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56-567: The primary goals of Guatemala's Civil Defense Patrols included augmenting the army's military strength and intelligence in areas of conflict and providing vigilance and control of the local organization. It is their duty to protect the areas in and around the town perimeters specifically by controlling the comings and goings of the Inhabitants and passing strangers.  Specifically, the Civil Defense Patrols were local militias created by

112-471: A " hypersurface in a multidimensional space" to compare systems that are good at different intellectual tasks. Some skeptics believe that there is no meaningful way to define intelligence, aside from "just pointing to ourselves". Security forces Security forces are statutory organizations with internal security mandates. In the legal context of several countries, the term has variously denoted police and military units working in concert, or

168-452: A fairly high degree of intellect that varies according to each species. The same is true with arthropods . Evidence of a general factor of intelligence has been observed in non-human animals. First described in humans , the g factor has since been identified in a number of non-human species. Cognitive ability and intelligence cannot be measured using the same, largely verbally dependent, scales developed for humans. Instead, intelligence

224-434: A fundamental quality possessed by every person is the theory of General Intelligence, or g factor . The g factor is a construct that summarizes the correlations observed between an individual's scores on a range of cognitive tests. Today, most psychologists agree that IQ measures at least some aspects of human intelligence, particularly the ability to thrive in an academic context. However, many psychologists question

280-638: A given person's intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria. Concepts of "intelligence" are attempts to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena. Although considerable clarity has been achieved in some areas, no such conceptualization has yet answered all the important questions, and none commands universal assent. Indeed, when two dozen prominent theorists were recently asked to define intelligence, they gave two dozen, somewhat different, definitions. Psychologists and learning researchers also have suggested definitions of intelligence such as

336-511: A month before these previous documents were released in Guatemala where they blamed government forces for the majority of Human rights violations by the CIA during the conflict. During the 1980s, as U.S. aid grew, Guatemalan military intelligence agents dumped suspected Guerillas -dead and alive- out of airplanes into the ocean. The United States government had used this as a way to help remove evidence of

392-453: A strong effect on morale. One army colonel explained "Before, [the Indian] was Juan Pedro from a certain village. Now, in the civil patrol, he feels part of Guatemala. Every civil patrol post has its little Guatemalan flag, whether it's of paper, plastic or whatever, and he is beginning to identify with it." The civil defense patrols were also responsible for keeping track of every able-bodied man in

448-681: A very low 300,000 members. During the Guatemalan Revolution , local militias were needed in order to offer a structural opportunity for the state and union to integrate, networks to expand, and new indigenous and oppressed identities to surface and have a voice in society. Also, Civil defense comprises activities designed to minimize the Effects of war on the civilian population, deal with immediate emergency conditions, and quickly restore vital utilities and facilities damaged in an attack. By improving civil defense patrol, response, recovery actions and

504-560: Is called artificial intelligence . The word intelligence derives from the Latin nouns intelligentia or intellēctus , which in turn stem from the verb intelligere , to comprehend or perceive. In the Middle Ages , the word intellectus became the scholarly technical term for understanding and a translation for the Greek philosophical term nous . This term, however, was strongly linked to

560-450: Is different from learning . Learning refers to the act of retaining facts and information or abilities and being able to recall them for future use. Intelligence, on the other hand, is the cognitive ability of someone to perform these and other processes. There have been various attempts to quantify intelligence via psychometric testing. Prominent among these are the various Intelligence Quotient (IQ) tests, which were first developed in

616-409: Is important to our mental health and has ties to social intelligence. Social intelligence is the ability to understand the social cues and motivations of others and oneself in social situations. It is thought to be distinct to other types of intelligence, but has relations to emotional intelligence. Social intelligence has coincided with other studies that focus on how we make judgements of others,

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672-782: Is measured using a variety of interactive and observational tools focusing on innovation , habit reversal, social learning , and responses to novelty . Studies have shown that g is responsible for 47% of the individual variance in cognitive ability measures in primates and between 55% and 60% of the variance in mice (Locurto, Locurto). These values are similar to the accepted variance in IQ explained by g in humans (40–50%). It has been argued that plants should also be classified as intelligent based on their ability to sense and model external and internal environments and adjust their morphology , physiology and phenotype accordingly to ensure self-preservation and reproduction. A counter argument

728-457: Is sometimes defined as the "capacity to learn how to carry out a huge range of tasks". Mathematician Olle Häggström defines intelligence in terms of "optimization power", an agent's capacity for efficient cross-domain optimization of the world according to the agent's preferences, or more simply the ability to "steer the future into regions of possibility ranked high in a preference ordering". In this optimization framework, Deep Blue has

784-788: Is that intelligence is commonly understood to involve the creation and use of persistent memories as opposed to computation that does not involve learning. If this is accepted as definitive of intelligence, then it includes the artificial intelligence of robots capable of "machine learning", but excludes those purely autonomic sense-reaction responses that can be observed in many plants. Plants are not limited to automated sensory-motor responses, however, they are capable of discriminating positive and negative experiences and of "learning" (registering memories) from their past experiences. They are also capable of communication, accurately computing their circumstances, using sophisticated cost–benefit analysis and taking tightly controlled actions to mitigate and control

840-450: Is thought to be the ability to convey emotion to others in an understandable way as well as to read the emotions of others accurately. Some theories imply that a heightened emotional intelligence could also lead to faster generating and processing of emotions in addition to the accuracy. In addition, higher emotional intelligence is thought to help us manage emotions, which is beneficial for our problem-solving skills. Emotional intelligence

896-753: The Guatemala Human Rights Commission reported more attacks by the Patrols. A peasant leader named Carlos Morales had been assaulted in Baja Verapaz . Around that time, Amnesty International reported that, "approximately 30 heavily armed men believed to be former civil patrollers attacked the community of Los Cimientos Chiul , in Chajul , El Quiché . The assailants reportedly raped three women, and destroyed 86 houses, forcing 90 families to flee. The patrollers also kidnapped seven children but released them

952-721: The United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala , Guatemalan Human Rights Ombudsman's Office and Rigoberta Menchú Foundation for the delays. On 26 January 2003, the governor of El Quiché reported that the funds for compensation were available but had been delayed by the Center for Legal Action in Human Rights, Guatemalan Human Rights Ombudsman's Office and Movement of Displaced Peoples of the North of Quiché. Intelligence Intelligence has been defined in many ways:

1008-593: The counterinsurgency plan had a goal of reorganizing the social and cultural life of those affected by the war. These were the people living in the highlands. An article published in the magazine Revista Militar, which was based on intelligence gathered by the Guatemalan Army in 1981, suggested that the Ixil Indians, who were the first to organize and rebel, be subjected to a process of ladinoization . This process would, by suppressing characteristics that distinguished

1064-653: The metaphysical and cosmological theories of teleological scholasticism , including theories of the immortality of the soul, and the concept of the active intellect (also known as the active intelligence). This approach to the study of nature was strongly rejected by early modern philosophers such as Francis Bacon , Thomas Hobbes , John Locke , and David Hume , all of whom preferred "understanding" (in place of " intellectus " or "intelligence") in their English philosophical works. Hobbes for example, in his Latin De Corpore , used " intellectus intelligit ", translated in

1120-459: The validity of IQ tests as a measure of intelligence as a whole. There is debate about the heritability of IQ , that is, what proportion of differences in IQ test performance between individuals are explained by genetic or environmental factors. The scientific consensus is that genetics does not explain average differences in IQ test performance between racial groups. Emotional intelligence

1176-872: The Association of Guatemalan Military Veterans. In August 2002, under pressure from the movement, President Alfonso Portillo stated that he supported compensation. Opponents of remunerations came from both the conservative and liberal groups in Guatemala , and included the Guatemalan Chamber of Commerce, Coordinating Committee of Commercial, Agricultural, Industrial and Financial Organizations, Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity , Party of National Advancement, and various embassies and human rights groups. Payments were delayed multiple times, and in August and September 2002, former patrollers from Ixil, El Quiché began blaming

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1232-676: The Campesino Unity Committee in El Quiché were threatened by members of Local Security Boards, who were mostly former patrollers organized by the National Civil Police. Residents of Zacualpa received threats from the boards after being labelled as guerrillas for organizing. In 2000, the United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala and the Guatemalan Human Rights Ombudsman's Office began investigating

1288-713: The Civil Defense Patrols in Guatemala during the 1960s. The United States was intimately involved in equipping and training Guatemalan security forces that murdered thousands of civilians in the nations civil war. Specifically, the Central Intelligence Agency was in very close ties to the Guatemalan army in the 1980s and the CIA and other U.S. officials were aware of these murders. Some documents were made available to an independent commission formed to investigate human rights abuses during Guatemala’s 36 year civil war, which killed an estimated 200,000 people. A report released

1344-484: The English version as "the understanding understandeth", as a typical example of a logical absurdity . "Intelligence" has therefore become less common in English language philosophy, but it has later been taken up (with the scholastic theories that it now implies) in more contemporary psychology . There is controversy over how to define intelligence. Scholars describe its constituent abilities in various ways, and differ in

1400-568: The Ixil from other cultures, destroy their culture. It would do this by, among other things, expanding the Civil Defense Patrols. Every village in Guatemala had a patrol post at the entrance, and all members were required to report for duty. They usually served two 24-hour shifts a week, though this varied by the size of the village. Each unit consisted of 20 men who were armed with weapons varying from whips to old M1 rifles . This left their practical use as military units at not much, though they did have

1456-514: The Patrol's resurgence. The UN mission focused on a particular group of Patrols called "The Chain", which operated in Xecopol , Sacabal , Xalbaquiej and Chichicastenango . The Human Rights Ombudsman's Office looked into Patrol operations in El Quiché , Huehuetenango , Jutiapa , Chiquimula and Petén . In Rabinal , Vice Mayor Lucas Tecú attempted to pass a referendum to reinstate the Patrols, despite

1512-608: The Patrols are suspected to have participated in some of these. Sometimes, the army forced them to carry out these actions, but other times they chose to by themselves. The patrols also severely disrupted normal life. In an attempt to destroy the Mayans ' unique culture, the patrols held rallies during traditional feasts. Indians were forced to wear traditional dress that was supposed to be used only for ceremonies. They were also taught various behaviors not traditional to them, and woman were forced to join various beauty contests. They also ruined

1568-429: The accuracy with which we do so, and why people would be viewed as having positive or negative social character . There is debate as to whether or not these studies and social intelligence come from the same theories or if there is a distinction between them, and they are generally thought to be of two different schools of thought . Moral intelligence is the capacity to understand right from wrong and to behave based on

1624-640: The agenda. The Financial crisis deepens, hitting the mass of Guatemalans harder than ever. During this time, Rios Montt celebrates a year in power and during this time of celebration and ceremony, the economy of Guatemala was greatly impacted because of the usage of the Civilian Defense Patrol and the Guatemalan Revolution and Civil War. Yet, the most interesting part of this is that Rebellion's objective basis remained untouched. Another circumstance in which people describe their experiences with

1680-404: The capacity for abstraction , logic , understanding , self-awareness , learning , emotional knowledge , reasoning , planning , creativity , critical thinking , and problem-solving . It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information ; and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context. The term rose to prominence during

1736-521: The cognitive abilities to learn , form concepts , understand , and reason , including the capacities to recognize patterns , innovate, plan , solve problems , and employ language to communicate . These cognitive abilities can be organized into frameworks like fluid vs. crystallized and the Unified Cattell-Horn-Carroll model, which contains abilities like fluid reasoning, perceptual speed, verbal abilities, and others. Intelligence

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1792-543: The community and for regulating traffic into and out of the community. They were very effective at this. The Civil Defense Patrols were both responsible for and the victims of war crimes . Males as young as eight years old were forced to serve in the Patrols. In addition to typical military work, members were forced to serve as laborers. Those who refused were forced to find a replacement, or they could be fined, imprisoned, beaten or even executed, all without trial. They would also be labelled as rebel sympathizers and could become

1848-565: The context of an escalation of threats and intimidation directed at human rights defenders in Guatemala, and the public resurgence of the civil patrols, forensic experts involved in exhumations of mass graves were targeted." In June 2002, former patrollers began demanding financial compensation for their service in the Patrols. By August 2002, up to 20,000 former patrolmen from Mazatenango , Alta Verapaz , Quetzaltenango , Sololá , San Marcos , El Quiché , Chimaltenango , Jutiapa and Huehuetenango were involved. They were supposedly organized by

1904-691: The degree to which they conceive of intelligence as quantifiable. A consensus report called Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns , published in 1995 by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association , states: Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never entirely consistent:

1960-870: The diverse environmental stressors. Scholars studying artificial intelligence have proposed definitions of intelligence that include the intelligence demonstrated by machines. Some of these definitions are meant to be general enough to encompass human and other animal intelligence as well. An intelligent agent can be defined as a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success. Kaplan and Haenlein define artificial intelligence as "a system's ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation". Progress in artificial intelligence can be demonstrated in benchmarks ranging from games to practical tasks such as protein folding . Existing AI lags humans in terms of general intelligence, which

2016-431: The early 1900s. Most psychologists believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies. Intelligence has been long-studied in humans , and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in the cognition of non-human animals . Some researchers have suggested that plants exhibit forms of intelligence, though this remains controversial. Intelligence in computers or other machines

2072-400: The early 20th century to screen children for intellectual disability . Over time, IQ tests became more pervasive, being used to screen immigrants, military recruits, and job applicants. As the tests became more popular, belief that IQ tests measure a fundamental and unchanging attribute that all humans possess became widespread. An influential theory that promoted the idea that IQ measures

2128-478: The economy, as people weren't able to leave the village without permission from the local commander. This meant that many weren't able to work on plantations, causing them to go unharvested, and people were forced to take up jobs as servants locally. The Civil Defense Patrols were disbanded on 29 December 1996 by the Peace Accords. However, Amnesty International reported that the patrols maintained close ties with

2184-460: The fact that doing so would violate the Peace Accords. The coordinator for the Center for Legal Action in Human Rights in Rabinal, María Dolares Itzep, stated that the Patrols had returned because of the execution of three patrolmen in 1998 for a state-directed massacre in 1982. She said, "The ex-members here are scared and angry because of that. That is the reason activity has begun here." In June 2001,

2240-617: The following: "Intelligence is a force, F, that acts so as to maximize future freedom of action. It acts to maximize future freedom of action, or keep options open, with some strength T, with the diversity of possible accessible futures, S, up to some future time horizon, τ. In short, intelligence doesn't like to get trapped". Human intelligence is the intellectual power of humans, which is marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness . Intelligence enables humans to remember descriptions of things and use those descriptions in future behaviors. It gives humans

2296-600: The government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War. During the Civil War, the Politics of Guatemala forced civilians to join the Civil Defense Patrols, under threat of force. In 1982, these militias had totaled out to less than 30,000 members, increased to 700,000 in 1983, and reached its largest number of members totaling up to 1.3 million men in 1984. In 1988, it had shrunk to 600,000 and in 1994 it shrunk even more to

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2352-429: The highlands were a war zone, as villages had organized in order to defend themselves and demand basic civil rights . Civil defense comprises activities designed to minimize the effects of war on the civilian population, deal with immediate emergency conditions, and quickly restore vital utilities and facilities damaged in an attack. To counter this, the government drew up a counterinsurgency plan. The first phase, called

2408-423: The importance of learning through text in our own personal lives and in our culture, it is perhaps surprising how utterly dismissive we tend to be of it. It is sometimes derided as being merely "book knowledge", and having it is being "book smart". In contrast, knowledge acquired through direct experience and apprenticeship is called "street knowledge", and having it is being "street smart". Although humans have been

2464-424: The language-using Kanzi ) and other great apes , dolphins , elephants and to some extent parrots , rats and ravens . Cephalopod intelligence provides an important comparative study. Cephalopods appear to exhibit characteristics of significant intelligence, yet their nervous systems differ radically from those of backboned animals. Vertebrates such as mammals , birds , reptiles and fish have shown

2520-776: The military and, along with the United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala , reported that various human rights violations, most notably lynchings , continued to occur. The UN mission observed that most of these occurred areas in where the Patrols had been powerful. In 1999, the Guatemala Human Rights Commission reported that the postwar equivalent of the Patrols, the Community Security Committees, were threatening members who didn't want to join them. Residents of Chinanton and Agua Hedionda reported that former Patrols from San Andrés Sajcabaja were firing guns near people's homes and threatened to kill those who interfered with them. The GHRC also reported that members of

2576-462: The military at the time. But quite often, these militia would meet with the army and they would share information with one another. Here is an example of a circumstance in which people describe their experiences with the Civil Defense Patrols during the Guatemalan Civil War and the Guatemalan Revolution. Guatemala has the most skewed distribution of wealth in Central America, and Reform is not on

2632-684: The next day. Several of the displaced families sought refuge in nearby aldea /area of San Marcos ." They also reported that a judge in Senahu has possibly been lynched by the Patrols. In September 2002, Amnesty International reported that Manuel García de la Cruz of the National Coordination of Guatemalan Widows has been founded tortured and decapitated after he had left his home to buy corn in Joyabaj . García had participated in training and exhumations , and Amnesty International reported that, "in

2688-643: The overall understanding of critical infrastructure needs, it will help in preventing and mitigating terrorist activity. The patrols were engaged in widespread human rights abuses, beating, torturing, raping, and killing human rights advocates, mayors, judges, villagers, and children. These actions were sometimes ordered by the military, in other occasions it was on their own initiative. When the usage of Civil Defense Patrols first began, they were very loosely organized with very limited contact to Military Officer and no contact with senior patrollers. They operated in more remote areas which included very little supervision from

2744-448: The pacification phase by the military, was created mainly by General Benedicto Lucas García, the brother of Fernando Romeo Lucas García . It called for the complete destruction of villages considered supportive of the insurgents and for the creation of local civil defense patrols. This phase began to take effect under the rule of Fernando Romeo Lucas García and was implemented the rest of the way by General Ríos Montt . The second phase of

2800-449: The people of Guatemala, but it also had a very large impact on the indigenous peoples living in Guatemala, including the Kʼicheʼ people . Specifically, the local parish priest Padre Villanueva, was killed on church grounds by Security forces . Most indigenous Mayans , who formed 60% of the population and the bulk of the insurgents, lived in areas known as the highlands. Between 1980 and 1981,

2856-431: The power to "steer a chessboard's future into a subspace of possibility which it labels as 'winning', despite attempts by Garry Kasparov to steer the future elsewhere." Hutter and Legg , after surveying the literature, define intelligence as "an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments". While cognitive ability is sometimes measured as a one-dimensional parameter, it could also be represented as

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2912-438: The primary focus of intelligence researchers, scientists have also attempted to investigate animal intelligence, or more broadly, animal cognition. These researchers are interested in studying both mental ability in a particular species , and comparing abilities between species. They study various measures of problem solving, as well as numerical and verbal reasoning abilities. Some challenges include defining intelligence so it has

2968-516: The prisoners being tortured and killed. The final circumstance I found in which people describe their experiences with the Civil Defense Patrols during the Guatemalan Civil War and the Guatemalan Revolution was in Joyabaj , Guatemala. In the period between 1981 and 1983, the military had used so-called ‘scorched earth tactics’. This resulted in more than 400 villages being destroyed, 75,000 people being killed and more than 1 million people fleeing their homes. These Civil Defense Patrols not only impacted

3024-407: The same meaning across species, and operationalizing a measure that accurately compares mental ability across species and contexts. Wolfgang Köhler 's research on the intelligence of apes is an example of research in this area, as is Stanley Coren's book, The Intelligence of Dogs . Non-human animals particularly noted and studied for their intelligence include chimpanzees , bonobos (notably

3080-617: The value that is believed to be right. It is considered a distinct form of intelligence, independent to both emotional and cognitive intelligence. Concepts of "book smarts" and "street smart" are contrasting views based on the premise that some people have knowledge gained through academic study, but may lack the experience to sensibly apply that knowledge, while others have knowledge gained through practical experience, but may lack accurate information usually gained through study by which to effectively apply that knowledge. Artificial intelligence researcher Hector Levesque has noted that: Given

3136-462: The victims of paramilitary groups such as the Patrols themselves. Members of the patrols were sometimes ordered by the local commanders to torture and murder other villagers. One commission found that 90% of the 700 massacres and 100,000 disappearances had been committed by either the army or the patrols. During a particularly violent period between March 1982 and August 1983, tens of thousands of indigenous people were tortured , raped and killed, and

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