64-514: The Clark Thread Company Historic District , located at 900 Passaic Avenue, East Newark , Hudson County , New Jersey , United States, is a large mill complex. Begun in 1875, it was a major manufacturing site of the Clark Thread Company , the world's leading manufacturer of sewing thread, until 1935. The complex was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1978 for this association. It now functions as an industrial park housing
128-475: A sending/receiving relationship with the Harrison Public Schools . Citing rising tuition costs, the district announced in 2013 that it was seeking to sever its relationship with Harrison and send its students to Kearny High School , where tuition costs for students would be substantially lower than the $ 14,674 per student paid to Harrison for the 2012–2013 school year. In 2015, the district agreed to
192-480: A 42.6% turnout. The East Newark School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade . As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 220 students and 18.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.7:1. For ninth through twelfth grades , public school students attend Harrison High School in Harrison , as part of
256-507: A combined question and a MENA category, while also collecting additional detail to enable data disaggregation. The OMB states, "many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data is also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require this data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data
320-598: A diversity of businesses. The former Clark Thread Company facilities lie overlooking the Passaic River in East Newark, covering an area of about 13 acres (5.3 ha) bounded by Passaic, Grant, and Central Avenues, and a railroad right-of-way that parallels Johnston Avenue. There are 35 buildings on the site, built between 1875 and 1910. Most are of brick construction, the most prominent ones being large four-story mills with rows of segmented-arch windows. The Clark Company
384-443: A female householder with no husband present and 25.0% were non-families. Of all households, 15.3% were made up of individuals and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.17 and the average family size was 3.38. 22.0% of the population were under the age of 18, 14.6% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
448-479: A household in the borough was $ 44,352, and the median income for a family was $ 46,375. Males had a median income of $ 31,875 versus $ 24,231 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $ 16,415. About 11.3% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over. East Newark is governed under the borough form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 218 municipalities (of
512-454: A new six-year sending agreement with the Harrison district under which East Newark would pay $ 13,000 per student, rising by 2% annually, a drop from the $ 16,100 cost per student paid as of the 2014–2015 school year. As of the 2021–22 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 698 students and 52.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.3:1. East Newark
576-519: A person's origins considered in the census. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino." However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of US Commission on Civil Rights . In 1997,
640-517: A police department with nine sworn officers, led by Chief Anthony Monteiro. As of May 2010 , the borough had a total of 2.71 miles (4.36 km) of roadways, of which 2.27 miles (3.65 km) were maintained by the municipality and 0.44 miles (0.71 km) by Hudson County. Interstate 280 passes through the southern portion of the borough. The entrances to interchange 16 lie in adjacent Harrison, and those for interchange 15B lie in Newark across
704-520: A race. Enumerators were instructed that all people born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. In prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list Mexican Americans as white, perhaps because some of them were of white background (mainly Spanish), many others mixed white and Native American and some of them Native American. The supplemental American Indian questionnaire
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#1733085696319768-616: A social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country". The OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the census to be not "scientific or anthropological", and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups. Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with
832-408: A staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The borough form of government used by East Newark is a " weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of
896-478: A suburb of Newark , which sits across the Passaic River , is the second-smallest municipality by total area in the state. The Borough of East Newark was established on July 2, 1895, from portions of Kearny lying between the Erie Railroad 's Newark Branch right of way and Harrison , based on the results of a referendum held the previous day. As of the 2020 United States census , the borough's population
960-453: A total of 753 registered voters in East Newark, of which 469 (62.3%) were registered as Democrats , 35 (4.6%) were registered as Republicans and 249 (33.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated . There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 82.3% of the vote (400 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 16.5% (80 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (6 votes), among
1024-777: Is also served by the Newark Light Rail . The closest rapid transit service is the PATH 's Harrison station , a few blocks south of East Newark. The closest airport with scheduled passenger service is Newark Liberty International Airport , located 4.8 miles (7.7 km) south in Newark and Elizabeth . John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport are in Queens , New York City . People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with East Newark include: [REDACTED] Media related to East Newark, New Jersey at Wikimedia Commons Asian (U.S. census) In
1088-660: Is bordered to the north by Kearny and to the south and east by Harrison , both in Hudson County, and to the west by the Passaic River across from which is Newark in Essex County . The Clark Thread Company Historic District is located in the borough. The 2010 United States census counted 2,406 people, 759 households, and 569 families in the borough. The population density was 23,532.1 per square mile (9,085.8/km ). There were 794 housing units at an average density of 7,765.8 per square mile (2,998.4/km ). The racial makeup
1152-530: Is from the Indian subcontinent ) were counted as White. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person's origin or descent? Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Central American Other Spanish No, none of these This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again,
1216-1490: Is governed by a directly elected County Executive and by a Board of County Commissioners , which serves as the county's legislative body. As of 2024 , Hudson County's County Executive is Craig Guy ( D , Jersey City ), whose term of office expires December 31, 2027. Hudson County's Commissioners are: Kenneth Kopacz (D, District 1-- Bayonne and parts of Jersey City ; 2026, Bayonne), William O'Dea (D, District 2-- western parts of Jersey City; 2026, Jersey City), Vice Chair Jerry Walker (D, District 3-- southeastern parts of Jersey City; 2026, Jersey City), Yraida Aponte-Lipski (D, District 4-- northeastern parts of Jersey City; 2026, Jersey City), Chair Anthony L. Romano Jr. (D, District 5-- Hoboken and adjoining parts of Jersey City; 2026, Hoboken), Fanny J.Cedeno (D, District 6-- Union City ; 2026, Union City), Caridad Rodriguez (D, District 7-- West New York (part), Weehawken , Guttenberg ; 2026, West New York), Robert Baselice (D, District 8-- North Bergen , West New York (part), Seacaucus (part); 2026, North Bergen), and Albert Cifelli (D, District 9-- East Newark , Harrison , Kearny , and Secaucus (part); 2026, Harrison). Hudson County's constitutional officers are: Clerk E. Junior Maldonado (D, Jersey City, 2027), Sheriff Frank Schillari, (D, Jersey City, 2025) Surrogate Tilo E. Rivas, (D, Jersey City, 2024) and Register Jeffery Dublin (D, Jersey City, 2024). As of March 2011, there were
1280-591: Is needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions". Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act and monitoring/enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act ). Data on ethnic groups is also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of
1344-590: Is protected by a volunteer fire department . There are approximately 34 firefighters who staff one ladder and two engines, one of which is a spare. The department also has shared use of a haz-mat mass decontamination trailer unit with the Kearny and Harrison Fire Departments. The fire department has mutual aid agreements with all Hudson County departments and is also a member of the Southern Bergen County Mutual Aid Association. East Newark has
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#17330856963191408-798: Is represented by Rob Menendez ( D , Jersey City ). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker ( Newark , term ends 2027) and George Helmy ( Mountain Lakes , term ends 2024). For the 2024-2025 session , the 29th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Teresa Ruiz ( D , Newark ) and in the General Assembly by Eliana Pintor Marin (D, Newark) and Shanique Speight (D, Newark). Hudson County
1472-520: The 2004 presidential election , Democrat John Kerry received 71.2% of the vote (337 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 26.4% (125 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (6 votes), among the 473 ballots cast by the borough's 800 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 59.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Democrat Barbara Buono received 64.9% of the vote (148 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 32.9% (75 votes), and other candidates with 2.2% (5 votes), among
1536-836: The Secretary of State , directed US Marshals to collect data from all 13 original states, and from the Southwest Territory . The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. Some doubt surrounded the numbers, as President George Washington and Thomas Jefferson maintained the population was undercounted. The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread-out population, and restraints of current technology. No microdata from
1600-469: The US Constitution and applicable laws. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within each jurisdiction, remain for the inspection of all concerned, and that "the aggregate amount of each description of persons" for every district be transmitted to the president . The US Marshals were also responsible for governing
1664-584: The United States census , the US Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) define a set of self-identified categories of race and ethnicity chosen by residents, with which they most closely identify. Residents can indicate their origins alongside their race, and are asked specifically whether they are of Hispanic or Latino origin in a separate question. The racial categories represent
1728-748: The William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge over the Passaic River, which is crossed by the Clay Street Bridge . NJ Transit bus service is available to Newark on the 30 and 76 routes. The closest NJ Transit rail station to East Newark is the Newark Broad Street Station , with connections to the Montclair-Boonton Line and both branches of the Morris & Essex Lines . The station
1792-417: The "Color or Race" question was slightly modified, removing the term "Mulatto". Also, there was an inclusion of an "Indian Population Schedule" in which "enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations." This expanded version included the question "Fraction of person's lineage that is white." The 1910 census
1856-513: The 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System . However, the categories of "Free white males" of 16 years and upward, including heads of families under 16 years, "Free white females", including heads of families, All other free persons, and "Slaves," existed in
1920-525: The 1930s, when they began moving production to the American South. The site is now used by a variety of industrial companies. In 1888, Scientific American recognized Clark Thread Works to have the highest chimney in the United States at 335 ft. East Newark, New Jersey East Newark is a borough in the western part of Hudson County , in the U.S. state of New Jersey . The borough,
1984-414: The 2000 and 2010 censuses. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the 1990 census : The 1990 census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the "other" race option and provided a multiple write-in. The response was assigned according to the race written first. "For example, a write-in of 'black-white' was assigned a code of 'black,' while
Clark Thread Company Historic District - Misplaced Pages Continue
2048-540: The 2019 local election. Members of the East Newark Borough Council are Council President Jeanne Zincavage (D, 2023), Jessica Diaz (D, 2022), Rose M. Evaristo (D, 2024), Kenneth J. Graham (D, 2024), Hans Peter Lucas (D, 2023) and Christopher Reis (D, 2022). East Newark is located in the 8th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 29th state legislative district. For the 118th United States Congress , New Jersey's 8th congressional district
2112-406: The 232 ballots cast by the borough's 884 registered voters (4 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 26.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election , Democrat Jon Corzine received 71.8% of the vote (234 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 21.8% (71 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 4.0% (13 votes), among the 326 ballots cast by the borough's 765 registered voters, yielding
2176-405: The 492 ballots cast by the borough's 844 registered voters (6 ballots were spoiled ), for a turnout of 58.3%. In the 2008 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 76.0% of the vote (414 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 22.6% (123 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (4 votes), among the 545 ballots cast by the borough's 904 registered voters, for a turnout of 60.3%. In
2240-471: The 564) statewide that use this form, the most commonly used form of government in the state. The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the borough council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The borough council includes six members elected to serve three-year terms on
2304-464: The OMB built on the 1997 guidelines and suggested the addition of a Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) racial category and considered combining racial and ethnic categories into one question. In March 2024, the Office of Management and Budget published revisions to Statistical Policy Directive No. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity that included
2368-405: The OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. The OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the federal government ". The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws. Among
2432-460: The United States. In the same census, 6.2% of East Newark's residents identified themselves as being of Brazilian American ancestry, which was the highest percentage of Brazilian American people in any place in the United States. As of the 2000 Census, 7.67% of East Newark's residents identified themselves as being of Ecuadorian ancestry, which was the highest of any municipality in New Jersey and
2496-510: The borough was $ 22,242 (+/− $ 2,054). About 7.9% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 16.1% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States census , there were 2,377 people, 767 households, and 605 families residing in the borough. The population density was 23,330.0 inhabitants per square mile (9,007.8/km ). There were 799 housing units at an average density of 7,842.1 per square mile (3,027.9/km ). The racial makeup of
2560-450: The borough was 67.02% White , 1.68% African American , 0.50% Native American , 2.52% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 20.99% from other races , and 7.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47.54% of the population. As of the 2000 Census, 10.1% of East Newark's residents identified themselves as being of Peruvian American ancestry. This was the highest percentage of Peruvian American people in any place in
2624-418: The census form. In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed with five cohorts and included All other free persons, except "Indians not taxed", and "Slaves". The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about slaves. Also the term "colored" entered the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating "Number of foreigners not naturalized"
Clark Thread Company Historic District - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-418: The census. About one-third of the original census data has been lost or destroyed since documentation. The data was lost in 1790–1830, and included data from Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Vermont , and Virginia . However, the census was proven factual and
2752-483: The changes, The OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of mixed-race children and wanting to record diversity in a measurable way after having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge theirs and their children's full ancestry, rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the census and other government data collections asked people to report singular races. As of 2023,
2816-477: The council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. As of 2022 , the Mayor of East Newark is Democrat Dina M. Grilo, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023; Mayor Grilo is the first woman to serve as East Newark's mayor, having defeated Democratic-turned-Republican incumbent mayor Joseph Smith in
2880-630: The decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness. The 1940 census
2944-536: The design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as Japanese and Chinese , due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White", "Black", "Mulatto", " Quadroon ", "Octoroon", "Chinese", "Japanese", or " Indian ". During 1900,
3008-456: The existence of most of this data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census. Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves . Thomas Jefferson , then
3072-480: The free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person were white, marked "B" if a person were black, and marked "M" if a person were mulatto . Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave were black and an "M" if mulatto. For 1890, the Census Office changed
3136-596: The population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Service Act ; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act ). The 1790 United States census was the first census in the history of the United States. The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of
3200-451: The race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro", no matter the fraction of that lineage (the " one-drop rule "). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless they were considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both white and American Indian ancestry
3264-507: The racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices. The 1960 census re-added the word "color" to the racial question, and changed "Indian" to "American Indian", as well as adding Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The "Other (print out race)" option was removed. This year's census included "Negro or Black", re-added Korean and the Other race option. East Indians (the term used at that time for people whose ancestry
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#17330856963193328-427: The term "color" was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent? No, not Spanish/Hispanic Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano Yes, Puerto Rican Yes, Cuban Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic The racial categories in this year are as they appear in
3392-462: The third highest percentage of Ecuadorian people in any place in the United States with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry. There were 767 households, out of which 41.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.1% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who
3456-486: Was 2,594, an increase of 188 (+7.8%) from the 2010 census count of 2,406, which in turn reflected an increase of 29 (+1.2%) from the 2,377 counted in the 2000 census . According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough had a total area of 0.13 square miles (0.32 km ), including 0.10 square miles (0.27 km ) of land and 0.02 square miles (0.06 km ) of water (16.92%). The borough
3520-497: Was 31.9 years. For every 100 females, the population had 101.8 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 100.1 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $ 54,722 (with a margin of error of +/− $ 5,909) and the median family income was $ 59,423 (+/− $ 9,367). Males had a median income of $ 41,173 (+/− $ 3,762) versus $ 28,224 (+/− $ 4,249) for females. The per capita income for
3584-412: Was 63.01% (1,516) White , 1.91% (46) Black or African American , 0.42% (10) Native American , 7.81% (188) Asian , 0.04% (1) Pacific Islander , 22.90% (551) from other races , and 3.91% (94) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 61.39% (1,477) of the population. Of the 759 households, 36.6% had children under the age of 18; 45.2% were married couples living together; 18.7% had
3648-457: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.40. In the borough the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 36.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males. The median income for
3712-443: Was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry. President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a Good Neighbor policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent
3776-623: Was founded in 1864 by George and William Clark, the sons of Scottish thread manufacturer James Clark, who acted as agents for their father's firm. First located in nearby Newark , the Clark firm expanded into East Newark in 1875. The company became famous for its thread, which was specifically developed to work well with then-new sewing machines . It was the largest threadmaker in the nation by 1873, and doubled in size by William Clark's death in 1897, when it merged with competitor J&P Coats. Coats and its successors continued to operate on this site until
3840-423: Was included. In the 1830 census, a new question, which stated, "The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized" was included. The 1850 census had a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. Two questionnaires were used - one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on
3904-421: Was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. "Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindu (Asian Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively. The biggest change in this census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting
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#17330856963193968-527: Was similar to that of 1900, but it included a reinsertion of "Mulatto" and a question about the "mother tongue" of foreign-born individuals and individuals with foreign-born parents. "Ot" was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual's proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage. The 1920 census questionnaire
4032-415: Was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires. The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the white population. 1940 census data was used for Japanese American internment . The Census Bureau's role was denied for decades, but was finally proven in 2007. The 1950 census questionnaire removed the word "color" from
4096-410: Was to be recorded as American Indian, unless their Indigenous ancestry was small, and they were accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had white and some other racial ancestry, they were to be reported as that other race. People who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father. For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as
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