109-587: Claremont , also known historically as 'Clermont', is an 18th-century Palladian mansion less than a mile south of the centre of Esher in Surrey , England . The buildings are now occupied by Claremont Fan Court School , and its landscaped gardens are owned and managed by the National Trust . Claremont House is a Grade I listed building. The first house on the Claremont estate was built in 1708 by Sir John Vanbrugh ,
218-482: A rusticated basement or ground floor, containing the service and minor rooms; above this, the piano nobile (noble level), accessed through a portico reached by a flight of external steps, containing the principal reception and bedrooms; and lastly a low mezzanine floor with secondary bedrooms and accommodation. The proportions of each room (for example, height and width) within the villa were calculated on simple mathematical ratios like 3:4 and 4:5. The arrangement of
327-626: A building he designed on the outskirts of London and one of the largest and most influential of the early neo-Palladian houses. The movement's resurgence was championed by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington , whose buildings for himself, such as Chiswick House and Burlington House , became celebrated. Burlington sponsored the career of the artist, architect and landscaper William Kent , and their joint creation, Holkham Hall in Norfolk , has been described as "the most splendid Palladian house in England". By
436-578: A continuing influence of Palladio's ideas on architects of the 20th century. In the 21st century Palladio's name regularly appears among the world's most influential architects. In England, Raymond Erith (1904–1973) drew on Palladian inspirations, and was followed in this by his pupil, subsequently partner, Quinlan Terry . Their work, and that of others, led the architectural historian John Martin Robinson to suggest that "the Quattro Libri continues as
545-410: A desire to design everything down to the smallest detail, ensuring a sense of unity in their design. In Adam interiors, all the furnishings were custom designed to accord with the decoration of the room in a unified harmony. Often the carpets were woven to match the intricate patterns of the ceiling above, while every fitting including sconces, mirrors, and doorknobs also received a custom design emulating
654-453: A double loggia. Loggias were sometimes given significance in a façade by being surmounted by a pediment . Villa Godi 's focal point is a loggia rather than a portico, with loggias terminating each end of the main building. Palladio would often model his villa elevations on Roman temple façades. The temple influence, often in a cruciform design, later became a trademark of his work. Palladian villas are usually built with three floors:
763-608: A façade, as at New Wardour Castle , or once at each end, as on the inner façade of Burlington House (true Palladian windows). Palladio's elaboration of this, normally used in a series, places a larger or giant order in between each window, and doubles the small columns supporting the side lintels, placing the second column behind rather than beside the first. This was introduced in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice by Jacopo Sansovino (1537), and heavily adopted by Palladio in
872-715: A few days in London, where they visited the Mansion House, London , St Stephen Walbrook , St Paul's Cathedral , Windsor, Berkshire, in the company of Thomas Sandby who showed them his landscaping at Windsor Great Park and Virginia Water Lake . They sailed from Dover arriving in Calais on 28 October 1754. He joined Charles Hope-Weir , brother of the Earl of Hopetoun in Brussels and together they travelled to Rome. Hope agreed to take Adam on
981-446: A marble memorial to Charlotte and Leopold which was erected inside the house. (The memorial was subsequently moved to St George's Church, Esher .) Victoria bought Claremont for her fourth, and youngest, son Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany , when he married Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1882. The Duke and Duchess of Albany had two children— Alice and Charles . Charles, who had been born at Claremont in 1884, inherited
1090-646: A mere symbol, often closed, or merely hinted at in the design by pilasters, and sometimes in very late examples of English Palladianism adapted to become a porte-cochère ; in America, the Palladian portico regained its full glory. The White House in Washington, D.C., was inspired by Irish Palladianism. Its architect James Hoban , who built the executive mansion between 1792 and 1800, was born in Callan , County Kilkenny , in 1762,
1199-623: A more severe, Greek phase of the classical revival, as practised by James "Athenian" Stuart . The Adam brothers employed several draughtsmen who would go on to establish themselves as architects, including George Richardson , and the Italian Joseph Bonomi , who Robert originally hired in Rome. During their lifetime Robert and James Adam published two volumes of their designs, Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam (in 1773–1778 and 1779;
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#17328692170251308-503: A new style of architectural decoration, one which was more archaeologically accurate than past neoclassical styles, but nonetheless innovative and not bound only by ancient precedents. In Works in Architecture , co-authored by Robert and James, the brothers stated that Graeco-Roman examples should "serve as models which we should imitate, and as standards by which we ought to judge." The discoveries being made in Herculaneum and Pompeii at
1417-501: A part of the Blair Adam estate which included Dowhill Castle , to Robert. From his father, Robert inherited an extensive library and extended it. On William Adam's death, John Adam inherited both the family business and the position of Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance. He immediately took Robert into partnership, later to be joined by James Adam. The Adam Brothers' first major commission
1526-686: A square). However, the project became a white elephant for Robert and his brothers, with uncertain financing and costs spiralling out of control. The houses were built on a huge artificial terrace resting on vaulted substructures on the level of the Thames, which Robert Adam was certain could be leased to the British government as warehouses. However, this intention failed to materialize; the Adam brothers were left with huge debts and, in 1772, had to lay off 3,000 workmen and cease building. Robert Adam himself moved into one of
1635-664: A statesman, his passion was architecture, and he developed an intense appreciation of Palladio's architectural concepts; his designs for the James Barbour Barboursville estate, the Virginia State Capitol , and the University of Virginia campus were all based on illustrations from Palladio's book. Realising the political significance of ancient Roman architecture to the fledgling American Republic, Jefferson designed his civic buildings, such as The Rotunda , in
1744-679: A third volume was published posthumously, in 1822). Adam had long suffered from stomach and bowel problems, probably caused by a peptic ulcer and irritable bowel syndrome . While at home – 11 Albemarle Street , London – on 1 March 1792, one of the ulcers burst, and on 3 March Adam died. The funeral was held on 10 March; he was buried in the south aisle of Westminster Abbey . The pall-bearers were several of his clients: Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch ; George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry ; James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale ; David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield ; Lord Frederick Campbell and Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet . Knowing he
1853-408: A total change in the architecture of this country: and his fertile genius in elegant ornament was not confined to the decoration of buildings, but has been diffused to every branch of manufacture. His talents extend beyond the lie of his own profession: he displayed in his numerous drawings in landscape a luxuriance of composition, and an effect of light and shadow, which have scarcely been equalled...to
1962-450: A trademark of Palladio's early career. There are two different versions of the motif : the simpler one is called a Venetian window , and the more elaborate a Palladian window or "Palladian motif", although this distinction is not always observed. The Venetian window has three parts: a central high round-arched opening, and two smaller rectangular openings to the sides. The side windows are topped by lintels and supported by columns. This
2071-463: Is called "Clive's room" inside the mansion, shows the mansion and its surrounding grounds; giving a detailed overview of the campus. The map likely dates back to the 1860s, when the mansion was frequently occupied by Queen Victoria (thus it having been christened "palace"). However, the exact date is still unknown. The relief in Claremont's front pediment is of Clive's coat of arms impaled with that of Maskelyne, his wife's family. In 1816, Claremont
2180-460: Is derived from the ancient Roman triumphal arch , and was first used outside Venice by Donato Bramante and later mentioned by Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554) in his seven-volume architectural book Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospetiva ( All the Works of Architecture and Perspective ) expounding the ideals of Vitruvius and Roman architecture. It can be used in series, but is often only used once in
2289-661: Is often misused in modern discourse and tends to be used to describe buildings with any classical pretensions. There was a revival of a more serious Palladian approach in the 20th century when Colin Rowe , an influential architectural theorist, published his essay, The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa , (1947), in which he drew links between the compositional "rules" in Palladio's villas and Le Corbusier's villas at Poissy and Garches. Suzanne Walters' article The Two Faces of Modernism suggests
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#17328692170252398-641: Is situated alongside the gardens. In 1949, the landscape garden was donated to the National Trust for stewardship and protection. A restoration programme was launched in 1975 following a significant donation by the Slater Foundation. The garden is Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . The Duke of Newcastle died in 1768 and, in 1769, his widow sold the estate to Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive , founder of Britain's Indian Empire . Although
2507-442: Is small, has only three bays, while the temple-like portico is merely suggested, and is closed. Two great flanking wings containing a vast suite of state rooms replace the walls or colonnades which should have connected to the farm buildings; the farm buildings terminating the structure are elevated in height to match the central block and given Palladian windows , to ensure they are seen as of Palladian design. This development of
2616-718: Is the Villa Pisani, and that for the first Monticello, the Villa Cornaro at Piombino Dese . Both are taken from Book II, Chapter XIV of I quattro libri dell'architettura . Jefferson later made substantial alterations to Monticello, known as the second Monticello (1802–1809), making the Hammond-Harwood House the only remaining house in North America modelled directly on a Palladian design. Jefferson referred to I quattro libri dell'architettura as his bible . Although
2725-510: Is the former Irish Houses of Parliament in Dublin. Christine Casey, in her 2005 volume Dublin , in the Pevsner Buildings of Ireland series, considers the building, "arguably the most accomplished public set-piece of the Palladian style in [Britain]". Pearce was a prolific architect who went on to design the southern façade of Drumcondra House in 1725 and Summerhill House in 1731, which
2834-513: The Basilica Palladiana in Vicenza, where it is used on both storeys; this feature was less often copied. The openings in this elaboration are not strictly windows, as they enclose a loggia. Pilasters might replace columns, as in other contexts. Sir John Summerson suggests that the omission of the doubled columns may be allowed, but the term "Palladian motif" should be confined to cases where
2943-588: The Buildings of Ireland series, suggests that, at Coole, Wyatt designed a building, "more massy, more masculine and more totally liberated from Palladian practice than anything he had done before." Because of its later development, Palladian architecture in Canada is rarer. In her 1984 study, Palladian Style in Canadian Architecture , Nathalie Clerk notes its particular impact on public architecture, as opposed to
3052-733: The Harewood House collection of Chippendale's work. In North America, the Federal style owes much to neoclassicism as practised by Adam. In Europe, Adam notably influenced Charles Cameron , the Scotsman who designed apartments in the Catherine Palace , Tsarskoye Selo and other Russian palaces for Catherine the Great . However, by the time of his death, Adam's neoclassicism was being superseded in Britain by
3161-710: The Restoration playwright and architect of Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard , for his own use. This "very small box", as he described it, stood on the level ground in front of the present mansion. At the same time, he built the stables and the walled gardens, also probably White Cottage, which is now the Sixth Form Centre of Claremont Fan Court School. In 1714, he sold the house to the wealthy Whig politician Thomas Pelham-Holles , Earl of Clare , who later became Duke of Newcastle and served twice as Prime Minister . The earl commissioned Vanbrugh to add two great wings to
3270-817: The Society of Antiquaries in 1761, the same year he was appointed Architect of the King's Works (jointly with Sir William Chambers ). His younger brother James succeeded him in this post when he relinquished the role in 1768 to devote more time to his elected office as member of Parliament for Kinross-shire . Adam rejected the Palladian style, as introduced to England by Inigo Jones , and advocated by Lord Burlington , as "ponderous" and "disgustful". However, he continued their tradition of drawing inspiration directly from classical antiquity , during his four-year stay in Europe. Adam developed
3379-461: The Whig Oligarchy who ruled Britain unchallenged for some fifty years after the death of Queen Anne . Summerson thought Kent's Horse Guards on Whitehall epitomised "the establishment of Palladianism as the official style of Great Britain". As the style peaked, thoughts of mathematical proportion were swept away. Rather than square houses with supporting wings, these buildings had the length of
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3488-560: The original and the present Irish parliaments in Dublin occupy Palladian buildings. The Irish architect Sir Edward Lovett Pearce (1699–1733) became a leading advocate. He was a cousin of Sir John Vanbrugh, and originally one of his pupils. He rejected the Baroque style, and spent three years studying architecture in France and Italy before returning to Ireland. His most important Palladian work
3597-568: The British government disallowed the inheritance. Claremont was accordingly confiscated and sold by the Public Trustee to shipping magnate Sir William Corry, director of the Cunard Line . Two years after Sir William's death, in 1926, it was bought by Eugen Spier, a wealthy German financier. In 1930, Claremont stood empty and was marked for demolition when it was bought, together with the Belvedere,
3706-593: The Copsem Lane entrance were added at this time. Claremont landscape garden is one of the earliest surviving gardens of its kind of landscape design , the English Landscape Garden — still featuring its original 18th century layout. The extensive landscaped grounds of Claremont represents the work of some of the best known landscape gardeners , Charles Bridgeman , Capability Brown , William Kent (with Thomas Greening) and Sir John Vanbrugh . Work on
3815-632: The French architect and artist Charles-Louis Clérisseau , and the Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi . Here, he became acquainted with the work of the pioneering classical archaeologist and art historian, theorist Johann Joachim Winckelmann . On his return journey, Adam and Clerisseau spent time intensively studying the ruins of Diocletian's Palace at Spalatro in Dalmatia (now known as Split , in modern Croatia ). These studies were later published as Ruins of
3924-756: The Houses of Parliament, and it appears in his executed designs for the north front of Holkham Hall . Another example is Claydon House , in Buckinghamshire ; the remaining fragment is one wing of what was intended to be one of two flanking wings to a vast Palladian house. The scheme was never completed and parts of what was built have since been demolished. During the 17th century, many architects studying in Italy learned of Palladio's work, and on returning home adopted his style, leading to its widespread use across Europe and North America. Isolated forms of Palladianism throughout
4033-621: The Mausoleum of the Princess Charlotte, at Claremont, published in Forget Me Not, 1824. Although Leopold retained ownership of Claremont until his death in 1865, he left the house in 1831 when he became the first King of the Belgians . Queen Victoria was a frequent visitor to Claremont—both as a child and later as an adult—when Leopold, her doting uncle, lent her the house. She, in turn, lent
4142-654: The Newport Brick Market, conceived a decade later, is also Palladian. Two colonial period houses that can be definitively attributed to designs from I quattro libri dell'architettura are the Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland , and Thomas Jefferson 's first Monticello (1770). Hammond-Harwood was designed by the architect William Buckland in 1773–1774 for the wealthy farmer Matthias Hammond of Anne Arundel County , Maryland. The design source
4251-725: The Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia in 1764. He returned to Britain in 1758 and set up in business in London with his brother James Adam. They focused on designing complete schemes for the decoration and furnishing of houses. Palladian design was popular, and Robert designed a number of country houses in this style, but he evolved a new, more flexible style incorporating elements of classical Roman design alongside influences from Greek , Byzantine and Baroque styles. The Adam brothers' success can also be attributed to
4360-630: The Palladian Rotunda Hospital in Dublin and Florence Court in County Fermanagh . Irish Palladian country houses often feature robust Rococo plasterwork – an Irish specialty which was frequently executed by the Lafranchini brothers and far more flamboyant than the interiors of their contemporaries in England. In the 20th century, during and following the Irish War of Independence and
4469-530: The Palladian revival ended by the close of the 18th century. In the 19th century, proponents of the Gothic Revival such as Augustus Pugin , remembering the origins of Palladianism in ancient temples, considered it pagan, and unsuited to Anglican and Anglo-Catholic worship. In North America, Palladianism lingered a little longer; Thomas Jefferson's floor plans and elevations owe a great deal to Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura. The term Palladian
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4578-600: The Palladian style, echoing in his buildings for the new republic examples from the old . In Virginia and the Carolinas , the Palladian style is found in numerous plantation houses , such as Stratford Hall , Westover Plantation and Drayton Hall . Westover's north and south entrances, made of imported English Portland stone , were patterned after a plate in William Salmon's Palladio Londinensis (1734). The distinctive feature of Drayton Hall, its two-storey portico,
4687-447: The South façade which closely resembles Wyatt's 1790 design for Castle Coole, suggests that Coole is perhaps the more direct progenitor . The architectural historian Gervase Jackson-Stops describes Castle Coole as "a culmination of the Palladian traditions, yet strictly neoclassical in its chaste ornament and noble austerity", while Alistair Rowan, in his 1979 volume, North West Ulster , of
4796-659: The adoption in his own country of the architectural style Burlington had introduced in England. By 1741, Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff had already begun construction of the Berlin Opera House on the Unter den Linden , based on Campbell's Wanstead House . Palladianism was particularly adopted in areas under British colonial rule . Examples can be seen in the Indian subcontinent ; the Raj Bhavan, Kolkata (formerly Government House)
4905-481: The arrival of Bonnie Prince Charlie and his Highlanders, who occupied Edinburgh during the Jacobite rising of 1745 . At the end of the year, Robert fell seriously ill for some months, and it seems unlikely that he returned to university, having completed only two years of study. On his recovery from illness in 1746, he joined his elder brother John as apprentice to his father. He assisted William Adam on projects such as
5014-691: The building of Inveraray Castle and the continuing extensions of Hopetoun House . William's position as Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance also began to generate much work, as the Highlands were fortified following the failed Jacobite revolt. Robert's early ambition was to be an artist rather than architect, and the style of his early sketches in the manner of Salvator Rosa are reflected in his earliest surviving architectural drawings, which show picturesque gothic follies . William Adam died in June 1748, and left Dowhill,
5123-401: The concept of movement to his interiors also. His style of decoration, described by Pevsner as "Classical Rococo ", drew on Roman " grotesque " stucco decoration. Adam's work had influenced the direction of architecture and design across the western world. In England his collaboration with Thomas Chippendale resulted in some of the finest neoclassicist designs of the time, most notably in
5232-409: The court of Charles I to survive the turmoil of the English Civil War . Following the Stuart restoration , Jones's Palladianism was eclipsed by the Baroque designs of such architects as William Talman , Sir John Vanbrugh , Nicholas Hawksmoor , and Jones's pupil John Webb . The Baroque style proved highly popular in continental Europe, but was often viewed with suspicion in England, where it
5341-449: The design of many modern buildings, while its inspirer is regularly cited as having been among the world's most influential architects. Andrea Palladio was born in Padua in 1508, the son of a stonemason . He was inspired by Roman buildings , the writings of Vitruvius (80 BC), and his immediate predecessors Donato Bramante and Raphael . Palladio aspired to an architectural style that used symmetry and proportion to emulate
5450-412: The different rooms within the house, and the external façades, were similarly determined. Earlier architects had used these formulas for balancing a single symmetrical façade; however, Palladio's designs related to the entire structure. Palladio set out his views in I quattro libri dell'architettura : "beauty will result from the form and correspondence of the whole, with respect to the several parts, of
5559-407: The engravings of buildings by Jones and Webb, "as an exemplar of what new architecture should be". On the strength of the book, Campbell was chosen as the architect for Henry Hoare I 's Stourhead house. Hoare's brother-in-law, William Benson , had designed Wilbury House , the earliest 18th-century Palladian house in Wiltshire, which Campbell had also illustrated in Vitruvius Britannicus . At
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#17328692170255668-514: The family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance , after William's death. In 1754, he left for Rome, spending nearly five years on the continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clérisseau and Giovanni Battista Piranesi . On his return to Britain he established a practice in London, where he was joined by his younger brother James . Here he developed the " Adam Style ", and his theory of "movement" in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of
5777-465: The façade as their major consideration: long houses often only one room deep were deliberately deceitful in giving a false impression of size. During the Palladian revival period in Ireland, even modest mansions were cast in a neo-Palladian mould. Irish Palladian architecture subtly differs from the England style. While adhering as in other countries to the basic ideals of Palladio, it is often truer to them. In Ireland, Palladianism became political; both
5886-436: The forefront of the new school of design was the "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington , according to Dan Cruikshank the "man responsible for this curious elevation of Palladianism to the rank of a quasi-religion". In 1729 he and Kent designed Chiswick House . This house was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation
5995-450: The fountainhead of at least one strand in the English country house tradition." Robert Adam Robert Adam FRSE FRS FSAScot FSA FRSA (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a British neoclassical architect , interior designer and furniture designer . He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John , Robert took on
6104-434: The gardens began around 1715 and, by 1727, they were described as "the noblest of any in Europe". Within the grounds, overlooking the lake, is an unusual turfed amphitheatre . A feature in the grounds is the Belvedere Tower, designed by Vanbrugh for the Duke of Newcastle . The tower is unusual in that, what appear to be windows, are actually bricks painted black and white. It is now owned by Claremont Fan Court School, which
6213-437: The grandeur of classical buildings. His surviving buildings are in Venice , the Veneto region, and Vicenza , and include villas and churches such as the Basilica del Redentore in Venice. Palladio's architectural treatises follow the approach defined by Vitruvius and his 15th-century disciple Leon Battista Alberti , who adhered to principles of classical Roman architecture based on mathematical proportions rather than
6322-400: The great house was then little more than fifty years old, it was aesthetically and politically out of fashion. Lord Clive decided to demolish the house and commissioned Capability Brown to build the present Palladian mansion on higher and dryer ground. Brown, more accomplished as a landscape designer than an architect, took on his future son-in-law Henry Holland as a junior partner owing to
6431-476: The house and to build a fortress-like turret on an adjoining knoll. From this so-called "prospect-house", or belvedere , he and his guests could admire the views of the Surrey countryside as they took refreshments and played hazard , a popular dice game. In the clear eighteenth-century air it was apparently possible to see Windsor Castle and St Paul's Cathedral . The Earl of Clare named his country seat Clare-mount, later contracted to Claremont. The two lodges at
6540-445: The house to the exiled French King and Queen, Louis-Philippe and Marie-Amelie (the parents-in-law of Leopold I of Belgium ), after the Revolutions of 1848 . The exiled King died at Claremont in 1850. In 1857, Offenbach and his Bouffes company performed three of his opéras bouffes there for Marie Amelie and her sons during an eight-week tour of England. In 1870, Queen Victoria commissioned Francis John Williamson to sculpt
6649-459: The houses in the Adelphi, along with supportive friends like David Garrick and Josiah Wedgwood , who opened a showroom for his ceramics in one of the houses. In 1774, a public lottery authorised under the Adam Buildings Act 1772 ( 13 Geo. 3 . c. 75) was held to raise funds for the brothers, which allowed them to avert bankruptcy. Adam was elected a fellow of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce in 1758 and of
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#17328692170256758-403: The larger order is present. Palladio used these elements extensively, for example in very simple form in his entrance to Villa Forni Cerato . It is perhaps this extensive use of the motif in the Veneto that has given the window its alternative name of the Venetian window. Whatever the name or the origin, this form of window has become one of the most enduring features of Palladio's work seen in
6867-544: The last period of his life, Mr Adam displayed an increasing vigour of genius and refinement of taste: for in the space of one year preceding his death, he designed eight great public works, besides twenty five private buildings, so various in their style, and so beautiful in their composition, that they have been allowed by the best judges, sufficient of themselves, to establish his fame unrivalled as an artist. He left nearly 9,000 drawings, 8,856 of which (by both Robert and James Adam) were subsequently purchased in 1833 for £200 by
6976-419: The late 1720s, and added a Palladian doorcase derived from Kent's Designs of Inigo Jones (1727), which he may have brought with him from London. Palladio's work was included in the library of a thousand volumes amassed for Yale College . Peter Harrison 's 1749 designs for the Redwood Library in Newport , Rhode Island , borrow directly from Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura , while his plan for
7085-400: The late 18th century, particularly in the suburbs around London. Sir William Chambers built many examples, such as Parkstead House . But the grander English Palladian houses were no longer the small but exquisite weekend retreats that their Italian counterparts were intended as. They had become "power houses", in Sir John Summerson's words, the symbolic centres of the triumph and dominance of
7194-402: The later architectural styles evolved from Palladianism. According to James Lees-Milne , its first appearance in Britain was in the remodelled wings of Burlington House, London, where the immediate source was in the English court architect Inigo Jones 's designs for Whitehall Palace rather than drawn from Palladio himself. Lees-Milne describes the Burlington window as "the earliest example of
7303-428: The later works contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. These four books greatly contributed to Palladian architecture becoming established in 18th-century Britain. Campbell and Kent became the most fashionable and sought-after architects of the era. Campbell had placed his 1715 designs for the colossal Wanstead House near to the front of Vitruvius Britannicus , immediately following
7412-425: The member of Parliament for Kinross-shire from 1768 to 1774. Adam was born on 3 July 1728 at Gladney House in Kirkcaldy , Fife, the second son of Mary Robertson (1699–1761), the daughter of William Robertson of Gladney, and architect William Adam. As a child he was noted as having a "feeble constitution". From 1734 at the age of six Adam attended the Royal High School, Edinburgh where he learned Latin (from
7521-400: The merits of the style, while Knobelsdorff 's opera house in Berlin on the Unter den Linden , begun in 1741, was based on Campbell's Wanstead House. Later in the century, when the style was losing favour in Europe, Palladianism had a surge in popularity throughout the British colonies in North America . Thomas Jefferson sought out Palladian examples, which themselves drew on buildings from
7630-437: The middle of that century, both were challenged and then superseded by the Gothic Revival in the English-speaking world, whose champions such as Augustus Pugin , remembering the origins of Palladianism in ancient temples, deemed the style too pagan for true Christian worship . In the 20th and 21st centuries, Palladianism has continued to evolve as an architectural style; its pediments , symmetry and proportions are evident in
7739-411: The middle of the century Palladianism had become almost the national architectural style, epitomised by Kent's Horse Guards at the centre of the nation's capital. The Palladian style was also widely used throughout Europe, often in response to English influences. In Prussia the critic and courtier Francesco Algarotti corresponded with Burlington about his efforts to persuade Frederick the Great of
7848-762: The most successful and fashionable architects in the country. Adam held the post of Architect of the King's Works from 1761 to 1769. Robert Adam was a leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death. He influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America . Adam designed interiors and fittings as well as houses. Much of his work consisted of remodelling existing houses, as well as contributions to Edinburgh's townscape and designing romantic pseudo-mediaeval country houses in Scotland. He served as
7957-602: The motifs of the room. The Adam practice was not without mishap, however. In 1768 the brothers purchased a 99-year lease for a marshy plot of land beside the Thames in Westminster , where they built a 24-house terrace development known as the Adelphi . The project was very ambitious and is the first instance where terraced houses were designed individually to give unified harmony to the whole development (previously terraced houses were built to one replicated design, side-by-side around
8066-412: The movement's most able proponent; in his writings, Palladio's visual inheritance became increasingly codified and moved towards neoclassicism . The most influential follower of Palladio was Inigo Jones, who travelled throughout Italy with the art collector Earl of Arundel in 1613–1614, annotating his copy of Palladio's treatise. The "Palladianism" of Jones and his contemporaries and later followers
8175-512: The next 10 years, and, along with works at many other barracks and forts, provided Robert with a solid foundation in practical building. In the winter of 1749–1750, Adam travelled to London with his friend, the poet John Home . He took the opportunity for architectural study, visiting Wilton , designed by Inigo Jones , and the Queens Hermitage in Richmond by Roger Morris . His sketchbook of
8284-640: The onset of the English Civil War . After the Stuart Restoration , the architectural landscape was dominated by the more flamboyant English Baroque . Palladianism returned to fashion after a reaction against the Baroque in the early 18th century, fuelled by the publication of a number of architectural books, including Palladio's own I quattro libri dell'architettura ( The Four Books of Architecture ) and Colen Campbell 's Vitruvius Britannicus . Campbell's book included illustrations of Wanstead House ,
8393-531: The ornamental style of the Renaissance . Palladio recorded and publicised his work in the 1570 four-volume illustrated study, I quattro libri dell'architettura (The Four Books of Architecture). Palladio's villas are designed to fit with their setting. If on a hill, such as Villa Almerico Capra Valmarana (Villa Capra, or La Rotonda), façades were of equal value so that occupants could enjoy views in all directions. Porticos were built on all sides to enable
8502-573: The parts with regard to each other, and of these again to the whole; that the structure may appear an entire and complete body, wherein each member agrees with the other, and all necessary to compose what you intend to form." Palladio considered the dual purpose of his villas as the centres of farming estates and weekend retreats. These symmetrical temple-like houses often have equally symmetrical, but low, wings, or barchessas , sweeping away from them to accommodate horses, farm animals, and agricultural stores. The wings, sometimes detached and connected to
8611-439: The principles of formal classical architecture from ancient Greek and Roman traditions. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture developed into the style known as Palladianism. Palladianism emerged in England in the early 17th century, led by Inigo Jones , whose Queen's House at Greenwich has been described as the first English Palladian building. Its development faltered at
8720-619: The private houses in the United States. One example of historical note is the Nova Scotia Legislature building , completed in 1819. Another example is Government House in St. John's, Newfoundland . The rise of neo-Palladianism in England contributed to its adoption in Prussia . Count Francesco Algarotti wrote to Lord Burlington to inform him that he was recommending to Frederick the Great
8829-447: The property, as he died in 1774—the year that the house was completed. The estate then passed through a rapid succession of owners; first being sold "for not more than one third of what the house and alterations had cost" to Robert Monckton-Arundell, 4th Viscount Galway , and then to George Carpenter, 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell , and finally to Charles Ellis, 1st Baron Seaford . A large map entitled "Claremont Palace", situated in what
8938-532: The requirements of each individual client. When in 1746 the Duke of Bedford decided to rebuild Woburn Abbey , he chose the fashionable Palladian style, and selected the architect Henry Flitcroft , a protégé of Burlington. Flitcroft's designs, while Palladian in nature, had to comply with the Duke's determination that the plan and footprint of the earlier house, originally a Cistercian monastery, be retained. The central block
9047-410: The residents to appreciate the countryside while remaining protected from the sun. Palladio sometimes used a loggia as an alternative to the portico. This is most simply described as a recessed portico, or an internal single storey room with pierced walls that are open to the elements. Occasionally a loggia would be placed at second floor level over the top of another loggia, creating what was known as
9156-615: The revived Venetian window in England". A variant, in which the motif is enclosed within a relieving blind arch that unifies the motif, is not Palladian, though Richard Boyle seems to have assumed it was so, in using a drawing in his possession showing three such features in a plain wall. Modern scholarship attributes the drawing to Vincenzo Scamozzi . Burlington employed the motif in 1721 for an elevation of Tottenham Park in Savernake Forest for his brother-in-law Lord Bruce (since remodelled). William Kent used it in his designs for
9265-518: The scale of the project. John Soane (later Sir John Soane ) was employed in Holland's office at this time and worked on the project as a draftsman and junior designer. Holland's interiors for Claremont owe much to the contemporary work of Robert Adam . Lord Clive, by now a rich Nabob , is reputed to have spent over £100,000 on rebuilding the house and the complete remodelling of the celebrated pleasure ground . However, Lord Clive ended up never living at
9374-713: The second year lessons were conducted in Latin) until he was 15, he was taught to read works by Virgil , Horace , Sallust and parts of Cicero and in his final year Livy . In autumn 1743, he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh , and compulsory classes for all students were: the Greek language , logic , metaphysics and natural philosophy . Students could choose three elective subjects, Adam attended classes in mathematics, taught by Colin Maclaurin , and anatomy, taught by Alexander Monro primus . His studies were interrupted by
9483-486: The son of tenant farmers on the estate of Desart Court , a Palladian House designed by Pearce. He studied architecture in Dublin, where Leinster House (built c. 1747 ) was one of the finest Palladian buildings of the time. Both Cassel's Leinster House and James Wyatt 's Castle Coole have been cited as Hoban's inspirations for the White House but the more neoclassical design of that building, particularly of
9592-485: The stables, and 30 acres (12 ha) of parkland, by the Governors of a south London school, later renamed Claremont School and, since 1978, has been known as Claremont Fan Court School. The National Trust acquired 50 acres (0.20 km) of the Claremont estate in 1949. In 1975, with a grant from the Slater Foundation, it set about restoring the eighteenth-century landscape garden. The Claremont Landscape Garden now displays
9701-564: The style was to be repeated in many houses and town halls in Britain over one hundred years. Often the terminating blocks would have blind porticos and pilasters themselves, competing for attention with, or complementing the central block. This was all very far removed from the designs of Palladio two hundred years earlier. Falling from favour during the Victorian era , the approach was revived by Sir Aston Webb for his refacing of Buckingham Palace in 1913. The villa tradition continued throughout
9810-481: The subsequent civil war , large numbers of Irish country houses , including some fine Palladian examples such as Woodstock House , were abandoned to ruin or destroyed. Palladio's influence in North America is evident almost from its first architect-designed buildings. The Irish philosopher George Berkeley , who may be America's first recorded Palladian, bought a large farmhouse in Middletown , Rhode Island , in
9919-477: The successive contributions of the great landscape gardeners who worked on it: Sir John Vanbrugh, Charles Bridgeman, William Kent, and Capability Brown. Palladian Palladian architecture is a European architectural style derived from the work of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts of symmetry , perspective and
10028-737: The time of the Roman Republic , to develop a new architectural style for the American Republic . Examples include the Hammond–Harwood House in Maryland and Jefferson's own house, Monticello , in Virginia . The Palladian style was also adopted in other British colonies, including those in the Indian subcontinent . In the 19th century, Palladianism was overtaken in popularity by Neoclassical architecture in both Europe and in North America. By
10137-538: The time provided ample material for Robert Adam to draw on for inspiration. The Adam brothers' principle of "movement" was largely Robert's conception, although the theory was first written down by James. "Movement" relied on dramatic contrasts and diversity of form, and drew on the picturesque aesthetic. The first volume of the Adam brothers' Works (1773) cited Kedleston Hall , designed by Robert in 1761, as an outstanding example of movement in architecture. By contrasting room sizes and decorative schemes, Adam applied
10246-523: The title and position of Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha upon the death of his uncle, Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1900. He moved to the duchy in Germany to fulfill the position, becoming a German citizen, and renouncing his claim in the British succession. Claremont should have passed to Charles upon his mother's death in 1922, but because he served as a German general in the First World War ,
10355-891: The tour at the suggestion of his uncle, the Marquess of Annandale , who had undertaken the Grand Tour himself. While in Brussels the pair attended a Play and Masquerade , as well as visiting churches and palaces in the city. Travelling on to Tournai , then Lille , where they visited the citadel designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban . By 12 November 1754 Adam and Hope were in Paris where they took lodgings in Hotel de Notre Dame. Adam and Hope travelled on to Italy together, before falling out in Rome over travelling expenses and accommodation. Robert Adam stayed on in Rome until 1757, studying classical architecture and honing his drawing skills. His tutors included
10464-532: The trip also shows a continuing interest in Gothic architecture . Among his friends at Edinburgh were the philosophers Adam Ferguson and David Hume and the artist Paul Sandby whom he met in the Highlands. Other Edinburgh acquaintances included Gilbert Elliot, William Wilkie , John Home and Alexander Wedderburn . On 3 October 1754, Robert Adam in the company of his brother James (who went as far as Brussels) set off from Edinburgh for his Grand Tour , stopping for
10573-420: The villa by colonnades , were designed not only to be functional but also to complement and accentuate the villa. Palladio did not intend them to be part of the main house, but the development of the wings to become integral parts of the main building – undertaken by Palladio's followers in the 18th century – became one of the defining characteristics of Palladianism. Palladian, Serlian, or Venetian windows are
10682-416: The wings to almost the same importance as the house itself. It was the development of the flanking wings that was to cause English Palladianism to evolve from being a pastiche of Palladio's original work. Wings were frequently adorned with porticos and pediments, often resembling, as at the much later Kedleston Hall , small country houses in their own right. Architectural styles evolve and change to suit
10791-431: The world were brought about in this way, although the style did not reach the zenith of its popularity until the 18th century. An early reaction to the excesses of Baroque architecture in Venice manifested itself as a return to Palladian principles. The earliest neo-Palladians there were the exact contemporaries Domenico Rossi (1657–1737) and Andrea Tirali (1657–1737). Their biographer, Tommaso Temanza , proved to be
10900-568: Was 36,000/; the mansion, 19,000/; and the furniture, 6,000/; making together 60,000/. The mansion, which is in good repair, could not be built now for less than 91,000/." To the nation's great sorrow, however, Princess Charlotte, who was second in line to the throne, was, after two miscarriages, to die there after giving birth to a stillborn son in November the following year. This sorrow is expressed in Letitia Elizabeth Landon 's poem Lines on
11009-646: Was a style largely of façades, with the mathematical formulae dictating layout not strictly applied. A handful of country houses in England built between 1640 and 1680 are in this style. These follow the success of Jones's Palladian designs for the Queen's House at Greenwich , the first English Palladian house, and the Banqueting House at Whitehall , the uncompleted royal palace in London of Charles I . Palladian designs advocated by Jones were too closely associated with
11118-475: Was bought by the British Nation through an Act of Parliament as a wedding present for George IV 's daughter Princess Charlotte and her husband Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg . At that time, the estate was valued to Parliament at £60,000: "Mr Huskisson stated that it had been agreed to purchase the house and demesnes of Clermont... The valuation of the farms, farm-houses, and park, including 350 acres of land,
11227-633: Was completed after his death by Richard Cassels . Pearce also oversaw the building of Castletown House near Dublin, designed by the Italian architect Alessandro Galilei (1691–1737). It is perhaps the only Palladian house in Ireland built with Palladio's mathematical ratios, and one of a number of Irish mansions which inspired the design of the White House in Washington, D.C. Other examples include Russborough , designed by Richard Cassels, who also designed
11336-478: Was considered "theatrical, exuberant and Catholic." It was superseded in Britain in the first quarter of the 18th century when four books highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture. These were: The most favoured among patrons was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Campbell, The series contains architectural prints of British buildings inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio; at first mainly those of Inigo Jones, but
11445-467: Was derived from Palladio, as was Mount Airy , in Richmond County, Virginia , built in 1758–1762. A particular feature of American Palladianism was the re-emergence of the great portico which, as in Italy, fulfilled the need of protection from the sun; the portico in various forms and size became a dominant feature of American colonial architecture. In the north European countries the portico had become
11554-575: Was dying, he drafted his will on 2 March 1792. Having never married, Adam left his estate to his sisters Elizabeth Adam and Margaret Adam. His obituary appeared in the March 1792 edition of The Gentleman's Magazine : It is somewhat remarkable that the Arts should be deprived at the same time of two of their greatest ornaments, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Mr Adam: and it is difficult to say which of them excelled most in his particular profession... Mr Adam produced
11663-624: Was modelled on Kedleston Hall , while the architectural historian Pilar Maria Guerrieri identifies its influences in Lutyens' Delhi . In South Africa, Federico Freschi notes the " Tuscan colonnades and Palladian windows" of Herbert Baker 's Union Buildings . By the 1770s, British architects such as Robert Adam and William Chambers were in high demand, but were now drawing on a wide variety of classical sources, including from ancient Greece , so much so that their forms of architecture became defined as neoclassical rather than Palladian. In Europe,
11772-406: Was the decoration of the grand state apartments on the first floor at Hopetoun House, followed by their first "new build" at Dumfries House . For the Board of Ordnance, the brothers were the main contractor at Fort George , a large modern fort near Inverness designed by military engineer Colonel William Skinner . Visits to this project, begun in 1750, would occupy the brothers every summer for
11881-414: Was to be a feature of English Palladianism. In 1734 Kent and Burlington designed Holkham Hall in Norfolk . James Stevens Curl considers it "the most splendid Palladian house in England". The main block of the house followed Palladio's dictates, but his low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. Kent attached them to the design, banished the farm animals, and elevated
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