. For instance, the life peerage conferred on Howard Florey was created (in 1965) as Baron Florey, of Adelaide in the Commonwealth of Australia and of Marston in the County of Oxford ; and that conferred on Sue Ryder was created (in 1979) as Baroness Ryder of Warsaw, of Warsaw in Poland and of Cavendish in

1848-532: The County of Suffolk . Another, more recent example is the life peerage conferred on Martha Osamor was created (in 2018) as Baroness Osamor, of Tottenham in the London Borough of Haringey and of Asaba in the Republic of Nigeria. In the case of a victory title , at least one term usually refers to the site of the grantee's triumph, usually outside the United Kingdom. For example, the famous admiral Horatio Nelson

1904-461: The County of Surrey (created in 1805) differ in this respect to the Earl of Stockton (created in 1984). Some territorial designations name more than one place, and the format used depends on whether such places are in the same county or other administrative division. For instance, the life peerage conferred on Margaret McDonagh was created (in 2004) as Baroness McDonagh, of Mitcham and of Morden in

1960-408: The London Borough of Merton. The life peerage conferred on John Morris was created (in 2001) as Baron Morris of Aberavon, of Aberavon in the County of West Glamorgan and of Ceredigion in the County of Dyfed . This also extends to naming two places, such as in the life peerage conferred on William McCrea who was created (in 2018) as Baron McCrea of Magherafelt and Cookstown, of Magherafelt in

2016-416: The beginning of a sentence, including however , in fact , therefore , nevertheless , moreover , furthermore , and still . If these adverbs appear in the middle of a sentence, they are followed and preceded by a comma. As in the second of the two examples below, if a semicolon separates the two sentences and the second sentence starts with an adverb, this adverb is preceded by a semicolon and followed by

2072-455: The comma is used as a decimal separator , equivalent to the use in English of the decimal point . In India, the groups are two digits, except for the rightmost group, which is of three digits. In some styles, the comma may not be used for this purpose at all (e.g. in the SI writing style ); a space may be used to separate groups of three digits instead. Commas are used when rewriting names to present

2128-553: The comma than they might be otherwise. The comma performs a number of functions in English writing. It is used in generally similar ways in other languages, particularly European ones, although the rules on comma usage – and their rigidity – vary from language to language. Commas are placed between items in lists, as in They own a cat, a dog, two rabbits, and seven mice. Whether the final conjunction, most frequently and , should be preceded by

2184-456: The higher ranks of the peerage ( earl , marquess and duke ) often used to include territorial designations, but this has varied and such creations now rarely do. For example: the Duke of Wellington , in the County of Somerset (created in 1814) and the Duke of Gordon , of Gordon Castle in Scotland (created in 1876) were created with territorial designations but the Duke of Fife (created in 1899)

2240-490: The latter may be used informally. The place of the comma can be particularly important when dealing with peers with the same names. For instance, Baron Sainsbury refers to Alan Sainsbury who was Baron Sainsbury, of Drury Lane in the Borough of Holborn (created in 1962). This life peerage of Baron Sainsbury had been created and anyone else wanting to use this title would need to add a territorial designation in order to create

2296-464: The location of the comma. Thus the title Baron Stanley , of Bickerstaffe in the County Palatine of Lancaster (created in 1832) differs in format from Baron Stanley of Alderley , in the County of Chester (created in 1839) only by the placement of the comma. The former title is Baron Stanley whilst the latter is Baron Stanley of Alderley . However, this format is now no longer used: if

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2352-423: The marks hinder optical character recognition . Canada Post has similar guidelines, only making very limited use of hyphens. Similar to the case in natural languages, commas are often used to delineate the boundary between multiple mathematical objects in a list (e.g., ( 3 , 5 , 12 ) {\displaystyle (3,5,12)} ). Commas are also used to indicate the comma derivative of

2408-471: The meaning would be the same if their order were reversed or if and were placed between them. For example: Some writers precede quoted material that is the grammatical object of an active verb of speaking or writing with a comma, as in Mr. Kershner says, "You should know how to use a comma." Quotations that follow and support an assertion are often preceded by a colon rather than a comma. Other writers do not put

2464-400: The parenthetical is at the start or end of the sentence. The following are examples of types of parenthetical phrases: The parenthesization of phrases may change the connotation, reducing or eliminating ambiguity . In the following example, the thing in the first sentence that is relaxing is the cool day, whereas in the second sentence, it is the walk since the introduction of commas makes "on

2520-517: The population having greatly increased since the census of 1821. Morriston, a considerable and thriving village, with a large population employed in copper-works, is situated in this hamlet. The Swansea Canal , part of which, called Morris's, was constructed at the expense of the Duke of Beaufort , who receives the tolls, passes close to the village, between it and the Tawy [Tawe], and hence pursues its course through

2576-446: The rest of the hamlet, both that river and the canal being crossed by bridges on the road leading to the town of Neath . The bridge over...Wych-Tree Bridge, from a tree of that description which grew near its eastern end, is admired for its lightness and elegance: it consists of one arch, ninety feet in the span, with cylindrical holes in the abutments, and was executed by Edwards, the celebrated architect of Pont-y-Pridd . Clasemont, late

2632-449: The seat of Sir John Morris...a short distance north-west...has been taken down; there are, however, numerous other respectable residences scattered over the hamlet, which is in general well wooded, and presents many agreeable rides and walks, especially along the banks of the canal, and the Vale of the Tawy. Coal is found in abundance... The 16-storey Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency building

2688-413: The second clause is independent (because it can stand alone as a sentence), the comma is considered by those guides to be necessary: In the following sentences, where the second half of the sentence is a dependent clause (because it does not contain an explicit subject ), those guides prescribe that the comma be omitted: However, such guides permit the comma to be omitted if the second independent clause

2744-538: The serial comma. "The general rule is that one style or the other should be used consistently." No association with region or dialect is suggested, other than that its use has been strongly advocated by Oxford University Press. Its use is preferred by Fowler 's Modern English Usage . It is recommended by the United States Government Printing Office , Harvard University Press , and the classic Elements of Style of Strunk and White . Use of

2800-413: The serial comma: all lists must have a comma before the "and" prefacing the last item in a series ( see Differences between American and British usage below ). If the individual items of a list are long, complex, affixed with description, or themselves contain commas, semicolons may be preferred as separators, and the list may be introduced with a colon . In news headlines , a comma might replace

2856-438: The surname first, generally in instances of alphabetization by surname: Smith, John . They are also used before many titles that follow a name: John Smith, Ph.D. It can also be used in regnal names followed by their occupation: Louis XIII, king of France and Navarre . Similarly in lists that are presented with an inversion: socks, green: 3 pairs; socks, red: 2 pairs; tie, regimental: 1 . Commas may be used to indicate that

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2912-437: The word "and", even if there are only two items, in order to save space, as in this headline from Reuters: Commas are often used to separate clauses . In English, a comma is often used to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause if the dependent clause comes first: After I fed the cat, I brushed my clothes. (Compare this with I brushed my clothes after I fed the cat. ) A relative clause takes commas if it

2968-422: Was (in 2005) created Baron Turner of Ecchinswell, of Ecchinswell in the County of Hampshire. Though this dual usage (or repetition) in both title and territorial designation is not a requirement to create a title in the form of "Baron Surname of Place" as illustrated in the example of Gerry Grimstone who was created (in 2020) as Baron Grimstone of Boscobel, of Belgravia in the City of Westminster. Creations of

3024-700: Was carried out on 19 December 1941." Commas are used to separate parts of geographical references, such as city and state ( Dallas, Texas ) or city and country ( Kampala, Uganda ). Additionally, most style manuals, including The Chicago Manual of Style and the AP Stylebook , recommend that the second element be treated as a parenthetical, requiring a second comma after: "The plane landed in Kampala, Uganda, that evening." The United States Postal Service and Royal Mail recommend leaving out punctuation when writing addresses on actual letters and packages, as

3080-547: Was created (in 1801) as Viscount Nelson, of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk , the Nile being the site of his victory against the French in the Battle of the Nile , and Burnham Thorpe being his place of birth. Provision of a territorial designation is also an integral part of all baronetcies . Recognition of a territorial designation may also be granted in Scotland by

3136-557: Was not. The Marquess of Cholmondeley , in the County Palatine of Chester (created in 1815) and Marquess of Ailsa , of the Isle of Ailsa in the County of Ayr (created in 1831) were accorded territorial designations but the Marquess of Zetland (created in 1892) was not. Likewise, the Earl of Craven , in the County of York (created in 1801) and the Earl Nelson , of Trafalgar and of Merton in

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