110-398: Civic journalism (also known as public journalism ) is the idea of integrating journalism into the democratic process. The media not only informs the public, but it also works towards engaging citizens and creating public debate. The civic journalism movement is an attempt to abandon the notion that journalists and their audiences are spectators in political and social processes. In its place,
220-504: A West Coast 25,000-square-foot (2,300 m ) production facility, NPR West , which opened in Culver City , Los Angeles County, California , in November 2002. With room for up to 90 employees, it was established to expand its production capabilities, improve its coverage of the western United States , and create a backup production facility capable of keeping NPR on the air in the event of
330-491: A primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System . Its content is also available on-demand online, on mobile networks, and in many cases, as podcasts . Several NPR stations also carry programs from British public broadcaster BBC World Service . The organization's legal name is National Public Radio and its trademarked brand is NPR ; it is known by both names. In June 2010, the organization announced that it
440-403: A religious broadcasting philosophy or be used for classroom distance learning programming. Each member station receives one vote at the annual NPR board meetings—exercised by its designated Authorized Station Representative ("A-Rep"). To oversee the day-to-day operations and prepare its budget, members elect a board of directors. The board was previously composed of ten A-Reps, five members of
550-456: A voluntary buyout plan to reduce staff by 10 percent and return NPR to a balanced budget by the 2015 fiscal year . In December 2018, The Washington Post reported that between 20 and 22 percent of NPR staff was classified as temps , while this compares to about five percent of a typical for-profit television station. Some of the temporary staff members told the newspaper the systems were "exploitative", but NPR's president of operations said
660-516: A "gilded Jewish ghetto". His father Jacob Lippmann was a rentier who had become wealthy through his father's textile business and his father-in-law's real estate speculation. His mother, Daisy Baum, cultivated contacts in the highest circles, and the family regularly spent its summer holidays in Europe. The family had a Reform Jewish orientation; averse to " orientalism ", they attended Temple Emanu-El . Walter had his Reform Jewish confirmation instead of
770-519: A catastrophe in Washington, D.C. In November 2003, NPR received $ 235 million from the estate of the late Joan B. Kroc , the widow of Ray Kroc , founder of McDonald's Corporation . This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution. In 2004, the Kroc gift increased NPR's budget by over 50% to $ 153 million. Of the money, $ 34 million was deposited in its endowment . The endowment fund before
880-442: A contentious one, as it can become quickly polarized. These debates plague the civic journalism community and force them to evaluate what their approach to journalism is. In recent years, some have questioned the ethics of prominent media conglomerates, such as Facebook, and the role they play in civic journalism. Many have suggested possible solutions or guidelines to ethical journalism, such as frameworks for ethical lobbying, however
990-478: A democracy, the public is also part of the public discourse. The Lippmann-Dewey Debate started to be widely discussed by the late 1980s in American communication studies circles. Lippmann also figured prominently in the work Manufacturing Consent by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky who cited Lippmann's advocacy of "manufacture of consent" which referred "to the management of public opinion, which [Lippmann] felt
1100-549: A force quickly becoming the mass media, is an ineffective method of educating the public. Even if journalists did better jobs of informing the public about important issues, Lippmann believed "the mass of the reading public is not interested in learning and assimilating the results of accurate investigation." Citizens, he wrote, were too self-centered to care about public policy except as pertaining to pressing local issues. Lippmann saw nationalist separatism, imperialist competition, and failed states as key causes of war. He envisioned
1210-432: A full stake in public life. But it does not deny the important difference between journalists and other actors including political leaders, interest groups and citizens themselves...In a word, public journalists want public life to work. In order to make it work they are willing to declare an end to their neutrality on certain questions – for example: whether a community comes to grips with its problems, whether political earns
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#17330845142071320-406: A memo that NPR needed to reduce spending by $ 10 million during the current fiscal year due to a drop in revenue from sponsors. The amount is approximately three percent of the organization's annual budget. In February 2023, Lansing announced in a memo that the network would be laying off approximately 10 percent of the workforce due to reduced advertising revenue. He said the annual operating budget
1430-487: A news event and provide a deeper analysis or coverage of an event. Finally, the last pillar is political or partisan bias, which in a sense relates to the rest of these pillars as well. Political or partisan bias refers to the non-neutrality of news coverage or general political occurrences. Often, when politicians speak they are heavily biased, and it is up to the individual to determine whether to believe what they are hearing. Political and civic journalism provide an avenue for
1540-413: A policy agenda-setting effect. Civic journalism continues to rapidly evolve over time. The future of civic journalism appears fluid. However, it is speculated to consist of privately owned, independent media. This is a far-cry from the past, where the majority of news outlets were publicly owned. Many believe that the presence of many private media companies operating in a single country
1650-498: A product or "promote the goods and services" of for-profit entities. These restrictions apply only to radio broadcasts and not NPR's other digital platforms. When questioned on the subject of how corporate underwriting revenues and foundation grants were holding up during the recession, in a speech broadcast on C-SPAN before the National Press Club on March 2, 2009, then president and CEO Vivian Schiller stated: "underwriting
1760-612: A publisher is able to seek out a niche in bolstering local engagement over spreading knowledge of international issues readily available on the Internet . Citizen journalism is variety of journalism that is conducted by people who are not simply professional journalists, but who convey information by using social media and various blog posts. Recently, citizen journalism has expanded its worldwide influence despite continuing concerns over whether citizen journalists are as reliable as true, well-practiced journalists. The goal of citizen journalists
1870-444: A strategic game. This is mainly due to the fact that they both encourage constituents to voice their opinions so that politicians are more representative of the true whole. The second pillar is conflict framing and media negativity, due to the fact that information portrayed in the media can often be skewed or false. Political journalism offers an avenue to resolve this issue and eliminates potential conflicts of interest. The third pillar
1980-478: Is Barack Obama's presidential campaign 2008. As the world becomes more interconnected through the internet, so does civic journalism. With access to the internet at an all-time high, people are more able to interact with civic journalism media outlets, giving them access to vast amounts of information. However, with information so widespread and available, ethical questions arise to challenge journalistic integrity. The concerns about ethics in civic journalism becomes
2090-612: Is a belief that journalism has an obligation to public life – an obligation that goes beyond just telling the news or unloading lots of facts. The way we do our journalism affects the way public life goes." Leading organizations in the field include the now dormant Pew Center , the Kettering Foundation, the Participatory Journalism Interest Group (formerly named the Civic and Citizen Journalism Interest Group) in
2200-452: Is a polarizing philosophy, according to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Journalism and Mass Communications. Proponents believe integrating journalism into the democratic process helps inform voters and makes them more aware of what is occurring in the political sphere. It may make a difference in the democratic process if all voters are well informed. Civic journalism itself is
2310-735: Is almost exactly average in terms of the sex of listeners (49% male, 51% female). NPR listeners have higher incomes than average (the 2012 Pew study showed that 43% earn over $ 75,000, 27% earn between $ 30,000 and $ 75,000). A 2012 Pew Research Center survey found that the NPR audience leans Democratic (17% Republican , 37% independent , 43% Democratic) and politically moderate (21% conservative, 39% moderate, 36% liberal). A late 2019 survey, also by Pew, found that NPR's audience overwhelmingly leaned Democratic. 87% of those surveyed identified as Democrats, or leaning Democratic, and 12% were Republicans. A Harris telephone survey conducted in 2005 found that NPR
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#17330845142072420-707: Is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. , with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California . It serves as a national syndicator to a network of more than 1,000 public radio stations in the United States. It differs from other non-profit membership media organizations, such as the Associated Press , in that it was established by an act of Congress. Funding for NPR comes from dues and fees paid by member stations, underwriting from corporate sponsors, and annual grants from
2530-478: Is approximately $ 300 million, and the gap will likely be between $ 30 and $ 32 million. In January 2024, NPR's board named former Wikimedia Foundation CEO Katherine Maher its new CEO, effective late March. NPR is a membership organization. Member stations are required to be non-commercial or non-commercial educational radio stations; have at least five full-time professional employees; operate for at least 18 hours per day; and not be designed solely to further
2640-413: Is arrived at under the democratic process. Not only set of values but mainly set of civil rights for the citizens to decide directly in the making of the news and in the management of media as far they are part of public power, belonging to the people as the sovereign. In a National Public Radio interview Merritt summed up civic journalism as "a set of values about the craft that recognizes and acts upon
2750-441: Is down from its 2017 high of 37.7 million, but still well above its total of 20.9 million in 2008. According to 2015 figures, 87% of the NPR terrestrial public radio audience and 67% of the NPR podcast audience is white. According to the 2012 Pew Research Center 2012 News Consumption Survey, NPR listeners tend to be highly educated, with 54% of regular listeners being college graduates and 21% having some college. NPR's audience
2860-541: Is down, it's down for everybody; this is the area that is most down for us, in sponsorship, underwriting, advertising, call it whatever you want; just like it is for all of media." Hosts of the NPR program Planet Money stated the audience is indeed a product being sold to advertisers in the same way as commercial stations, saying: "they are not advertisers exactly but, they have a lot of the same characteristics; let's just say that." According to NPR's 2022 data, 30.7 million listeners tuned into its programs each week. This
2970-442: Is entering a niche role where it can shift the position of news within public reception. Recently, news publishers undergo more and more observation as their ethics and content come under extensive scrutiny for political biases. Civic journalism pivots the role of publishers from distributing information to curating information. Given one of civic journalism's central tenets - making the press a forum for discussion of community issues -
3080-400: Is interpretative versus straight news. Often, the way that information is portrayed is not entirely neutral, and has some bias. Media sources may leave the implications or ramifications of a certain news event up to interpretation by the viewer. An idea that relates to this is interpretive journalism , or interpretive reporting, which requires a journalist to go beyond the basic facts related to
3190-483: Is measured by Nielsen in both Diary and PPM (people meter) markets. NPR stations are frequently not included in "summary level" diary data used by most advertising agencies for media planning. Data on NPR listening can be accessed using "respondent level" diary data. Additionally, all radio stations (public and commercial) are treated equally within the PPM data sets making NPR station listenership data much more widely available to
3300-412: Is one of the best ways to increase the effectiveness of democracy. As civic journalism evolves, its effect on society changes as well. Civic journalism plays a major role in daily life. Many studies identify a positive relationship between engagement with civic journalism and increased civic participation in local communities. One of the first instances of civic journalism being widely used is in politics
3410-524: Is the history of suppression." Lippmann examined the coverage of newspapers and saw many inaccuracies and other problems. He and Charles Merz , in a 1920 study entitled A Test of the News , stated that The New York Times ' coverage of the Bolshevik Revolution was biased and inaccurate. In addition to his newspaper column "Today and Tomorrow", he wrote several books. Lippmann was the first to bring
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3520-523: Is to increase civic engagement, similar to how the goal civic journalism is to increases civic engagement. Citizen journalists may be influencers as opposed to accredited journalists, but still have a substantial means of conveying their message to the general public. Political journalism is a similar concept, with four key pillars: the framing of politics as a strategic game, conflict framing and media negativity, interpretive versus straight news, and political or partisan bias. These four pillars are integral to
3630-675: The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) and the Public Journalism Network. Although they developed the concept of public journalism together, both Rosen and Merritt have differing viewpoints on what exactly public journalism is. Rosen defines public journalism as a way of thinking about the business of the craft that calls on journalists to (1) address people as citizens, potential participants in public affairs, rather than victims or spectators; (2) help
3740-497: The Association of Public Radio Stations . Morning Edition premiered on November 5, 1979, first hosted by Bob Edwards . NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly $ 7 million (equivalent to $ 19 million in 2022 dollars). After a Congressional investigation and the resignation of NPR's then-president Frank Mankiewicz , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting agreed to lend
3850-669: The Nieman Foundation for Journalism , is named after him. Similarities between the views of Lippmann and Gabriel Almond produced what became known as the Almond–Lippmann consensus , which is based on three assumptions: French philosopher Louis Rougier convened a meeting of primarily French and German liberal intellectuals in Paris in August 1938 to discuss the ideas put forward by Lippmann in his work The Good Society (1937). They named
3960-602: The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 . This act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson , and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , which also created the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) for television in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a board of directors chaired by Bernard Mayes . The board then hired Donald Quayle to be
4070-630: The TED Radio Hour routinely made the iTunes Top Podcasts list. Ken Stern became chief executive in September 2006, reportedly as the "hand-picked successor" of CEO Kevin Klose, who gave up the job but remained as NPR's president; Stern had worked with Klose at Radio Free Europe . On December 10, 2008, NPR announced that it would reduce its workforce by 7% and cancel the news programs Day to Day and News & Notes . The organization indicated this
4180-539: The "function of news is to signalize an event, the function of truth is to bring to light the hidden facts, to set them in relation with each other, and make a picture of reality on which men can act." A journalist's version of the truth is subjective and limited to how they construct their reality. The news, therefore, is "imperfectly recorded" and too fragile to bear the charge as "an organ of direct democracy ." To Lippmann, democratic ideals had deteriorated: voters were largely ignorant about issues and policies and lacked
4290-505: The 1970s and early 1980s, the majority of NPR funding came from the federal government. Steps were taken during the Reagan administration in the 1980s to completely wean NPR from government support, but the 1983 funding crisis forced the network to make immediate changes. According to CPB , in 2009 11.3% of the aggregate revenues of all public radio broadcasting stations were funded from federal sources, principally through CPB; in 2012 10.9% of
4400-417: The 20th century to "Father of Modern Journalism". Michael Schudson writes that James W. Carey considered Walter Lippmann's book Public Opinion as "the founding book of modern journalism" and also "the founding book in American media studies". Lippmann was born on New York's Upper East Side as the only child of Jewish parents of German origin. According to his biographer Ronald Steel , he grew up in
4510-630: The Arbitron service and distributes the data to NPR and other non-commercial stations and on its website. NPR's history in digital media includes the work of an independent, for-profit company called Public Interactive , which was founded in 1999 and acquired by PRI in June 2004, when it became a non-profit company. By July 2008, Public Interactive had "170 subscribers who collectively operate 325 public radio and television stations" and clients such as Car Talk , The World , and The Tavis Smiley Show ; by
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4620-563: The NPR Foundation Chair, and the NPR President & CEO. Terms are for three years and are staggered such that some stand for election every year. As of January 2024 , the board of directors of NPR included the following members: The original purposes of NPR, as ratified by the board of directors, are the following: The Public Editor responds to significant listener queries, comments and criticisms. The position reports to
4730-515: The President appointed to head wartime propaganda efforts at the Committee on Public Information . While he was prepared to curb his liberal instincts because of the war, saying he had "no doctrinaire belief in free speech ," he nonetheless advised Wilson that censorship should "never be entrusted to anyone who is not himself tolerant, nor to anyone who is unacquainted with the long record of folly which
4840-744: The Spotify Audience Network platform within NPR programming, when NPR has empty slots available they otherwise were unable to sell to other advertisers directly. In contrast with commercial broadcasting , NPR's radio broadcasts do not carry traditional commercials, but has advertising in the form of brief statements from major sponsors which may include corporate slogans , descriptions of products and services, and contact information such as website addresses and telephone numbers . These statements are called underwriting spots and, unlike commercials, are governed by specific FCC restrictions in addition to truth in advertising laws; they cannot advocate
4950-529: The United States ) Henry A. Wallace in September 1946, Lippmann became the leading public advocate of the need to respect a Soviet sphere of influence in Europe, as opposed to the containment strategy being advocated at the time by George F. Kennan . Lippmann was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1947 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1949. Lippmann
5060-420: The United States. From the 1930s to the 1950s, Lippmann became even more skeptical of the "guiding" class. In The Public Philosophy (1955), which took almost twenty years to complete, he presented a sophisticated argument that intellectual elites were undermining the framework of democracy. The book was very poorly received in liberal circles. The Walter Lippmann House at Harvard University , which houses
5170-489: The accuracy of news and protection of sources . He argued that distorted information was inherent in the human mind. People make up their minds before they define the facts, while the ideal would be to gather and analyze the facts before reaching conclusions. By seeing first, he argued, it is possible to sanitize polluted information. Lippmann argued that interpretation as stereotypes (a word which he coined in that specific meaning) subjected us to partial truths. Lippmann called
5280-595: The adverse aspects of nationalism. After the fall of the British colony Singapore in February 1942, Lippmann authored an influential Washington Post column that criticized empire and called on western nations to "identify their cause with the freedom and security of the peoples of the East" and purge themselves of "white man's imperialism ". Following the removal from office of Secretary of Commerce (and former Vice President of
5390-564: The afternoon All Things Considered , both carried by most NPR member stations, and among the most popular radio programs in the country. As of March 2018, the drive-time programs attract an audience of 14.9 million and 14.7 million per week, respectively. NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System , which distributes its programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio Exchange , and which also acts as
5500-495: The annual Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting citing "his 1961 interview with Soviet Premier Khrushchev , as illustrative of Lippmann's long and distinguished contribution to American journalism." Lippmann retired from his syndicated column in 1967. Lippmann died in New York City due to cardiac arrest in 1974. Though a journalist himself, Lippmann did not assume that news and truth are synonymous. For Lippmann,
5610-400: The arena of public life is knowledge of the rules – how the public has decided a democracy should work and the ability and the willingness to provide relevant information and a lace for that information to be discussed and turned into democratic consent. Like the referee, to maintain our authority – the right to be heard – we must exhibit no partisan interest in the specific outcome other than it
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#17330845142075720-421: The attention it claims." According to communication scholar Seong Jae Min, it was actually in the 1990s when this conversation style of journalism, "gained significant traction in both academia and the professional world of journalism". He reports that the rise of this idea combined with ongoing dissent over traditional journalistic practice lead to the movement of public journalism. "This new journalistic movement
5830-404: The civic journalism movement seeks to treat readers and community members as participants. In the 1920s, before the notion of public journalism was developed, there was the famous debate between Walter Lippmann and John Dewey over the role of journalism in a democracy. Lippmann viewed the role of the journalist to be simply recording what policy makers say and then providing that information to
5940-561: The classical philologist Julius Sachs , a son-in-law of Marcus Goldmann from the Goldman-Sachs family . Classes included 11 hours of ancient Greek and 5 hours of Latin per week. Shortly before his 17th birthday, he entered Harvard University where he wrote for The Harvard Crimson and studied under George Santayana , William James , and Graham Wallas , concentrating upon philosophy and languages (he spoke German and French). He took only one course in history and one in government. He
6050-400: The competence to participate in public life and cared little for participating in the political process. In Public Opinion (1922), Lippmann noted that modern realities threatened the stability that the government had achieved during the patronage era of the 19th century. He wrote that a " governing class " must rise to face the new challenges. The basic problem of democracy, he wrote, was
6160-485: The corner of North Capitol Street NE and L Street NW—is in the burgeoning NoMa neighborhood of Washington. The first show scheduled to be broadcast from the new studios was Weekend Edition Saturday . Morning Edition was the last show to move to the new location. In June 2013 NPR canceled the weekday call-in show Talk of the Nation . In September 2013, certain of NPR's 840 full- and part-time employees were offered
6270-461: The current system was in place because the station is a "media company that strives to be innovative and nimble." In December 2018, NPR launched a new podcast analytics technology called Remote Audio Data (RAD), which developer Stacey Goers described as a "method for sharing listening metrics from podcast applications straight back to publishers, with extreme care and respect for user privacy." In late November 2022, CEO John Lansing told staffers in
6380-684: The debt. Delano Lewis , the president of C&P Telephone , left that position to become NPR's CEO and president in January 1994. Lewis resigned in August 1998. In November 1998, NPR's board of directors hired Kevin Klose , the director of the International Broadcasting Bureau , as its president and chief executive officer. September 11th attacks made it apparent in a very urgent way that we need another facility that could keep NPR going if something devastating happens in Washington. NPR spent nearly $ 13 million to acquire and equip
6490-646: The development of society. This is seen as civic journalism has adopted a more holistic approach towards recognizing the need for criminal justice reform, societal improvement, enhanced professional capacity, and strengthened institutions that support free speech and development of technological infrastructure. Specifically, civic journalism has played a major role in the development of countries by helping spur democratic transitions, encouraging economic growth, conducting public health campaigns, and imposing accountability of politicians. For instance, in Guadalajeara , Mexico ,
6600-493: The direction of the organization", including issues NPR's member station managers had had with NPR's expansion into new media "at the expense of serving" the stations that financially support NPR. As of 2009, corporate sponsorship comprised 26% of the NPR budget. In October 2010, NPR accepted a $ 1.8 million grant from the Open Society Institute . The grant is meant to begin a project called Impact of Government that
6710-478: The event. Similarly, ethical concerns regarding civic journalism on social media arise as our laws are not always well equipped to handle emerging issues regarding data privacy, censorship, and other contemporary subjects. The goal of civic journalism, or public journalism, is to allow the community to remain engaged with journalists and news outlets, restore democratic values, and rebuild
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#17330845142076820-412: The eventual decline of the nation-state and its replacement with large inclusive and democratic political units. As solution to the problem of failed states, he proposed the creation of regional authorities to provide political control, as well as education of public opinion to build support for these regional governments. He called for the creation of international organizations for each crisis region in
6930-530: The federally funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). In 2009, member stations derived 6% of their revenue from federal, state and local government funding, 10% of their revenue from CPB grants, and 14% of their revenue from universities. NPR receives a small number of competitive grants from CPB and federal agencies like the Department of Education and the Department of Commerce. This funding amounts to less than 1% of revenues. In 2011, NPR announced
7040-527: The first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member local stations, and studios in Washington, D.C. NPR aired its first broadcast on April 20, 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the ongoing Vietnam War in Southeast Asia . The afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered premiered on May 3, 1971, first hosted by Robert Conley . NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with
7150-540: The general public, and the chair of the NPR Foundation. On November 2, 2015, NPR Members approved a change in the NPR Bylaws to expand the board of directors to 23 directors, consisting of 12 Member Directors who are managers of NPR Member stations and are elected to the board by their fellow Member stations, 9 Public Directors who are prominent members of the public selected by the board and confirmed by NPR Member stations,
7260-523: The gift totaled $ 35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff and reduce some member stations' fees. The 2005 budget was about $ 120 million. In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR and member stations. Users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times by November of that year. Ten years later, by March 2015, users downloaded podcasts produced only by NPR 94 million times, and NPR podcasts like Fresh Air and
7370-522: The ideology as a whole. Political journalism relates to civic journalism in that it is a movement towards democratizing the media to partake in the voting process. Political journalism's first pillar, the framing of politics as a strategic game, is meant to signify how politics should not simply be seen as a simple election process for democracies. In order to win, one must play the game well. Civic journalism and political journalism are meant to be tools for successful democratic elections in viewing politics as
7480-508: The interdependence between journalism and democracy . It values the concerns of citizens over the needs of the media and political actors, and conceives of citizens as stakeholders in the democratic process rather than as merely victims, spectators or inevitable adversaries. As inherent participants in the process, we should do our work in ways that aid in the resolution of public problems by fostering broad citizen engagement." In recent history, civic journalism has played an important role in
7590-480: The law remains inconclusive. With the internet having greater influence in civic journalism, social media outlets are starting to play a bigger role in civic journalism as well. The future of civic journalism is moving digital as more and more media moves away from a traditional medium. For instance, in the wake of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, traditional news channels relied heavily on videos, pictures, and comments from social media platforms for coverage of
7700-573: The local media played a major role in keeping the Mexican government accountable in their role behind an explosion in 1992 that killed over 200 people. Similarly, in 2012, many journalists worked to expose Apple's working conditions in Chinese factories. Many believe the role that civic journalists play in keeping politicians and corporations in check is one of their most important functions. Additionally, civic journalism can help form political agendas, and can have
7810-528: The locality." The elite class of intellectuals and experts were to be a machinery of knowledge to circumvent the primary defect of democracy, the impossible ideal of the "omnicompetent citizen". Later, in The Phantom Public (1925), Lippmann recognized that the class of experts were also, in most respects, outsiders to any particular problem, and hence not capable of effective action. Philosopher John Dewey (1859–1952) agreed with Lippmann's assertions that
7920-449: The media and the general public to integrate into the democratic process to promote transparency. According to The Roots of Civic Journalism by David K. Perry, the practitioners of civic journalism – who saw the movement's most drastic growth in the early 1990s – have always adhered to the basic tenets of public journalism: Usually formulated by a few devoted members in a newsroom , civic journalism projects are typically associated with
8030-423: The media planning community. NPR's signature morning news program, Morning Edition , is the network's most popular program, drawing 14.63 million listeners a week, with its afternoon newsmagazine, All Things Considered , a close second, with 14.6 million listeners a week according to 2017 Nielsen ratings data. Arbitron data is also provided by Radio Research Consortium , a non-profit corporation which subscribes to
8140-544: The meeting after Lippmann, calling it the Colloque Walter Lippmann . The meeting is often considered the precursor to the first meeting of the Mont Pèlerin Society , convened by Friedrich von Hayek in 1947. At both meetings discussions centered around what a new liberalism, or "neoliberalism", should look like. Lippmann was married twice, the first time from 1917 to 1937 to Faye Albertson (1893–1975). Faye
8250-416: The modern world was becoming too complex for every citizen to grasp all its aspects, but Dewey, unlike Lippmann, believed that the public (a composite of many "publics" within society) could form a "Great Community" that could become educated about issues, come to judgments and arrive at solutions to societal problems. In 1943, George Seldes described Lippmann as one of the two most influential columnists in
8360-523: The network money in order to stave off bankruptcy. In exchange, NPR agreed to a new arrangement whereby the annual CPB stipend that it had previously received directly would be divided among local stations instead; in turn, those stations would support NPR productions on a subscription basis. NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture (the Public Radio Satellite System ), making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off
8470-442: The notion of a public competent to direct public affairs a "false ideal." He compared the political savvy of an average man to a theater-goer walking into a play in the middle of the third act and leaving before the last curtain. John Dewey in his book The Public and Its Problems , published in 1927, agreed about the irrationality of public opinion, but he rejected Lippmann's call for a technocratic elite. Dewey believed that in
8580-528: The office, would very much like to be President." Despite Roosevelt's later accomplishments, Lippmann stood by his words, saying: "That I will maintain to my dying day was true of the Franklin Roosevelt of 1932." He believed his judgment was an accurate summation of Roosevelt's 1932 campaign, saying it was "180 degrees opposite to the New Deal. The fact is that the New Deal was wholly improvised after Roosevelt
8690-512: The opinion section of papers. These projects are usually found in the form of organized town meetings and adult education programs. The Public Journalism Network explains that "journalism and democracy work best when news, information and ideas flow freely; when news portrays the full range and variety of life and culture of all communities; when public deliberation is encouraged and amplified; and when news helps people function as political actors and not just as political consumers." Civic journalism
8800-434: The other hand, explains that it is the responsibility of the journalist to act as a fair-minded participant in the public arena. His famous analogy of the journalist having the same role as a sports referee best depicts this idea: The function of a third party – a referee or umpire or judge – in sports competition is to facilitate the deciding of the outcome. Ideally, the official impinges on the game; if things go according to
8910-416: The phrase " Cold War " to a common currency, in his 1947 book by the same name. It was Lippmann who first identified the tendency of journalists to generalize about other people based on fixed ideas. He argued that people, including journalists, are more apt to believe "the pictures in their heads" than to come to judgment by critical thinking . Humans condense ideas into symbols, he wrote, and journalism,
9020-429: The political community act upon, rather than just learn about, its problems; (3) improve the climate of public discussion, rather than simply watch it deteriorate; and (4) help make public life go well, so that it earns its claim on our attention and (5) speak honestly about its civic values, its preferred view of politics, its role as a public actor. Rosen explains five ways to understand public journalism: Merritt, on
9130-525: The president and CEO John Lansing. In April 2020, Kelly McBride became the Public Editor for NPR. In 2020, NPR released a budget for FY21 anticipating revenue of $ 250 million, a slight decrease from the prior year due to impacts of COVID-19. The budget anticipated $ 240 million in operating expenses, plus additional debt service and capital costs that lead to a cash deficit of approximately $ 4 million. The budget included $ 25 million in budget cuts. During
9240-498: The process of integrating journalism into the democratic process and allowing voters and the media to play a more active role rather than being witnesses and bystanders of political events. Opponents find civic journalism to be risky and ineffective and believe it brings about conflicts of interest and necessitates involvement in unethical public affairs. Notable proponents of civic journalism include: Walter Lippmann Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974)
9350-517: The public's trust in journalists. The ubiquity of " fake news " and biased reporting in the modern media landscape has led to an overall decrease in the trust that people put in journalists and media sources. Proponents of civic journalism believe that this philosophy will allow individuals to have a greater say in decision-making and in the broader political sphere. Given the rise in yellow journalism and search engine optimization algorithms that create an echo-chamber among mass-media, civic journalism
9460-436: The public. In opposition to this, Dewey defined the journalist's role as being more engaged with the public and critically examining information given by the government. He thought journalists should weigh the consequences of the policies being enacted. Dewey believed conversation, debate, and dialogue were what democracy was all about and that journalism has an important piece of that conversation. Decades later Dewey's argument
9570-459: The publicly funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting . Most of its member stations are owned by non-profit organizations , including public school districts , colleges , and universities . NPR operates independently of any government or corporation, and has full control of its content. NPR produces and distributes both news and cultural programming. The organization's flagship shows are two drive-time news broadcasts: Morning Edition and
9680-401: The referee must exhibit no interest in the final score other than it is arrived at under the rules. But, both for referees and contestants, that is the ultimate interest. It is important to remember that the referee doesn't make the rules. Those are agreed on by the contestants – in this case, the democratic public. The referee, rather, is the fair-minded caretaker. What journalist should bring to
9790-562: The revenues for Public Radio came from federal sources. In 2010, NPR revenues totaled $ 180 million, with the bulk of revenues coming from programming fees, grants from foundations or business entities, contributions and sponsorships . According to the 2009 financial statement, about 50% of NPR revenues come from the fees it charges member stations for programming and distribution charges. Typically, NPR member stations receive funds through on-air pledge drives , corporate underwriting, state and local governments, educational institutions, and
9900-475: The role of journalism in a democracy were contrasted with the contemporaneous writings of John Dewey in what has been retrospectively named the Lippmann–Dewey debate. Lippmann won two Pulitzer Prizes , one for his syndicated newspaper column "Today and Tomorrow" and one for his 1961 interview of Nikita Khrushchev . He has also been highly praised with titles ranging from "most influential" journalist of
10010-413: The roll-out of their own online advertising network , which allows member stations to run geographically targeted advertisement spots from national sponsors that may otherwise be unavailable to their local area, opening additional advertising-related revenue streams to the broadcaster. Center Stage , a mix of native advertising and banner ad featured prominently on the NPR homepage, above-the-fold,
10120-486: The rules, he or she is neither seen nor heard. Yet the presence of a fair-minded participant is necessary in order for an equitable decision to be reached. What he or she brings to the arena is knowledge of the agreed-upon rules, the willingness to contribute that knowledge, and authority – that is, the right to be attended to. The referee's role is to make sure that the process works as the contestants agreed it should. In order to maintain that authority, that right to be heard,
10230-644: The traditional Bar Mitzvah at the age of 14. Lippmann was emotionally distanced from both parents, but had closer ties to his maternal grandmother. The political orientation of the family was Republican . From 1896 Lippmann attended the Sachs School for Boys, followed by the Sachs Collegiate Institute , an elite and strictly secular private school in the German Gymnasium tradition, attended primarily by children of German-Jewish families and run by
10340-442: The world: "there should be in existence permanent international commissions to deal with those spots of the earth where world crises originate." He saw the creation of the United States in 1789 as a model for a proposed World State or supranational government, as it was possible to create a constitution to bring order to an otherwise anarchic area. Commerce and regular interactions between people from different nations would alleviate
10450-508: Was "making a conscious effort to consistently refer to ourselves as NPR on-air and online" because NPR is the common name for the organization and its radio hosts have used the tag line "This ... is NPR" for many years. National Public Radio remains the legal name of the group, however, as it has been since 1970. NPR replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26, 1970, following Congressional passage of
10560-451: Was a journalist, a media critic and an amateur philosopher who tried to reconcile the tensions between liberty and democracy in a complex and modern world, as in his 1920 book Liberty and the News . In 1913, Lippmann, Herbert Croly , and Walter Weyl became the founding editors of The New Republic . During World War I , Lippmann was commissioned a captain in the Army on June 28, 1918, and
10670-606: Was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa society, though important social clubs rejected Jews as members. Lippmann became a member, alongside Sinclair Lewis , of the New York Socialist Party . In 1911, Lippmann served as secretary to George R. Lunn , the first Socialist mayor of Schenectady, New York , during Lunn's first term. Lippmann resigned his post after four months, finding Lunn's programs to be worthwhile in and of themselves, but inadequate as socialism. Lippmann
10780-555: Was an American writer, reporter, and political commentator. With a career spanning 60 years, he is famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of the Cold War , coining the term " stereotype " in the modern psychological meaning, as well as critiquing media and democracy in his newspaper column and several books, most notably his 1922 Public Opinion . Lippmann also played a notable role as research director of Woodrow Wilson 's post-World War I board of inquiry . His views on
10890-657: Was an informal adviser to several presidents. On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson presented Lippmann with the Presidential Medal of Freedom . He later feuded with Johnson over his handling of the Vietnam War of which Lippmann had become highly critical. He won a special Pulitzer Prize for journalism in 1958, as a nationally syndicated columnist, citing "the wisdom, perception and high sense of responsibility with which he has commented for many years on national and international affairs." Four years later he won
11000-734: Was assigned to the intelligence section of the AEF headquarters in France. He was assigned to the staff of Edward M. House in October and attached to the American Commission to negotiate peace in December. He returned to the United States in February 1919 and was immediately discharged. Through his connection to House, Lippmann became an adviser to Wilson and assisted in the drafting of Wilson's Fourteen Points speech. He sharply criticized George Creel , whom
11110-507: Was born to defeat the plagues of modern democracy in which citizens are alienated from the civic life and reduced to passive voters". He later admits that this movement was superficially prescriptive, and that due to several reasons it was eclipsed by the movement for citizen journalism . According to the now dormant Pew Center for Civic Journalism, the practice "is both a philosophy and a set of values supported by some evolving techniques to reflect both of those in journalism . At its heart
11220-587: Was divorced by Faye Albertson to be able to marry Helen Byrne Armstrong in 1938 (died 16 February 1974), daughter of James Byrne. She divorced her husband Hamilton Fish Armstrong , the editor of Foreign Affairs . He was the only close friend in Lippmann's life. The friendship and involvement in Foreign Affairs ended when a hotel in Europe accidentally forwarded Lippmann's love letters to Mr. Armstrong. NPR National Public Radio ( NPR , stylized as npr )
11330-465: Was elected." Lippmann was an early and influential commentator on mass culture , notable not for criticizing or rejecting mass culture entirely but discussing how it could be worked with by a government licensed "propaganda machine" to keep democracy functioning. In his first book on the subject, Public Opinion (1922), Lippmann said that mass man functioned as a "bewildered herd" who must be governed by "a specialized class whose interests reach beyond
11440-405: Was further explored by Jay Rosen and Davis Merritt , who were looking at the importance of the media in the democratic process. In 1993, Rosen and Merritt formed the concept of public journalism. In their joint "manifesto" on public journalism that was published in 1994, Rosen explains that "public journalism tries to place the journalist within the political community as a responsible member with
11550-505: Was in response to a rapid drop in corporate underwriting in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008 . In the fall of 2008, NPR programming reached a record 27.5 million people weekly, according to Arbitron ratings figures. NPR stations reach 32.7 million listeners overall. In March 2008, the NPR Board announced that Stern would be stepping down from his role as chief executive officer, following conflict with NPR's board of directors "over
11660-456: Was intended to add at least 100 journalists at NPR member radio stations in all 50 states by 2013. The OSI has made previous donations but does not take on-air credit for its gifts. In April 2013, NPR moved from its home of 19 years (635 Massachusetts Avenue NW) to new offices and production facilities at 1111 North Capitol Street NE in a building adapted from the former C&P Telephone Warehouse and Repair Facility . The new headquarters—at
11770-530: Was launched in 2013. The launch partner for Center Stage was Squarespace . In 2014, NPR CEO Jarl Mohn said the network would begin to increase revenue by having brands NPR views as more relevant to the audience underwrite NPR programs and requesting higher rates from them. For the year ended September 30, 2018, total operating revenues were $ 235 million, increasing to almost $ 259 million by September 2019. In 2023, Current reported that NPR partnered with Spotify to run targeted advertisements sold through
11880-400: Was necessary for democracy to flourish, since he felt that public opinion was an irrational force." In 1932, Lippmann famously dismissed future President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's qualifications and demeanor, writing: "Franklin D. Roosevelt is no crusader. He is no tribune of the people. He is no enemy of entrenched privilege. He is a pleasant man who, without any important qualifications for
11990-572: Was the daughter of Ralph Albertson, a pastor of the Congregational Church. He was one of the pioneers of Christian socialism and the social gospel movement in the spirit of George Herron. During his studies at Harvard, Walter often visited the Albertsons' estate in West Newbury, Massachusetts, where they had founded a socialist cooperative, the (Cyrus Field) Willard Cooperative Colony. Lippmann
12100-450: Was the most trusted news source in the United States. In 2014, Pew reported that, of adults who had heard of NPR, 55% of those polled trusted it; this was a similar level of listener trust as CNN , NBC , and ABC . NPR stations generally subscribe to the Nielsen rating service , but are not included in published ratings and rankings such as Radio & Records . NPR station listenership
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