William Reid Clanny FRSE (1776 – 10 January 1850) was an Irish physician and inventor of a safety lamp .
107-776: Clanny was born in Bangor , County Down , Kingdom of Ireland . He trained as a physician at Edinburgh , and served as an assistant surgeon in the Royal Navy . He was present at the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801. He left the Navy and graduated in 1803 before settling for a while in Durham . He moved to Bishopwearmouth , in Sunderland , England and practised there for 45 years. While in Durham, on 4th February, 1806, he
214-662: A Lowland Scot , arrived in Bangor, having been granted lands in North Down by King James VI and I in 1605. In 1612, King James made Bangor a borough which permitted it to elect two MPs to the Irish Parliament in Dublin. The Old Custom House , which was completed by Hamilton in 1637 after James I granted Bangor the status of a port in 1620, is a visible reminder of the new order introduced by Hamilton and his Scots settlers. In 1689 during
321-627: A glass surround. Below the glass was a trough containing water through which air was forced by a pair of bellows. Fumes bubbled out through another water chamber above. A paper 'On the Means of procuring a Steady Light in Coal Mines without the Danger of Explosion' was read before the Royal Society on 20 May the following year. Such early machines were large and cumbersome but Clanny ultimately succeeded in reducing
428-409: A grant of land to establish a settler town at Enniskillen . By 1622, a survey found that there were 6,402 British adult males on Plantation lands, of whom 3,100 were English and 3,700 Scottish – indicating a total adult planter population of around 12,000. However, another 4,000 Scottish adult males had settled in unplanted Antrim and Down, giving a total settler population of about 19,000. Despite
535-467: A large part of the frontage already demolished, leaving a patch of derelict ground facing onto the marina. A great deal of local controversy surrounds this process and the many plans put forward by the council and developers for the land. In November 2009 it was voted by UTV viewers as Ulster's Biggest Eyesore. A state of the art recycling centre has been built in Balloo Industrial Estate which
642-542: A level depth of 24 cm (9.4 in), the same morning. Inland Northern Ireland saw almost −19 °C (−2 °F), new record lows. Like much of the UK, spring 2020 was the sunniest on record. The first section of Belfast and County Down Railway line from Belfast to Holywood opened in 1848 and was extended to Bangor by the Belfast, Holywood and Bangor Railway (BHBR), opening on 1 May 1865, along with Bangor railway station . It
749-571: A major renovation of the centre began, including the construction of a multistorey car park. The trend towards out-of-town shopping centres was somewhat reversed with the construction of the Flagship Centre around 1990. The Flagship Centre went into administration and was closed in January 2019, it is currently undergoing appraisal for re-development options. The former seafront of the city is awaiting redevelopment and has been for over two decades, with
856-556: A means to confiscate land, when other means failed. The Plantation of Ulster was presented to James I as a joint "British", or English and Scottish, venture to 'pacify' and 'civilise' Ulster, with half the settlers to be from one country. James had been King of Scotland before he also became King of England and wanted to reward his Scottish subjects with land in Ulster to assure them they were not being neglected now that he had moved his court to London. Long-standing contacts between Ulster and
963-481: A number of intermediate clubs, including Bryansburn Rangers , Bangor Swifts , Bangor Amateurs . Bangor also has a number of junior football clubs including Bangor Young Men , 3rd Bangor Old boys FC, and Castle Juniors FC. Bangor has two hockey clubs that cater for both men's and women's hockey, respectively: Bangor RFC plays in division 2C of the All-Ireland league at Upritchard Park. Bangor has clubs such as
1070-457: A number of secondary, grammar, and primary schools in nearby towns and the vicinity of Bangor such as Crawfordsburn Primary & Groomsport Primary; Priory Integrated College , Sullivan Upper School , Regent House Grammar School , Movilla High School , Strangford College , Campbell College , and Rockport School are secondary schools. Like the rest of Northern Ireland , Bangor has a mild climate with few extremes of weather. It enjoys one of
1177-515: A privately funded plantation of eastern Ulster , led by Thomas Smith and Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex . This was a failure and sparked violent conflict with the local Irish lord, in which Lord Deputy Essex killed many of the lord of Clandeboy 's kin. In the Nine Years' War of 1594–1603, an alliance of northern Gaelic chieftains—led by Hugh O'Neill of Tyrone , Hugh Roe O'Donnell of Tyrconnell , and Hugh Maguire of Fermanagh —resisted
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#17330860200111284-553: A purse of gold together with a silver salver at the Athenæum, Sunderland, on 3 February 1848. George Stephenson acknowledged a debt to Clanny's researches and Humphry Davy invented his version of a lamp very soon after a visit to Sunderland in August 1815. Footnotes Citations Bibliography Bangor, Northern Ireland Bangor ( / ˈ b æ ŋ ɡ ər / BANG -gər ; from Irish Beannchar [ˈbʲaːn̪ˠəxəɾˠ] )
1391-453: A result. Charles I subsequently raised an army largely composed of Irish Catholics, and sent them to Ulster in preparation to invade Scotland. The English and Scottish parliaments then threatened to attack this army. In the midst of this, Gaelic Irish landowners in Ulster, led by Felim O'Neill and Rory O'More , planned a rebellion to take over the administration in Ireland. On 23 October 1641,
1498-414: A spread to unpopulated areas, through ports such as Derry and Carrickfergus. In addition, there was much internal movement of settlers who did not like the original land allotted to them. Some planters settled on uninhabited and unexploited land, often building up their farms and homes on overgrown terrain that has been variously described as "wilderness" and "virgin" ground. In 1612, William Cole received
1605-627: Is a city in County Down , Northern Ireland , on the southern side of Belfast Lough . It is within the Belfast metropolitan area and is 13 miles (22 km) east of Belfast city centre, to which it is linked by the A2 road and the Belfast–Bangor railway line . The population was 64,596 at the 2021 census . Bangor was granted city status in 2022, becoming Northern Ireland's sixth city. Bangor Abbey
1712-474: Is a park which replaced Pickie Pool named Pickie Fun Park. A children's paddling pool was created as the original Pickie Pool was demolished due to the rejuvenation of Bangor seafront in the 1980s and early 1990s. Pickie Fun Park closed in early 2011 to be refurbished and modernised. The park, which reopened in March 2012, has an 18-hole maritime themed mini golf course, children's electric cars and splash pads (replacing
1819-567: Is a sheltered bay and studies have suggested that it is one of the best landing places on Belfast Lough and would therefore have made a good location for a Viking base. It is possible that the burial was associated with a Viking settlement in the area." In 1689 Field Marshal Schomberg landed with 10,000 troops either at Ballyholme Bay or at Groomsport , a little further east. On census day (21 March 2021) there were 64,596 people living in Bangor. Of these: On census day (27 March 2011) there were 61,011 people living in Bangor, accounting for 3.37% of
1926-410: Is also home to Two Door Cinema Club . Bangor is twinned with: Plantation of Ulster The Plantation of Ulster ( Irish : Plandáil Uladh ; Ulster Scots : Plantin o Ulstèr ) was the organised colonisation ( plantation ) of Ulster – a province of Ireland – by people from Great Britain during the reign of King James VI and I . Most of
2033-531: Is supposed to be one of the most advanced in Europe. It opened in the summer of 2008. In May 2022, it was announced that, as part of the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours , Bangor would be granted city status by Letters Patent . It received the status on 2 December 2022, becoming Northern Ireland's sixth city, alongside Armagh , Belfast , Derry , Lisburn , and Newry . Despite escaping much of
2140-663: The Church of Ireland Bangor Abbey stands at the head of the city, became a centre of great learning and was among the most eminent of Europe's missionary institutions in the Early Middle Ages . At Bangor, Comgall instituted a rigid monastic rule of incessant prayer and fasting. Far from turning people away, this ascetic rule attracted thousands. When Comgall died in 602, the annals report that three thousand monks looked to him for guidance. Named Bennchor Mór , "the great Bangor", to distinguish it from its British contemporaries, it became
2247-556: The Dictionary of National Biography states "his claim to remembrance rests on his efforts to diminish the loss of life from explosions in collieries. In 1812 the Felling mine disaster and the explosion at Mill Pit in Herrington near Sunderland focussed attention on the issue of the safe provision of lighting in mines. In the same year Clanny completed his first lamp consisting of a candle in
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#17330860200112354-564: The English administration attempted to undermine them. In 1607, O'Neill and his primary allies left Ireland to seek Spanish help for a new rebellion to restore their privileges, in what became known as the Flight of the Earls . King James issued a proclamation declaring their action to be treason , paving the way for the forfeiture of their lands and titles. A colonization of Ulster had been proposed since
2461-510: The Irish Rebellion of 1798 , a force of United Irishmen, mainly from Bangor, Donaghadee , Greyabbey and Ballywalter attempted to occupy the nearby town of Newtownards . They met with musket fire from the market house and were subsequently defeated. By the middle of the 19th century, the cotton mills had declined and the city changed in character once again. The laying of the railway in 1865 meant that inexpensive travel from Belfast
2568-671: The Irish Republican Army , has written that: "not all of those of British background in Ireland owe their Irish residence to the Plantations ;... yet the Plantation did produce a large British/English interest in Ireland, a significant body of Irish Protestants who were tied through religion and politics to English power." However, going on surnames, others have concluded that Protestant and Catholic are poor guides to whether people's ancestors were settlers or natives of Ulster in
2675-700: The Lord Deputy of Ireland , Arthur Chichester , and the Attorney-General for Ireland , John Davies . They saw the plantation as a means of controlling, anglicising , and "civilising" Ulster. The province was almost wholly Gaelic , Catholic , and rural and had been the region most resistant to English control. The plantation was also meant to sever Gaelic Ulster's links with the Gaelic Highlands of Scotland. The colonists (or "British tenants") were required to be English-speaking, Protestant , and loyal to
2782-470: The Nine Years' War against English rule . The official plantation comprised an estimated half a million acres (2,000 km ) of arable land in counties Armagh , Cavan , Fermanagh , Tyrone , Donegal , and Londonderry . Land in counties Antrim , Down , and Monaghan was privately colonised with the king's support. Among those involved in planning and overseeing the plantation were King James,
2889-883: The Royal Ulster Yacht Club and Ballyholme Yacht Club which is the venue for Northern Ireland's Elite Sailing Facility. North Down Softball Club (previously Bangor Buccaneers Softball Club, est. 2014) compete in the Softball Ulster League. Based at Ward Park the club comprises three competitive teams; the Buccaneers, the Barracudas (2023) & the Sluggers (2024) Bangor Aurora Aquatic and Leisure Complex includes Northern Ireland's only Olympic-size swimming pool . The city has created an environment which has supported local musicians, such as Foy Vance and Snow Patrol . It
2996-614: The Viking burial found on Ballyholme beach, to the Victorian pleasure seekers who travelled on the new railway from Belfast to take in the sea air . The city has been the site of a Gaelic Irish monastery renowned throughout Europe for its learning and scholarship, the victim of violent Viking raids in the 8th and 9th centuries, and the new home of Scottish and English planters during the Plantation of Ulster . The Annals of Ulster says that
3103-641: The Virginia Plantation at Jamestown in 1607 started. The London guilds planning to fund the Plantation of Ulster switched and backed the London Virginia Company instead. Many British Protestant settlers went to Virginia or New England in America rather than to Ulster. By the 1630s, there were 20,000 adult male British settlers in Ulster, which meant that the total settler population could have been as high as 80,000. They formed local majorities of
3210-562: The Williamite War in Ireland , Marshal Schomberg 's expedition landed at Ballyholme Bay and captured Bangor, before going on to besiege Carrickfergus . Schomberg's force went south to Dundalk Camp and were present at the Battle of the Boyne the following year. The city was an important source of customs revenue for the Crown and in the 1780s Colonel Robert Ward improved the harbour and promoted
3317-642: The Williamites in the Williamite war in Ireland in the 1690s, they were excluded from power in the postwar settlement by the Anglican Protestant Ascendancy . During the 18th century, rising Scots resentment over religious, political and economic issues fueled their emigration to the American colonies, beginning in 1717 and continuing up to the 1770s. Scots-Irish from Ulster and Scotland and British from
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3424-627: The monastery of Bangor was founded by Saint Comgall from Antrim in the year 555, while other annals give the year as 558. It was where the Antiphonary of Bangor ( Antiphonarium Benchorense) was written, a copy of which can be seen in the town's heritage centre . The monastery had such widespread influence that the city is one of only four places in Ireland to be named in the Hereford Mappa Mundi in 1300. The monastery, situated roughly where
3531-406: The settlers (or planters ) came from southern Scotland and Northern England ; their culture differed from that of the native Irish . Small privately funded plantations by wealthy landowners began in 1606, while the official plantation began in 1609. Most of the land had been confiscated from the native Gaelic chiefs , several of whom had fled Ireland for mainland Europe in 1607 following
3638-425: The 1690s, when tens of thousands of Scots fled a famine (1696–1698) in the border region of Scotland. It was at this point that Scottish Presbyterians became the majority community in the province. Whereas in the 1660s, they made up some 20% of Ulster's population (though 60% of its British population) by 1720 they were an absolute majority in Ulster, with up to 50,000 having arrived during the period 1690–1710. There
3745-583: The 17th century. By contrast, genetic studies have found that, "The distribution [of southwestern Scottish ancestry] in Northern Ireland mirrors the distributions of the Plantations of Ireland throughout the 17th century. Thus the cluster will have experienced some genetic isolation by religion from adjacent Irish populations in the intervening centuries." The settlers also left a legacy in terms of language. The strong Ulster Scots dialect originated through
3852-464: The Eisenhower Pier. With the growing popularity of inexpensive foreign holidays from the 1960s onwards, Bangor declined as a tourist resort and was forced to rethink its future. The second half of the 20th century saw its role as a dormitory town for Belfast become more important. Its population increased dramatically; from around 14,000 in 1930 it had reached 40,000 by 1971 and 58,000 by the end of
3959-466: The Gaelic Highlands of Scotland. Six counties were involved in the official plantation – Donegal , Londonderry , Tyrone , Fermanagh , Cavan and Armagh . In the two officially unplanted counties of Antrim and Down , substantial Presbyterian Scots settlement had been underway since 1606. The plan for the plantation was determined by two factors. One was the wish to make sure
4066-491: The Gaelic Irish practised "creaghting" or "booleying", a kind of transhumance whereby some of them moved with their cattle to upland pastures during the summer months and lived in temporary dwellings during that time. This often led outsiders to mistakenly believe the Gaelic Irish were nomadic. Michael Perceval-Maxwell estimates that by 1600 (before the worst atrocities of the Nine Years' War), Ulster's total adult population
4173-457: The Gaels gone?", adding "We have in their stead an arrogant, impure crowd, of foreigners' blood". Historian Thomas Bartlett suggests that Irish hostility to the plantation may have been muted in the early years, as there were much fewer settlers arriving than expected. Bartlett writes that a hatred for the planters grew with the influx of settlers from the 1620s, and the increasing marginalization of
4280-565: The Irish railway system by closure of the Belfast Central Railway line from Ballymacarrett Junction (east of Queen’s Quay station in Belfast) to Central Junction, just west of the former GNR(I) Great Victoria Street station . Fortunately the connection was rebuilt in 1976 to allow Bangor line services to transfer to Belfast Central (now Lanyon Place) and run directly through to the rest of
4387-514: The Irish. Historian Gerard Farrell writes that the plantation stoked a "smoldering resentment" in the Irish, among whom "a widespread perception persisted that they and the generation before them had been unfairly dispossessed of their lands by force and legal chicanery". Petty violence and sabotage against the planters was rife, and many Irish came to identify with the wood-kern who attacked settlements and ambushed settlers. Ferrell suggests it took many years for an Irish uprising to happen because there
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4494-716: The NI total. Of these: Bangor had an estimated Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) of the equivalent of $ US678 million in 2015. Colleges and schools in the area include South Eastern Regional College , Bangor Academy and Sixth Form College , Bangor Grammar School , Glenlola Collegiate School , and St Columbanus' College . Primary schools include Towerview Primary School, Clandeboye Primary, Ballyholme Primary School, Kilmaine Primary , St Malachy's Primary, St Comgall's Primary, Grange Park Primary, Ballymagee Primary, Bloomfield Primary, Kilcooley Primary, Rathmore Primary, Towerview Primary, and Bangor Central Integrated Primary School. There are also
4601-481: The Nine Years' War (known as "Servitors") led by Arthur Chichester successfully lobbied to be rewarded with land grants of their own. Since these former officers did not have enough private capital to fund the colonisation, their involvement was subsidised by the twelve great guilds. Livery companies from the City of London were coerced into investing in the project, as were City of London guilds which were granted land on
4708-456: The Northern Ireland railway network. Today the Belfast–Bangor line is operated by Translink 's Northern Ireland Railways , which runs trains to either Belfast or Portadown . Bangor is served by Ulsterbus , which aside from local town services, provides daily services to Belfast, Newtownards , Holywood and Donaghadee . In football, NIFL Championship sides Ards and Bangor play at Clandeboye Park on Clandeboye Road. Bangor also has
4815-548: The Pale would convert the native population to Anglicanism . Since 1606, there had been substantial lowland Scots settlement on disinhabited land in north Down, led by Hugh Montgomery and James Hamilton . In 1607, Sir Randall MacDonnell settled 300 Presbyterian Scots families on his land in Antrim. From 1609 onwards, British Protestant immigrants arrived in Ulster through direct importation by Undertakers to their estates and also by
4922-574: The Plantation remained threatened by the attacks of bandits, known as " wood-kern ", who were often Irish soldiers or dispossessed landowners. In 1609, Chichester had 1,300 former Gaelic soldiers deported from Ulster to serve in the Swedish Army . As a result, military garrisons were established across Ulster and many of the Plantation towns, notably Derry , were fortified. The settlers were also required to maintain arms and attend an annual military 'muster'. There had been very few towns in Ulster before
5029-641: The Plantation remains disputed. According to one interpretation, it created a society segregated between native Catholics and settler Protestants in Ulster and created a Protestant and British concentration in north-east Ireland. This argument therefore sees the Plantation as one of the long-term causes of the Partition of Ireland in 1921, as the north-east remained as part of the United Kingdom in Northern Ireland . The densest Protestant settlement took place in
5136-491: The Plantation was the negotiation among various interest groups on the British side. The principal landowners were to be "Undertakers", wealthy men from England and Scotland who undertook to import tenants from their own estates. They were granted around 3000 acres (12 km ) each, on condition that they settle a minimum of 48 adult males (including at least 20 families), who had to be English-speaking and Protestant . Veterans of
5243-406: The Plantation. Most modern towns in the province can date their origins back to this period. Plantation towns generally have a single broad main street ending in a square in a design often known as a "diamond", which can be seen in communities like The Diamond, Donegal . The plantation was a mixed success from the point of view of the settlers. About the time the Plantation of Ulster was planned,
5350-756: The Scottish Presbyterians. The Wars eliminated the last major Catholic landowners in Ulster. Most Scottish planters came from southwest Scotland, but many also came from the unstable regions along the border with England. The plan was that moving Borderers (see Border Reivers ) to Ireland (particularly to County Fermanagh ) would both solve the Border problem and tie down Ulster. This was of particular concern to James VI of Scotland when he became King of England, since he knew Scottish instability could jeopardise his chances of ruling both kingdoms effectively. Another wave of Scottish immigration to Ulster took place in
5457-601: The Scottish army fought against the rebels until 1650, although much of the army was destroyed by the Irish forces at the Battle of Benburb in 1646. In the northwest of Ulster, the colonists around Derry and east Donegal organised the Laggan Army in self-defence. The British forces fought an inconclusive war with the Ulster Irish led by Owen Roe O'Neill . All sides committed atrocities against civilians in this war, exacerbating
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#17330860200115564-631: The Scottish forces and the Ulster Irish. As a result, the English Parliamentarians (or Cromwellians ) were generally hostile to Scottish Presbyterians after they re-conquered Ireland from the Catholic Confederates in 1649–53. The main beneficiaries of the postwar Cromwellian settlement were English Protestants like Sir Charles Coote, who had taken the Parliament's side over the King or
5671-556: The Troubles . Before the plantation, Ulster had been the most Gaelic province of Ireland, as it was the least anglicized and the most independent of English control. The region was almost wholly rural and had few towns or villages. Throughout the 16th century, Ulster was viewed by the English as being "underpopulated" and undeveloped. The economy of Gaelic Ulster was overwhelmingly based on agriculture, especially cattle-raising. Many of
5778-566: The Ulster Catholics staged a rebellion . The mobilised natives turned on the British colonists, massacring about 4,000 and expelling about 8,000 more. Marianne Elliott believes that "1641 destroyed the Ulster Plantation as a mixed settlement". The initial leader of the rebellion, Felim O'Neill, had actually been a beneficiary of the Plantation land grants. Most of his supporters' families had been dispossessed and were likely motivated by
5885-466: The area, the Clandeboye Estate , which is a few miles from the city centre, belonged to the Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava . Bangor hosts the Royal Ulster and Ballyholme yacht clubs . Bangor Marina is one of the largest in Ireland, and holds Blue Flag status. The name Bangor comes from Irish : Beannchar , from Middle Irish : Beannchor and Old Irish : Bennchor . This is thought to mean 'place of points' or 'horned curve', referring to
5992-407: The borders region comprised the most numerous group of immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland to the colonies in the years before the American Revolution . An estimated 150,000 left northern Ireland. They settled first mostly in Pennsylvania and western Virginia, from where they moved southwest into the backcountry of the Upland South , the Ozarks and the Appalachian Mountains . The legacy of
6099-445: The century (the 2001 census showed the population as 76,403). The 1970s saw the building of the Springhill Shopping Centre, an out-of-town development near the A2 road to Belfast and Northern Ireland's first purpose-built shopping centre . It has since been demolished to facilitate a modern Tesco supermarket. In the early 1990s, Bloomfield Shopping Centre, another out-of-town development, opened beside Bloomfield Estate . In 2007,
6206-468: The city became a location for sea bathing and marine sports, and the number of visitors from Great Britain increased during the Edwardian era at the beginning of the 20th century, which also saw the improvement of Ward Park . The inter-war period of the early 20th century saw the development of the Tonic Cinema , Pickie Pool and Caproni's ballroom . All three were among the foremost of their type in Ireland , although they no longer exist. However, there
6313-403: The cotton industries; today's seafront was the location of several large steam-powered cotton mills, which employed a large workforce. The end of the 18th century was a time of great political and social turmoil in Ireland. The United Irishmen , inspired by the American and French Revolutions , sought to achieve a greater degree of independence from Britain . On the morning of 10 June during
6420-435: The desire to recover their ancestral lands. Many colonists who survived rushed to the seaports and went back to Great Britain. The massacres made a lasting impression on psyche of the Ulster Protestant population. A. T. Q. Stewart states that "The fear which it inspired survives in the Protestant subconscious as the memory of the Penal Laws or the Famine persists in the Catholic." He also believed that "Here, if anywhere,
6527-468: The eastern counties of Antrim and Down, which were not part of the Plantation, whereas Donegal, in the west, was planted but did not become part of Northern Ireland. Therefore, it is also argued that the Plantation itself was less important in the distinctiveness of the north-east of Ireland than natural population flow between Ulster and Scotland. A. T. Q. Stewart , a protestant from Belfast, concluded: "The distinctive Ulster-Scottish culture, isolated from
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#17330860200116634-425: The end of the Nine Years' War . The original proposals were smaller, involving planting settlers around key military posts and on church land, and would have included large land grants to native Irish lords who sided with the English during the war, such as Niall Garve O'Donnell . However, in 1608 Sir Cahir O'Doherty of Inishowen launched a rebellion , capturing and burning the town of Derry . The brief rebellion
6741-448: The explosion; the cost of the damage was later estimated at £2 million, as there was extensive damage to retail premises and Trinity Presbyterian Church, as well as minor damage to the local Church of Ireland Parish Church and First Bangor Presbyterian Church. The shield is emblazoned with two ships, which feature the Red Hand of Ulster on their sails, denoting that Bangor is in the province of Ulster . The blue and white stripes on
6848-426: The fact that the Plantation had decreed that the Irish population be displaced, this did not generally happen in practice. Firstly, some 300 native landowners who had taken the English side in the Nine Years' War were rewarded with land grants. Secondly, the majority of the Gaelic Irish remained in their native areas, but were now only allowed worse land than before the plantation. They usually lived close to and even in
6955-419: The greatest monastic school in Ulster as well as one of the three leading monasteries of Celtic Christianity . The others were Iona , the great missionary centre founded by Columba , and Bangor on the Dee, founded by Dinooth; the ancient Welsh Triads also confirm the "Perpetual Harmonies" at the house. Throughout the sixth century, Bangor became famous for its choral psalmody . "It was this music which
7062-452: The horn-casting". Bangor Bay was originally called Inber Beg (Inver Beg), 'the little inlet or rivermouth', after the now-culverted stream which ran past the abbey. It was also recorded as Inber Bece . The area was also known as 'The Vale of Angels', as Saint Patrick is said to have once rested there and had a vision of angels . Bangor has a long and varied history, from the Bronze Age people whose swords were discovered in 1949 or
7169-419: The house which became one of the largest monasteries in Europe. Saint Malachy was elected abbot of the monastery in 1123, a year before being consecrated Bishop of Connor . His extensive travels around Europe inspired him to rejuvenate the monasteries in Ireland, and he replaced the existing wooden huts with stone buildings. The modern city had its origins in the early 17th century when James Hamilton ,
7276-430: The imposition of English government in Ulster and sought to affirm their own control. Following an extremely costly series of campaigns by the English the war ended in 1603 with the Treaty of Mellifont . The terms of surrender granted to what remained of O'Neills forces were considered generous at the time. After the Treaty of Mellifont, the northern chieftains attempted to consolidate their positions, whilst some within
7383-450: The king. Some of the undertakers and settlers, however, were Catholic. The English settlers were mostly Anglican Northerners and the Scottish settlers were mostly Presbyterian Lowlanders . Although some "loyal" natives were granted land, the native Irish reaction to the plantation was generally hostile, and native writers lamented what they saw as the decline of Gaelic society and the influx of foreigners. The Plantation of Ulster
7490-489: The land in Ulster. The peasant Irish population was intended to be relocated to live near garrisons and Protestant churches. Moreover, the planters were barred from selling their lands to any Irishman and were required to build defences against any possible rebellion or invasion. The settlement was to be completed within three years. In this way, it was hoped that a defensible new community composed entirely of loyal British subjects would be created. The second major influence on
7597-443: The mainstream of Catholic and Gaelic culture, would appear to have been created not by the specific and artificial plantation of the early seventeenth century, but by the continuous natural influx of Scottish settlers both before and after that episode ...." The Plantation of Ulster is also widely seen as the origin of mutually antagonistic Catholic/Irish and Protestant/British identities in Ulster. Richard English , an expert on
7704-611: The mentality of siege was born, as the warning bonfires blazed from hilltop to hilltop, and the beating drums summoned men to the defence of castles and walled towns crowded with refugees." In the summer of 1642, the Scottish Parliament sent some 10,000 soldiers to quell the Irish rebellion. In revenge for the massacres of Scottish colonists, the army committed many atrocities against the Catholic population. Based in Carrickfergus ,
7811-458: The native Irish to the plantation was generally hostile. Chichester wrote in 1610 that the native Irish in Ulster were "generally discontented, and repine greatly at their fortunes, and the small quantity of land left to them". That same year, English army officer Toby Caulfield wrote that "there is not a more discontented people in Christendom" than the Ulster Irish. Irish Gaelic writers bewailed
7918-558: The native population were usually monoglot Irish speakers. However, ministers chosen to serve in the plantation were required to take a course in the Irish language before ordination, and nearly 10% of those who took up their preferments spoke it fluently. Nevertheless, conversion was rare, despite the fact that, after 1621, Gaelic Irish natives could be officially classed as British if they converted to Protestantism. Of those Catholics who did convert to Protestantism, many made their choice for social and political reasons. The reaction of
8025-514: The north east of Bangor is Ballyholme Bay, named for the township of Ballyholme in the east of the town. During World War II the bay was used as a base for American troops training for the Normandy Landings . Two ships have been named SS Ballyholme Bay . In 1903 a Viking grave was found on the shore at Ballyholme Bay: it contained two bronze brooches, a bowl, a fragment of chain and some textile material. It has been said that "Ballyholme Bay
8132-510: The old children's paddling pool). Also, the Pickie Puffer steam train has been given an updated route and the swans have a new lagoon. During World War II , General Dwight D. Eisenhower addressed Allied troops in Bangor, who were departing to take part in the D-Day landings . In 2005, his granddaughter Mary-Jean Eisenhower came to the city to oversee the renaming of the marina's North Pier to
8239-472: The personal estates of the chieftains, but now they treated the chieftains as sole owners of their whole territories, so that all the land could be confiscated. Most of this land was deemed to be forfeited (or escheated ) to the Crown because the chieftains were declared to be attainted . English judges had also declared that titles to land held under gavelkind , the native Irish custom of inheriting land, had no standing under English law. Davies used this as
8346-545: The plantation. In an entry for the year 1608, the Annals of the Four Masters states that the land was "taken from the Irish" and given "to foreign tribes", and that Irish chiefs were "banished into other countries where most of them died". Likewise, an early 17th-century poem by the Irish bard Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh laments the plantation, the displacement of the native Irish, and the decline of Gaelic culture. It asks "Where have
8453-558: The planters, twelve years of bloody war, and ultimately the re-conquest of the province by the English parliamentary New Model Army that confirmed English and Protestant dominance in the province. After 1630, Scottish migration to Ireland waned for a decade. In the 1630s, Presbyterians in Scotland staged a rebellion against Charles I for trying to impose Anglicanism . The same was attempted in Ireland, where most Scots colonists were Presbyterian. A large number of them returned to Scotland as
8560-639: The population displacement begun by the Plantation. In addition to fighting the Ulster Irish, the British settlers fought each other in 1648–49 over the issues of the English Civil War . The Scottish Presbyterian army sided with the King and the Laggan Army sided with the English Parliament. In 1649–50, the New Model Army , along with some of the British colonists under Charles Coote , defeated both
8667-552: The population in the Finn and Foyle valleys (around modern County Londonderry and east Donegal ), in north Armagh and in east Tyrone . Moreover, the unofficial settlements in Antrim and Down were thriving. The settler population grew rapidly, as just under half of the planters were women. The attempted conversion of the Irish to Protestantism was generally a failure. One problem was language difference. The Protestant clerics imported were usually all monoglot English speakers, whereas
8774-516: The power of the semi-independent Irish chieftains. As part of the conquest, plantations (colonial settlements) were established in Queen's County and King's County ( Laois and Offaly ) in the 1550s as well as Munster in the 1580s, and in 1568 Warham St Leger and Richard Grenville established Joint stock/Cooperate colonies in Cork, although these were not very successful. In the 1570s, Elizabeth I authorized
8881-452: The record high is 28.8 °C (83.8 °F), owing to the moderating influence of the sea. The lowest recorded temperature is −6.2 °C (20.8 °F). Temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) in Bangor can be uncomfortable due to the high humidity, with an apparent temperature in the high 20s. Bangor has had a number of extreme weather events, including hot summers in 2006, 2013 and 2018. The summers of 2007, 2008 and 2009 were some of
8988-402: The same townlands as the settlers and the land they had farmed previously. The main reason for this was that Undertakers could not import enough English or Scottish tenants to fill their agricultural workforce and had to fall back on Irish tenants. However, in a few heavily populated lowland areas (such as parts of north Armagh) it is likely that some population displacement occurred. However,
9095-531: The sectarian violence during The Troubles , Bangor was the site of some major incidents. During the Troubles there were eight murders in the city including that of the first Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) woman to be murdered on duty; 26-year-old Mildred Harrison was killed by an explosion from a UVF bomb while on foot patrol in the High Street on 16 March 1975. On 23 March 1972 the IRA detonated two large car bombs on
9202-565: The settlement could not be destroyed by rebellion as the first Munster Plantation had been in the Nine Years' War. This meant that, rather than settling the planters in isolated pockets of land confiscated from the Irish, all of the land would be confiscated and then redistributed to create concentrations of British settlers around new towns and garrisons. What was more, the new landowners were explicitly banned from taking Irish tenants and had to import workers from England and Scotland. The remaining Irish landowners were to be granted one quarter of
9309-400: The shield show that Bangor is a seaside city. Supporting the shield are two sea-horses, signifying Bangor's links with the sea. Each is charged with a gold roundel; the left featuring a shamrock to represent Ireland , and the right featuring a bull's head, possibly in reference to the derivation of the city's name. The arms are crested by a haloed St Comgall , founder of the city's abbey, who
9416-601: The shoreline of Bangor Bay. The Old Irish tale, Táin Bó Fraích , gives a fanciful explanation for the name. It tells how the Connacht warrior Fráech and the Ulster warrior Conall Cernach were returning to Ireland from the Alps with Fráech's cattle. When they came to shore at what is now Bangor Bay, the cattle shed their horns, thus giving rise to the name Trácht mBennchoir , "the strand of
9523-462: The sunniest climates in Northern Ireland , and receives about 970 millimetres (38 in) of rain per year. Snow is rare but occurs at least once or twice in an average winter and frost is not as severe as areas further inland. This is due to the mild winters and close proximity to the sea. Winter maxima are about 8 °C (46 °F) but can reach as high as 17 °C (63 °F). Average maxima in summer are around 20 °C (68 °F), and
9630-559: The town's main street. On 30 March 1974, paramilitaries carried out a major incendiary bomb attack on the main shopping centre in Bangor. On 21 October 1992, an IRA unit from the lower Ormeau exploded a 200-pound (91 kg) bomb in Main Street, causing large amounts of damage to nearby buildings. Main Street sustained more damage on 7 March 1993, when the IRA exploded a 500-pound (230 kg) car bomb. Four RUC officers were injured in
9737-604: The weight of the lamp to 34 ounces (964 grams). By 1816, when Clanny published Practical observations on safety lamps for coal mines , he had experimented in person with a safety lamp at the Mill Pit in Herrington near Sunderland, where there had been a serious explosive accident, with the loss of 24 lives, on 10 October 1812. Clanny won medals in 1816–17 for his invention from the Royal Society of Arts . His lamp and other improvements were ultimately recognised by his contemporaries, including northern coal owners who presented him with
9844-683: The west bank of the River Foyle , to build their own city on the site of Derry (renamed Londonderry after them) as well as lands in County Coleraine. They were known jointly as The Honourable The Irish Society . The final major recipient of lands was the Protestant Church of Ireland , which was granted all the churches and lands previously owned by the Roman Catholic Church . The British government intended that clerics from England and
9951-452: The west of Scotland , where he died "full of sanctity and miracles". In 590, the fiery Colombanus , one of Comgall's leaders, set out from Bangor with twelve other brothers, including Saint Gall who planted monasteries throughout Switzerland. In Burgundy, Columbanus established a severe monastic rule at Luxeuil which mirrored that of Bangor. From there he went to Bobbio in Italy and established
10058-448: The west of Scotland meant that Scottish participation was a practical necessity. James saw the Gaels as barbarous and rebellious, and believed Gaelic culture should be wiped out. For centuries, Scottish Gaelic mercenaries called gallowglass ( gallóglaigh ) had been migrating to Ireland to serve under the Irish chiefs. Another goal of the plantation was to sever Gaelic Ulster's links with
10165-520: The wettest on records with flooding in June 2007. The Autumn of 2006 was also the warmest recorded. December 2010 saw record snowfall fall on the town, with temperatures below −7 °C (19 °F). On 21 December 2010 an unofficial weather station staffed by a retired meteorological officer in the Springhill area recorded a low of −8.1 °C (17.4 °F), and a high of −2.0 °C (28.4 °F). Snow lay to
10272-524: Was acquired by the BCDR in 1884. and closed to goods traffic on 24 April 1950. Bangor West railway station was opened by the BCDR on 1 June 1928. Most of the BCDR's network was shut down by its successor, the Ulster Transport Authority (UTA) in 1950, two years after nationalisation and only the branch to Bangor survived. The line received a further blow in 1965 when it was isolated from the rest of
10379-456: Was an important and influential monastery founded in the 6th century by Saint Comgall . Bangor grew during the 17th century Plantation of Ulster , when many Scottish settlers arrived. Today, tourism is important to the local economy, particularly in the summer months, and plans are being made for the long-delayed redevelopment of the seafront; a notable historical building in the city is Bangor Old Custom House . The largest plot of private land in
10486-441: Was an important figure in the spread of Christianity . The motto reads Beannchor , the archaic form of the city's name in Irish. Bangor is administered by Ards and North Down Borough Council which is based at Bangor Castle . Bangor lies on the east coast of Northern Ireland, on the south shore of the mouth of Belfast Lough , north east of central Belfast . Bangor city includes the following townlands : The sea area to
10593-482: Was carried to the continent by the Bangor missionaries in the following century". Divine services of the seven hours of prayer were carried out throughout Bangor's existence, however the monks went further and carried out the practice of laus perennis. In the twelfth century, Bernard of Clairvaux spoke of Comgall and Bangor, stating, "the solemnization of divine offices was kept up by companies, who relieved each other in succession, so that not for one moment day and night
10700-532: Was continuing English migration throughout this period, particularly the 1650s and 1680s, notably amongst these settlers were the Quakers from the North of England, who contributed greatly to the cultivation of flax and linen. In total, during the half century between 1650 and 1700, 100,000 British settlers migrated to Ulster, just over half of which were English. Despite the fact that Scottish Presbyterians strongly supported
10807-570: Was depopulation, because many native leaders had been removed, and those who remained only belatedly realised the threat of the plantation. By the 1630s it is suggested that the plantation was settling down with "tacit religious tolerance", and in every county Old Irish were serving as royal officials and members of the Irish Parliament. However, in the 1640s, the Ulster Plantation was thrown into turmoil by civil wars that raged in Ireland, England and Scotland . The wars saw Irish rebellion against
10914-492: Was ended by Sir Richard Wingfield at the Battle of Kilmacrennan . The rebellion prompted Arthur Chichester , the Lord Deputy of Ireland , to plan a much bigger plantation and to expropriate the legal titles of all native landowners in the province. John Davies , the Attorney-General for Ireland , used the law as a tool of conquest and colonization. Before the Flight of the Earls, the English administration had sought to minimize
11021-547: Was initiated into Freemasonry at the Marquis of Granby Lodge. Then after moving to Sunderland, he joined The Sea Captain's Lodge, later to be renamed Palatine Lodge No 97. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1825, his proposers being Sir George Ballingall , Robert Kaye Greville , and Sir William Newbigging . Clanny died on 10 January 1850 and was buried at Galleys Gill Cemetery in Sunderland. The entry in
11128-448: Was only 25,000-40,000. Others estimate that Ulster's population in the year 1600 was about 200,000. The wars fought among Gaelic clans and between the Gaelic and English undoubtedly contributed to depopulation. The Tudor conquest of Ireland began in the 1540s, during the reign of Henry VIII (1509–1547), and concluded in the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) sixty years later, breaking
11235-403: Was possible, and working-class people could afford for the first time to holiday in the city. Bangor soon became a fashionable resort for Victorian holidaymakers, as well as a desirable home to the wealthy. Many of the houses overlooking Bangor Bay (some of which have been demolished to make way for modern flats) date from this period. The belief in the restorative powers of the sea air meant that
11342-473: Was the biggest of the Plantations of Ireland . It led to the founding of many of Ulster's towns and created a lasting Ulster Protestant community in the province with ties to Britain. It also resulted in many of the native Irish nobility losing their land and led to centuries of ethnic and sectarian animosity, which at times spilled into conflict , notably in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and, more recently,
11449-593: Was there an intermission of their devotions." This continuous singing was antiphonal in nature, based on the call and response reminiscent of Patrick's vision, but also practised by St. Martin's houses in France. Many of these psalms and hymns were later written down in the Antiphonary of Bangor which came to reside in Colombanus' monastery at Bobbio , Italy. In 580, a Bangor monk named Mirin took Christianity to Paisley in
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