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57-457: The commune is located in the western part of the county, at a distance of 13.3 km (8.3 mi) west of Carei and 49.6 km (30.8 mi) from the county seat, Satu Mare . The commune is composed of three villages that were separated from Sanislău in 2004: The current local council has the following political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 2024 Romanian local elections. Human settlements dating from

114-575: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Carei Carei ( Romanian pronunciation: [kaˈrej] ; Hungarian : Nagykároly , Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnɒckaːroj] ; German : Grosskarol / Großkarl , Yiddish : קראלי ‎ , pronounced [krʊlə] ) is a city in Satu Mare County , northwestern Romania , near the border with Hungary . The city administers one village, Ianculești ( Hungarian : Szentjánosmajor ). The municipality of Carei

171-571: A frontal opening of 18 m (59 ft), a depth of 5 m (16 ft), and a height of 12 m (39 ft). The monument has the following inscription: "Glory to the soldiers of the Romanian Army, fallen in the struggles for the liberation of the homeland". The first train station was built in 1871, when the Debrecen – Satu Mare railway was built. The Carei– Zalău railway was inaugurated on 23 December 1887. The building of today's train station

228-415: A payment of 20 denars for each peasant household. Supporters of Zápolya were appointed to the royal council, becoming a majority, and his friend, Gregory Frankopan, Archbishop of Kalocsa , was made chancellor. The previous chancellor, George Szatmári , Archbishop of Esztergom , remained hostile to Zápolya. Zápolya, Stephen Báthory, Emeric Török, and Michael Paksy joined forces to laid siege to Žrnov ,

285-560: A vassal relationship, which he later accomplished with Transylvania. This was an old method used by the Ottoman Empire, which had also been applied against Balkan states, such as Serbia, in the 14th and 15th centuries, where they were first compelled into dependency and then annexed in the following decades. In 1529 John approached the Ottomans, and agreed to make Hungary a vassal state in return for recognition and support. Sultan Suleiman

342-500: Is twinned with: Carei has a continental climate , characterized by hot warm and rainy summers, and cold and snowy winters. As the city is in the far north of the country, winter is colder than the national average. The average annual temperature is 9.6 °C (49 °F). John Z%C3%A1polya John Zápolya or Szapolyai ( Hungarian : Szapolyai/ Zápolya János ; Croatian : Ivan Zapolja ; Romanian : Ioan Zápolya ; Slovak : Ján Zápoľský ; 1487 – 22 July 1540),

399-558: Is eventually rebuilt by the year 1678. The city will once again come under fire during Francis II Rákóczi's uprising , and the city will be depopulated and left impoverished. The city will have a resurgence after Treaty of Szatmár is signed and the Károlyi family is elevated to the status of counts. Count Alexander Karolyi , shortly after the war, begins colonizing the region with Swabians , inviting 124 families from Württemberg. Eventually Slovaks , Jews , and Rusyns also get settled in

456-408: Is situated in the north-west of Romania, 99 km (62 mi) away from Oradea . Carei is situated in the south-western part of Satu-Mare County, in a plain region, and it is 35 km (22 mi) away from the county seat, Satu-Mare . Communes that are near Carei include Căpleni , Urziceni , Foieni , Sanislău , Petrești , Tiream , Căuaș , and Moftin . The first mention of the city under

513-677: The Battle of Mohács in 1526, the town falls under the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom , a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, and in the ensuing struggle between the Habsburg Ferdinand I and John Zápolya for the crown of Hungary, the Karolyi family initially sides with Zápolya, and Ferdinand confiscates their holdings in 1558, however, he reinstates them to power later. By 1554, the city was converted to Protestantism, and by 1567 it adhered to

570-460: The Bohemian throne in late 1526 – from the burden of assisting his brother. By then, Ferdinand had developed a Hungarian policy that was fully in keeping with the interests of his realms. He judged that if Hungary, unable to resist the Ottoman Empire, took action independently of Austria and Bohemia, it might well enter into an alliance with the Ottomans against its western neighbors. It was therefore in

627-534: The Treaty of Trianon . In August 1940, under the auspices of Nazi Germany , which imposed the Second Vienna Award , Hungary retook the territory of Northern Transylvania (which included Carei) from Romania. Towards the end of World War II , however, the city was taken back from Hungarian and German troops by Romanian and Soviet forces on 25 October 1944, during the Battle of Carei . In memory of this battle,

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684-614: The "Monument of the Romanian Soldier" was erected in the center of Carei; inaugurated in 1964, it is the work of the sculptor Gheza Vida . The 25th of October has been celebrated since 1959 as the Day of the Romanian Armed Forces . Although between 1760 and 1920 the town was the seat of Szatmár County , the industrial development was not significant and it basically preserved its agricultural specificity until about 1960. In 1926 Carei

741-551: The Bronze Age have been found in the area, and during the 1960s, 35 Celtic graves were discovered, including the Helmet of Ciumești . Before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, the villages belonged to Szatmár County of the Kingdom of Hungary . Until 2004, they belonged to Sanislău Commune, when they were split off to form Ciumești Commune. This Satu Mare County location article is

798-662: The Calvinist faith. In 1590, a synod takes place in the city, protesting the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in Hungary. Additional synods take place in 1591 and 1594, and the city is the birthplace of Gáspár Károli , who is the first person to translate the Bible into Hungarian in 1586. In 1592, the baron, Mihály Károlyi, further expands the fortifications of the city, these being made out of predominantly dirt. However, after an Ottoman response,

855-554: The Diet at Székesfehérvár by the lesser nobles (gentry), and he was duly crowned the next day. Ferdinand was also elected king by the magnates, barons, and the Catholic clergy in a rump Diet in Pozsony on 17 December 1526. Profiting from nine months of relative calm, John strove to restore state authority. He drew on his vast private wealth, the unconditional support of the lesser nobility, and

912-600: The Habsburg dynasty could help Hungary fight against the Ottomans. But in 1526, the promise rang empty. Hungary had been fighting the Ottomans for over a century, during which time the Empire and the Habsburgs had offered much encouragement but no tangible help. The likelihood of assistance was further reduced by the conflict of Ferdinand's older brother, Emperor Charles V, and King Francis I of France that once again flared into open war in

969-611: The Magnificent accepted, and sent Ottoman armies to invade Austria (which included the Siege of Vienna ), a war which lasted till 1533. This allowed John to regain his position in Hungary in 1529, by the efforts of Frater George Martinuzzi , despite the association with the Ottomans which tainted him at the time. Martinuzzi became royal treasurer and John's most trusted minister. In 1533, the Ottomans made peace and ceded western Hungary to Ferdinand. Ferdinand now began to press John for control of

1026-588: The Old , married John's younger sister, Barbara Zápolya in early 1512. This increased the influence of the Zápolyas, but only in the short term, as Barbara died in 1515. To show off his wealth, John went with Barbara to Poland accompanied by 800 horsemen who wore gilded clothes. John raided Ottoman Bulgaria in summer 1513. After returning to Transylvania, he crushed a revolt in Hermannstadt (now Sibiu , Romania) and forced

1083-605: The Ottoman fortress near Nándorfehérvár (now Belgrade, Serbia) in April 1515. However, Sinan , Bey of Smederovo , defeated their united troops. The defeat weakened Zápolya's position. In 1526, the Ottoman Empire crushed the Hungarian royal army in the Battle of Mohács and killed King Louis II . Zápolya was en route to the battlefield with his sizable army but did not participate in

1140-682: The Székelys on 8 November 1510. He moved to Transylvania and took up residence in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca , Romania) in March 1511. The Ottomans invaded the southern frontier of the Kingdom of Hungary in April 1511. John regularly held Diets for the representatives of the " Three Nations of Transylvania ". He also headed the judicial assemblies of the Székely people . Vladislaus's brother, Polish king Sigismund I

1197-481: The ancient Turkish language, the word meaning sparrow . Another theory is that the city was named after the Károlyi family. King Louis I of Hungary permitted the organization of weekly market gatherings on Saturdays in Carei in 1346, as a result of the military achievements of the Károlyi family. The development of regional trade in the region stimulated the development of the town, and in 1387, King Sigismund elevates

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1254-472: The assistance of some aristocrats to impose his policies in domestic affairs. However, in the crucial sphere of foreign relations, success eluded him. He sought an entente with the Habsburgs, proposing to form an alliance against the Ottomans, but Ferdinand rejected all attempts at reconciliation. John's envoys fanned out across Europe in quest of support. Only in France did they find a positive response, but even that

1311-466: The battle for unknown reasons. The Ottomans sacked the royal capital of Buda and occupied Syrmia , then withdrew from Hungary. The last three months of the year were marked by a power vacuum; political authority was in a state of collapse, yet the victors chose not to impose their rule. Two candidates stepped into the breach. One was Zápolya, voivode of Transylvania and Hungary's most prominent aristocrat as well as commander of an intact army. The other

1368-521: The behest of count Stephen Károlyi, the castle underwent change once more, according to the plans of the architect Arthur Meinig , and it reached its current form. In 1904, electricity was introduced in the city, and until 1914, multiple elementary and general schools were opened, the most renowned being the Piarist school, today known as Școală Gimnazială Vasile Lucaciu (the Vasile Lucaciu school). In 1910,

1425-412: The city is forced to keep paying tribute. Thanks to its strategic position, the city becomes part of a series of fortifications built against the Ottomans, and to be able of repelling the eventual attacks, the fortifications are enlarged again between 1661 and 1666, as well as a German garrison with artillery being assigned. However, after a series of attacks, the city is burned and suffers grave damage, but

1482-461: The city is the Károlyi Castle  [ ro ] . Built originally as a fortress around the 14th century, it was converted to a castle in 1794, undergoing further transformations during the 19th century. The manor is surrounded by an arboretum , covering a surface of about 30 acres (12 ha) and containing a great variety of species of trees and plants. Carei's theater was built in 1907 and

1539-416: The colonized families started adopting the Hungarian language but kept their religion, differentiating them from the reformed majority of the county. In 1845, with help from count György Károlyi, a hospital was built and opened. With the new railway built in 1887, the light industry and the food industry in the city started blooming, and a new paper mill was also built. Between the years 1893 and 1896, at

1596-481: The higher clergy, and King Vladislaus. The Diet initially refused to elect the infant crown prince Louis as successor to Vladislaus, but Louis was finally crowned on Vladislaus's demand on 4 June 1508. According to the late 16th-century historian Miklós Istvánffy , when the king returned from Bohemia in early 1510, Zápolya asked Vladislaus for the hand of his daughter Anne , but Vladislaus refused. Vladislaus II made John Zápolya Voivode of Transylvania and Count of

1653-417: The idea of marriage between princess Anne and John Zápolya. Zápolya began his public career as a member of the new Diet at Rákos in 1505. On 13 October, the Diet, prompted by Zápolya, passed a bill which prohibited the election of a foreigner as king if Vladislaus died without male issue. The bill was aimed at creating a legal basis for Zápolya's ascension to the throne after the death of Vladislaus, but

1710-412: The interest of Austria and Bohemia that the Habsburgs gain control of Hungary, by force if necessary. In July 1527, Ferdinand sent an army of German mercenaries into Hungary. The moment was well chosen, for John Zápolya's forces were tied up in the southern counties of Hungary , where Slavonic peasants, incited by Ferdinand, had rebelled; the revolt was led by the 'Black Man', Jovan Nenad . In one sweep,

1767-411: The king refused to ratify it, and the Diet was closed by the king. Moreover, Vladislaus's wife, Anne of Foix-Candale , gave birth to a son, Louis , on 1 July, 1506. Zápolya's serious conflicts with the royal court had meanwhile made him the leader of a "national party", consisting of the smaller untitled noblemen (the gentry) who were opposed to the pro-Habsburg orientation of the higher aristocracy,

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1824-502: The lesser nobility. Most of his opponents succumbed at Mohács: the Hungarian branch of the Jagiellon dynasty became defunct, and its pro-Habsburg following was decimated. The higher nobility of Hungary (the magnates or barons) sided with Ferdinand, and gathered in Pozsony for Ferdinand's election. The German dynasty's main argument – one that many historians would judge to be decisive – was that

1881-1083: The marriage of Vladislaus's daughter, Anne Jagiellon, and Maximilian's grandson, Ferdinand . John was born in Szepes Castle (now Spiš Castle in Slovakia), which was an important center of the Zápolyas' domains. At the Diet of Hungary in 1497, Stephen Zápolya's opponents circulated rumours about his intention to have his son crowned king. John and his younger brother, George , inherited their father's vast domains in 1499. Their domains were primarily located in Upper Hungary (now Slovakia), where they held most landed estates in five counties . John could write letters in Latin, showing that his mother provided excellent education to him. Hedwig of Cieszyn wanted to persuade Vladislaus II , King of Hungary and Bohemia , to marry his only child, Anne , to John. However king Vladislaus refused

1938-520: The name of "Karul" dates from 1320, and as "Károly" in 1325, however, the city is known to have existed since 1264, as it was the domain of the Kaplony clan and the center of the Károlyi family's personal domain that settled in the region shortly after the arrival of the Hungarians . The name of the city comes from the word "karul" (in modern Hungarian "karvaly"). The etymology of the word can be traced back to

1995-430: The ongoing war conflict with Ferdinand (only empty promises), he had no choice but to send his envoy, Laszky Jeromos, to Istanbul to seek help. Suleiman I, who had not invaded the country in 1526, now did not want it to fall under Habsburg control. Therefore, alongside military support, he began the actual occupation of Hungarian territories and their annexation to the Ottoman Empire. The sultan sought to force Szapolyai into

2052-549: The peasant army marched toward Turkish territory, they took to plundering nearby noble manors. Many villagers refused to pay taxes and duties. On 22 May, Vladislaus and the Archbishop ordered the peasants to disband, but they refused. Peasant bands took control of the southern lowlands along the rivers Danube and Tisza and murdered many nobles. The main army of the peasants, commanded by György Dózsa , laid siege to Temesvár (now Timișoara , Romania). Stephen Báthory defended

2109-585: The prestige of the Zápolya family . Stephen Zápolya had no sons when Matthias Corvinus , King of Hungary , died on 6 April 1490, according to a contemporaneous report, but a charter issued in September 1491 already mentioned John, showing that John was born between the two dates. Stephen Zápolya became Palatine of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1492 until his death in 1499. Vladislaus's brother, King Sigismund Jagiellon of Poland, came to Hungary to mediate between

2166-523: The pro-Habsburg soldiers captured Buda. John hurriedly redeployed his army, but on 27 September in the Battle of Tarcal (near Tokaj), he suffered a bloody defeat. Based on the earlier election of the Diet at Pozsony, Ferdinand was crowned in the Székesfehérvár Basilica on 3 November 1527. In 1528 John fled Hungary for Poland , where he stayed with Prince Jan Amor Tarnowski . After Szapolyai received no assistance from European rulers to resolve

2223-465: The regions. The colonization efforts become more significant during Francis Károlyi tenure, an additional 132 families are settled in 1762, with the total number reaching an estimated 466 Swabian families, forming two districts in the town. Effects on cultural and social life began to show: in 1727 the Piarist Gymnasium was established, in 1754 the first typography was built, and in 1756 a pharmacy

2280-453: The revolt, which bolstered his authority and earned him the title of "liberator of the realm." However, his power declined after his sister Barbara 's death in 1515. And in 1528, he fled to Poland , later aligning with the Ottomans , leading Hungary to become an Ottoman vassal state . John was the oldest son of Count Stephen Zápolya and his second wife, Hedwig of Cieszyn . Stephen Zápolya

2337-429: The right to free movement and obliged them to work on their lords' lands without remuneration one day in every week. Zápolya's victory over the peasant revolt strengthened his authority in several ways: on the one hand, he had opposed the "crusade" from the beginning, and on the other hand, it gained him support among the petty nobility (gentry). The Diet hailed Zápolya as the "liberator of the realm" and rewarded him with

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2394-419: The royal family and the Zápolyas in late June. Emperor Maximilian had already in September declared war on Hungary, because he wanted to protect his claim (acknowledged in the 1491 Peace of Pressburg ) to succeed Vladislaus. The teenager Stephen Zápolya was made one of the commanders of the Hungarian army. During the war, the envoys of King Vladislaus and Maximilian signed a secret treaty on 30 March 1506 about

2451-408: The streets were done according to the planning regulations adopted by the town's council, and they still define the physiognomy of the city's center today. In 1871, the railway connecting Carei to Satu Mare and Debrecen was opened, and it was further expanded in 1887 with the line Tășnad - Sărmășag - Zalău , and in 1905 the railway towards Mátészalka was built. Over the course of the 19th century,

2508-462: The summer of 1526. This circumstance led the Voivode to discount the threat lurking behind the Habsburgs' candidacy: that Zápolya's Hungary would have to contend not only with the Ottomans, but also with an attack from the west. Thus Zápolya took no notice of his rival's protests, nor of those voiced by the few Hungarians who rallied to Ferdinand. On 10 November 1526, Zápolya had himself proclaimed king at

2565-422: The town to county center, while also granting it independent jurisdiction. In 1482, Ladislaus Károlyi, with the permission of King Matthias , begins the construction of a stone residence. Over the course of the following decades, due to fears of an Ottoman attack, the residence will gradually get transformed into a fortification outfitted with a moat, four corner bastions and shooting niches for cannons. After

2622-410: The town. Zápolya, who had returned from his Ottoman campaign, came to relieve Temesvár. His army routed the peasants on 15 July. The leaders of the revolt were tortured to death with much cruelty. Dózsa was put on a red-hot iron "throne" with a red-hot iron "crown" on his head, and his accomplices were compelled to eat his flesh before being executed. In October, the Diet deprived the peasants of

2679-455: The townspeople to pay an extraordinary tax. Zápolya launched a new campaign into Bulgaria in early May 1514. Meanwhile, Tamás Bakócz , Archbishop of Esztergom , declared a Crusade against the Turks on 9 April. About 40,000 peasants joined the crusade and assembled near Pest, although their lords had tried to retain them before the harvest. The "crusade" soon turned into a peasant rebellion. As

2736-618: The train station was built, and it still exists today. After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I , and the declaration of the Union of Transylvania with Romania , the Romanian Army took control of Carei on April 19, 1919, during the Hungarian–Romanian War . The city officially became part of the territory ceded to the Kingdom of Romania in June 1920 under the terms of

2793-501: Was Archduke Ferdinand of Austria , the late king's brother-in-law and brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , who claimed Hungary for the House of Habsburg . The majority of Hungary's untitled lesser nobility (the gentry) backed Zápolya, who for fifteen years had been playing a leading role in Hungarian political life. Part of the aristocracy acknowledged his leadership, and he enjoyed the enthusiastic support – not always reciprocated – of

2850-553: Was King of Hungary (as John I ) from 1526 to 1540. His rule was disputed by Archduke Ferdinand I , who also claimed the title King of Hungary. He was Voivode of Transylvania before his coronation, from 1510 to 1526. John came from a prominent Croatian-Slavonian noble family. His father became one of Hungary's wealthiest lords and served as Palatine of Hungary . During the Peasants' Revolt of 1514 led by György Dózsa , John gained influence through his military campaigns and by crushing

2907-568: Was a Hungarian high-school. Nowadays it serves as a secondary school. The Monument of the Romanian Soldier, which commemorates the Battle of Carei of October 1944, is situated in the center of the city. The monument was built by the sculptor Gheza Vida and the architect Anton Dâmboianu. It was inaugurated in 1964, in the presence of the Defense Minister , Leontin Sălăjan . The monument was built with white stone and has impressive dimensions, with

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2964-619: Was attached to Sălaj County . After 1950, Carei was included in the Baia Mare Region , while after 1968, along with the administrative-territorial reorganization of the country, it returned to Satu Mare County . Until World War II, the industry of the town consisted of mills, the oil factory Ardealul , a station for collecting and fermenting tobacco, and some small workshops. During the Communist period , Carei gradually turned into an industrial town. The most important historical building in

3021-455: Was built between 1910 and 1912. During World War II the train station was heavily bombarded, but the damage it suffered was rapidly repaired. According to the 2021 census , Carei had a population of 18,957, marking a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census (20,775 inhabitants). Ethnic composition of Carei (2021) Religious composition of Carei (2021) Carei

3078-537: Was descended from a Croatian noble family from Slavonia . Their family name was derived from the Croatian phrase "za polje" (literally translated as "behind field"). Stephen became one of the wealthiest lords in the Kingdom of Hungary after inheriting the large domains of his brother, Emeric Zápolya , in 1487. Stephen Zápolya's marriage with the Silesian duchess, Hedwig, who was related to Emperor Maximilian I , increased

3135-449: Was ineffective since Francis was intent not on reconciling Hungary and the Habsburgs, but on drawing Hungary into a war against Charles and his family. Europe's political balance underwent a major shift in the summer of 1527, when, in a somewhat unplanned operation, mercenary forces of the emperor occupied Rome and drove Pope Clement VII , one of France's principal allies, to capitulate. This development freed Ferdinand – who also acquired

3192-441: Was inspired by a project of architect György Kopeczek. The theater was first named after the writer József von Gaal  [ de ] , until the 1920s, when it was renamed Teatrul Carmen Sylva. After 1945 it was renamed again, to Teatrul Popular. In 1953, the theater received a complete overhaul and it was "modernized" both inside and outside. The " Vasile Lucaciu " school became a Romanian high-school in 1919. Prior to that, it

3249-415: Was opened. In 1780, the city became the seat of Szatmár County , and in 1828 the population reached 11,000. The town was hit by an earthquake in 1834, and the majority of the city was destroyed the next year during a great fire, which destroyed 350 houses. The city was hit by a similar great fire on 6 May 1887, causing similar damage to the fire from 1835. The rebuilding of the houses and the organizing of

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