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52-777: The first-generation C4 Picasso and Grand C4 Picasso were designed by Donato Coco for the French manufacturer Citroën and share the same platform and engines with the Citroën C4 and the Peugeot 307 . Both the C4 Picasso and Grand C4 Picasso are produced at the PSA Vigo Plant in Spain. The first generation Grand C4 Picasso, a seven seater, was launched in November 2006 and produced until March 2013, when

104-529: A Denon audio system. Reviewers overall were impressed with the large five square metre space inside the vehicle, surrounded by large windows and thin door pillars. RACCars.co.uk were critical of the ETG6 gearbox, echoing previous criticisms from other reviewers, but praised the new platform for absorbing road imperfections easily and improving the driving experience. The second generation C4 Picasso has six airbags by default, with adjustable pressures; two airbags for

156-606: A lane departure warning system ( LDWS ) is a mechanism designed to warn the driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its lane (unless a turn signal is on in that direction) on freeways and arterial roads . These systems are designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driver error, distractions and drowsiness. In 2009 the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) began studying whether to mandate lane departure warning systems and frontal collision warning systems on automobiles. There are four types of systems: Another system

208-490: A start-stop system based on the Valeo i-StARS reversible starter/alternator, and termed e-HDi for diesel models and e-THP for petrol models. Two "ultracapacitors" are charged during braking, and the energy stored in them is used to turn the i StARS when engine restart is required. According to PSA, the system is able to restart the engine in as little as 400ms, and while the vehicle is still moving at between 8–20 km/h, which

260-406: A Lane Keeping Assist function on the new E-class . This system warns the driver (with a steering-wheel vibration) if it appears the vehicle is beginning to leave its lane. Another feature will automatically deactivate and reactivate if it ascertains the driver is intentionally leaving his lane (for instance, aggressively cornering). A newer version will use the braking system to assist in maintaining

312-523: A conventional starter is unable to do. The i-StARS is rated for up to 600,000 restart cycles, and PSA claims up to 15% fuel savings. Modifications to prevent engine wear during the shut off phase and from constant restarts include an improved turbocharger lubrication system as well as reinforcements to the injection pump, crankshaft bearings, and dual-mass flywheel . 891,000 first generation and 732,000 second generation C4 Picasso (including C4 SpaceTourer) have been produced. Donato Coco Donato Coco

364-459: A curve with a radius lower than 250 meters. Lane departure warning systems also face many legal limitations regarding autonomous driving. As stated previously, this system requires constant driver input. Vehicles with this technology are limited to assisting the driver, not driving the vehicle. Lane departure warning systems biggest limitation is that it is not in complete control of the vehicle. The system does not take into account other vehicles on

416-510: A deactivation switch on the dashboard; it works by using an optical sensor on both sides of the car. Audi A7 introduces Audi active lane assist. Mobileye developed a system that detected lane markings , and identified when a vehicle departed from its driving lane without the use of the turn signal. Mercedes began Distronic Plus with Steering Assist and Stop&Go Pilot on the redesigned S-class in 2013. Tesla Model S comes with advanced lane assistance systems with their 2014 release. It

468-460: A gear change, while Citroën Owners Club called it "poor". From 2015, with the introduction of the BlueHDi engine range, Citroën replaced the ETG6 transmission with an Aisin sourced six speed torque converter automatic transmission, known as EAT6. The four speed automatic, six speed ETG and six-speed automatic transmissions have two shifting options chosen by a column mounted mode selector: either

520-523: A lane detection algorithm works to help lane departure warning is shown in the figures. Lane warning/keeping systems are based on: In Europe, the lane departure warning system should be compatible with a visible lane marking identification standard such as commission regulation EU-351/2012. The concept and a working model of this technology was invented and fitted to a Rover SD1 in England by British inventor Nick Parish in 1988. Patent application No 8911571.1

572-473: A mobile phone. An Insurance Institute for Highway Safety raised concern that drivers may be less vigilant when relying on automated safety systems or become distracted by dashboard displays that monitor how the systems are performing. Two separate studies found that lane-keeping systems and blind spot monitoring systems had lower crash rates than the same vehicles without the systems. Police crash data from 25 states between 2009 and 2015 for vehicle models where

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624-790: A vehicle back into the lane if it starts to leave or proactively keep the vehicle in the center of the lane. Vehicle companies often use the term "lane keep(ing) assist" to refer to both reactive lane keep assist (LKA) and proactive lane centering assist (LCA) but the terms are beginning to be differentiated. Tesla uses the most advanced lane assist system (kind of LKA) combined with their adaptive cruise control system marketed together as ' Autopilot '. In 2020, UNECE released an automated lane keeping system (ALKS) regulation which include features such as lane-keeping and adaptative speed for specific roads up to 60 km/h. Tesla includes features like lane-keeping assist and also automatic lane changing without driver input. A similar technology to lane assist

676-600: Is also optional on the Picasso, which with the help of mounted ultrasonic sensors can determine a suitable parking space for a semi-automatic parking experience. This same bumper mounted radar system is utilised for the Active Cruise Control (ACC) feature on the Exclusive+. The radar is able to detect the distance and speed of vehicles and slow the vehicle or brake if necessary to avoid a collision. The dashboard user interface

728-506: Is an Italian car designer born in Foggia , Apulia , Italy in 1956. He is known for designing automobiles for Citroën , but even more well-known for designing some of Ferrari 's recent cars. Coco was Head of Design at Lotus from 2009 to November 2014. His works include: This automobile biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lane departure warning system In road-transport terminology,

780-540: Is mandatory for new cars and vans in the European Union as of 2022 under the name Emergency Lane Keeping System. Lane departure warning systems and lane keeping systems rely on visible lane markings. They typically cannot decipher faded, missing, or incorrect lane markings. Markings covered in snow or old lane markings left visible can hinder the ability of the system. UNECE regulation 130 does not require LDWS of heavy vehicles to work under 60 km/h or to work in

832-413: Is the emergency lane keeping (ELK). The emergency lane keeping applies correction to a vehicle which drifts beyond a solid lane marking. One of the main causes of single vehicle crashes and frontal crashes is lane departure. The goal of the lateral support systems (LSS) is to help to avoid such crashes. Without those LSS systems, lane departure can be unintentional; the car drifts towards and across

884-437: Is used to do autopark feature as well. Requires driver control while vehicle is in use, but adjusts steering if vehicle detects itself drifting out of lane ((LKA) refers to reactive "lane keep(ing) assist" and (LCA) refers to proactive lane centering): List shows up to 2015 model year. This feature has become more widespread since then, as seen below. Allows unassisted driving under limited conditions Lane keeping assist

936-543: The Citroën Evasion and Opel Sintra . The vehicle has five hundred litres of boot capacity and 1,951 litres with all rear seats down. Rear parking sensors were available only on the Exclusive trim. A pneumatic rear suspension is available as an option, which make the ride smoother and can lower the sill. In some markets, this option is only available on higher trim levels. The first generation C4 Picasso to be tested by

988-509: The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) was a LHD model from 2006. It received an overall five star rating due to the design and range of default safety features, including: front airbags for the driver and passenger, a driver's knee airbag, side body airbags, and side head airbags. The vehicle was penalised in the crash tests for the risk of leg injuries caused by the dashboard, and for chest injuries to

1040-520: The Infiniti FX and (in 2005) the M vehicles. In this system, a camera (mounted in the overhead console above the mirror) monitors the lane markings on a roadway. A warning tone is triggered to alert the driver when the vehicle begins to drift over the markings. Also in 2004, Toyota added a lane keeping assist feature to the Crown Majesta which can apply a small counter-steering force to aid in keeping

1092-468: The electric power steering or EPS) steer the vehicle to hold its lane. It also applies counter-steering torque to help ensure the driver does not over-correct or "saw" the steering wheel while attempting to return the vehicle to its proper lane. If the radar cruise control system is engaged, the Lane Keep function works to help reduce the driver's steering-input burden by providing steering torque; however,

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1144-419: The C4 Picasso has a 537-litre boot capacity, increasing to 630 litres with the three rear seats downright. The passenger front seat also folds flat, enabling the vehicle to transport objects up to 2.5 metres in length. In early 2018, the car was renamed from C4 Picasso to C4 SpaceTourer (and Grand C4 Picasso to Grand C4 SpaceTourer). At the same time the automatic transmission was changed to an 8-speed, replacing

1196-474: The axles and suspension, while air conditioning and transmission repairs were rare and featured at the bottom of the list at 0% each. Between October 2010 to September 2011, the MOT test pass rate for the C4 Picasso was 71.2%, compared to the 56.8% average for all Citroën vehicles. Service intervals are every 12,500–20,000 miles (depending on engine) or 2 years, whichever happens first. The second generation C4 Picasso

1248-502: The combination of these features creates a semi-autonomous vehicle , most require the driver to remain in control of the vehicle while it is in use. This is because of the limitations associated with the lane-keeping feature. The lane keeping assist system is being achieved in modern vehicle systems using image processing techniques called Hough transform and Canny edge detection techniques. These advanced image processing techniques derive lane data from forward facing cameras attached to

1300-632: The downward-looking infrared sensors in the Citroën. Also in 2007, Infiniti offered a newer version of its 2004 system, which it called the Lane Departure Prevention (LDP) system. This feature utilizes the vehicle stability control system to help assist the driver maintain lane position by applying gentle brake pressure on the appropriate wheels. General Motors introduced Lane Departure Warning on its 2008 model-year Cadillac STS , DTS , and Buick Lucerne models. The General Motors system warns

1352-481: The driver in a side impact. In the front impact test the child restraint in the back seat tipped forward, striking the dummy infant's head on the driver's seat, and lost all head protection points for the dummy. Scoring 111 points on the United Kingdom Reliability Index. The average age and repair cost of the tested C4 Picassos was 40 months and £ 325. 58.62% of the repair costs were attributed to

1404-577: The driver must remain active or the system will deactivate. In 2007, Audi began offering its Audi lane assist feature for the first time on the Q7 . This system, unlike the Japanese "assist" systems, will not intervene in actual driving; rather, it will vibrate the steering wheel if the vehicle appears to be exiting its lane. The LDW System in Audi is based on a forward-looking video-camera in its visible range, instead of

1456-418: The driver of an unintended lane change. This happens during speed limit non-compliance as well. Fiat is launching its lane keep assist feature based on TRW's lane keeping assist system (also known as the haptic lane feedback system). This system integrates the lane-detection camera with TRW's electric power-steering system; when an unintended lane departure is detected (the turn signal is not engaged to indicate

1508-420: The driver with an audible tone and a warning indicator on the dashboard. BMW also introduced Lane Departure Warning on the 5 Series (E60) and 6 Series , using a vibrating steering wheel to warn the driver of unintended departures. In late 2013 BMW updated the system with Traffic Jam Assistant appearing first on the redesigned BMW X5 , this system works below 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). Volvo introduced

1560-662: The driver's desire to change lanes), the electric power-steering system will introduce a gentle torque that will help guide the driver back toward the center of the lane. Introduced on the Lancia Delta in 2008, this system earned the Italian Automotive Technical Association's Best Automotive Innovation of the Year Award for 2008. Peugeot introduced the same system as Citroën in its new 308 . Lane departure warning systems combine prevention with risk reports in

1612-498: The driver's field of vision, eliminate blind spots , and increase the amount of light inside the front cabin. In addition to the front sun visors , both vehicles have two blinds attached to further reduce glare and unwelcome lights for the driver and front passenger. The Grand C4 Picasso was slightly larger than its nearest seven seat MPV competitors, like the Mazda5 and Opel/Vauxhall Zafira , and smaller than earlier large MPVs such as

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1664-414: The edge of the lane. The car then reach a potentially dangerous situation. This system does not work when the edge of the lane is not marked by a line. A lane detection system used behind the lane departure warning system uses the principle of Hough transform and Canny edge detector to detect lane lines from realtime camera images fed from the front-end camera of the automobile. A basic flowchart of how

1716-445: The front of the vehicle. Real-time image processing using powerful computers like Nvidia 's Drive PX1 are being used by many vehicle OEMs to achieve fully autonomous vehicles in which lane detection algorithm plays a key part. Advanced lane detection algorithms are also being developed using deep learning and neural network techniques. Nvidia has achieved high accuracy in developing self-driving features including lane keeping using

1768-429: The front seatbelts in Exclusive+ models and warn of a lane change at low speed. This gives the possibility to wake or alert a sleeping or distracted driver. The C4 Picasso gained a back-up rear view camera, and an optional 360 degree panoramic vision system which consists of four wide angle cameras fitted in the front, the rear door, and the side mirrors to eliminate blind spots and aid parking. A parking assistance system

1820-443: The front, two lateral for the passengers, and two side curtain airbags to prevent head injuries. Initially, the C4 Picasso models featured Citroën's new six speed automated manual gearbox , called "Efficient Tronic Gearbox six speed" (ETG6). It allows the driver to switch, at any time, between manual and automatic modes. Some reviews have been critical of the ETG6 gearbox: Auto Trader ' s review called it "jerky" and slow to react to

1872-460: The headlamps are standard in all EU markets. The vehicle also boasts a wide array of features including: Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), Emergency Braking Assistance (EBA), Intelligent Traction Control (ITC), and Electronic Stability Control (ESC). Further, the vehicle also has an upgraded lane departure warning system (LDWS) over the previous generation, utilising digital imaging and line recognition to vibrate

1924-452: The lane departure warning system and the driver alert control on its 2008 model-year S80 , the V70 , and XC70 executive cars . Volvo's lane departure warning system uses a camera to track road markings and sound an alarm when drivers depart their lane without signaling. The systems used by BMW, Volvo, and General Motors are based on core technology from Mobileye . Mercedes-Benz began offering

1976-440: The neural network based training mechanism in which they use a front facing camera in a car and run it through a route and then uses the steering input and camera images of the road fed into the neural network and make it 'learn'. The neural network then will be able to change the steering angle based on the lane change on the road and keep the car in the middle of the lane. A lane keeping assist mechanism can either reactively turn

2028-621: The older 6-speed. The C4 SpaceTourer range was simplified in early 2019 due to the introduction of the C5 Aircross. The five-seat C4 SpaceTourer was discontinued in some export markets (as the UK in May 2019), but production was still running. C4 SpaceTourer is out of production since mid-2020. 7 seat Grand C4 SpaceTourer is manufactured until July 2022. Depending on country, the available features and equipment vary accordingly, Daytime Running Lamps (DRLs) above

2080-432: The paddle shifted manual mode or the fully automated/automatic mode with manual override with Formula One styled paddles . The ETG/automatic gearbox also brings with it an optional air conditioned storage compartment (fridge) including can holders, between the driver's and the front passenger's seat, where the manual transmission lever would usually be. Earlier 1.6-litre diesel engines and post-2015 petrol engines featured

2132-502: The road ahead in a 40-degree radius, picking up the dotted white lines used to divide lane boundaries on the highway. The computer recognizes that the driver is "locked into" a particular lane, monitors how sharp a curve is, and uses factors such as yaw and vehicle speed to calculate the steering input required. In 2004, the first passenger-vehicle system available in North America was jointly developed by Iteris and Valeo for Nissan on

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2184-718: The second generation took over. The vehicle shares the same platform and range of engines as the Citroën C4 and Peugeot 307 . The car was officially revealed in the Paris Motor Show on 30 September 2006. The five seater C4 Picasso was officially unveiled early in January 2007, launched in February, and was displayed at the Geneva Motor Show in March. Both vehicles featured a large panoramic windscreen and thin door pillars, to enhance

2236-565: The side of the vehicle drifting out of the lane. No warnings are generated if, before crossing the lane, an active turn signal is given by the driver. Nissan Motors began offering a lane-keeping support system on the Cima 450XV Limited (F500) sold in Japan. Toyota introduced its lane monitoring system on models such as the Caldina and Alphard sold in Japan; this system warns the driver if it appears

2288-518: The systems were sold as optional reduced rates of single-vehicle, sideswipe, and head-on crashes by 11 percent, and injuries in such crashes by 21 percent. The sample size was not large enough to control for demographic and other variables. Lane keeping assist (LKA) is a feature that, in addition to the lane departure warning system, automatically takes steps to ensure the vehicle stays in its lane. Some vehicles combine adaptive cruise control with lane keeping systems to provide additional safety. While

2340-424: The transportation industry. Viewnyx applies video-based technology to assist fleets in lowering their driving liability costs. By providing safety managers with driver- and fleet-risk assessment reports and tools, it facilitates proactive coaching and training to eliminate high-risk behaviors. The Lookout Solution is used by North American fleets, and there is research on implementing a lane departure warning system via

2392-607: The vehicle in its lane. Citroën became the first in Europe to offer LDWS on its 2005 C4 and C5 models, and its C6 . This system uses infrared sensors to monitor lane markings on the road surface, and a vibration mechanism in the seat alerts the driver of deviations. Lexus introduced a multi-mode lane keeping assist system on the LS 460 , which utilizes stereo cameras and more sophisticated object- and pattern-recognition processors. This system can issue an audiovisual warning and also (using

2444-452: The vehicle is beginning to drift out of its lane. Honda launched its Lane Keep Assist System (LKAS) on the Inspire . It provides up to 80% of steering torque to keep the car in its lane on the highway. It is also designed to make highway driving less cumbersome, by minimizing the driver's steering input. A camera, mounted at the top of the windshield just above the rear-view mirror , scans

2496-409: The vehicle's lane. Kia Motors offered the 2011 Cadenza premium sedan with an optional lane departure warning system (LDWS) in limited markets. This system uses a flashing dashboard icon and emits an audible warning when a white lane marking is being crossed, and emits a louder audible warning when a yellow-line marking is crossed. This system is canceled when a turn signal is operating, or by pressing

2548-461: Was also released with a speed assist feature where the front facing camera reads the traffic speed limits using the technology of computer vision character recognition system, and then conveys it to the car. On roads where traffic signs are absent, it relies on the GPS data. When the car moves away from a lane at above 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), the system beeps and the steering wheel vibrate, alerting

2600-473: Was also upgraded, now featuring a twelve inch panoramic color display which allows for the display of navigation, and other road assistance tools, with a degree of customization. The car also received a touch sensitive 7" tablet to control the navigation system, carkit, multimedia system and other infotainment features. The audio system features an 6 Arkamys speakers system powered by a dedicated custom designed amplifier, unlike most other Citroën cars that feature

2652-587: Was made in 1989. The first production lane departure warning system in Europe was developed by the United States company Iteris for Mercedes Actros commercial trucks. The system debuted in 2000, and is now available on many new cars, SUVs, and trucks. In 2002, the Iteris system became available on Freightliner Trucks ' North American vehicles. In both these systems, the driver is warned of unintentional lane departures by an audible rumble strip sound generated on

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2704-657: Was unveiled in March 2013, as the Citroën Technospace concept at the Geneva Motor Show . The new C4 Picasso is built on the PSA EMP2 platform , which it shares with other PSA vehicles, including the second versions of the Peugeot 3008 and Peugeot 5008 . Since the EMP2 platform is considerably lighter than the First generation's PF2, the C4 Picasso boasts a lower weight than the smaller Citroën C3 Picasso MPV. The second generation of

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