129-559: James Ewan Kalven (born 1948) is an American journalist, author, human rights activist, and community organizer based in Chicago, Illinois . He is the founder of the Invisible Institute , a non-profit journalism organization based in Chicago's South Side . His work in the city has included reporting on police misconduct and poor conditions of public housing . Kalven has been referred to as
258-477: A bureau focused on wrongful convictions and sharing accounts of police whistleblowers . Starting in the early 2010s, the Institute worked on an initiative, called the "Youth/Police Project", to educate black teenagers on their constitutional rights, and to document their frequent experiences with police. Videos from the project have been used to show to policymakers and to train police officers. Kalven reported on
387-405: A dashcam video that contradicted the official account. The source also revealed that McDonald had not rushed at the officers but rather was moving away from them, and Van Dyke had shot McDonald 16 times, execution-style. In December, they publicly called for the dashcam video's release. After the city refused multiple times, Futterman sued for the video's release. In February 2015, Kalven obtained
516-647: A landmark decision , holding that police misconduct records are public information under the Illinois Freedom of Information Act . Having obtained the police records, the Invisible Institute incorporated as a nonprofit organization soon thereafter. The Institute created the Citizens Police Data Project and became a hub for information related to police misconduct, wrongful convictions , and reports from police whistleblowers . Kalven reported on
645-423: A " guerrilla journalist " by Chicago journalist Studs Terkel . He is the son of Harry Kalven , a law professor who left behind an unfinished manuscript on freedom of speech upon his death in 1974. Jamie finished the manuscript over the following 14 years. Following a sexual assault on his wife, Patricia Evans, Kalven wrote a memoir as a resource to support victims of rape. He also reported on living conditions at
774-536: A " guerrilla journalist "; Kalven concurs with the use of that term. However, he has been criticized for holding dual roles as an activist and a journalist. His work has included reporting on police misconduct and poor conditions of public housing . In the mid-1990s, after years of reporting on Stateway, he became a formal advisor to the housing project's resident council, supporting negotiations with government agencies and private developers. Around 2000–2001, Kalven, his wife Evans, and computer developer David Eads started
903-470: A 2016 study by the McKinsey Global Institute, 15% of independent workers used online marketplaces to find work. These marketplaces, including Fiverr and Lyft , have been criticized as exploiting workers. Many periodicals and newspapers offer the option of ghost signing, when a freelance writer signs with an editor but their name is not listed on the byline of their article(s). This allows
1032-556: A Chicago-based advocacy and counseling organization, praised Kalven for sharing the perspective of a partner of a victim, uncommon in works about sexual violence. In 2005, he was honored by RVA for his work supporting sexual assault survivors and violence prevention. Chicago journalist Studs Terkel , a friend of Kalven and his late father Harry, presented the award. Starting in 1993, Kalven and other community organizers held monthly gatherings, called "Vigil Against Violence", in which attendees would mourn victims of urban violence by reading
1161-403: A Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics . In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as white flight – as Blacks continued to move beyond
1290-553: A Massachusetts law states that companies can hire independent contractors only to perform work that is "outside the usual course of business of the employer," meaning workers working on the company's core business must be classified as employees. According to this statute, a software engineering firm cannot outsource work to a software engineering consultant, without hiring the consultant as an employee. The firm could, however, hire an independent contractor working as an electrician, interior decorator, or painter. This raises questions about
1419-436: A black Stateway resident, Diane Bond, was allegedly attacked and harassed by a group of white Chicago police officers called the " Skullcap Crew ". According to Bond, the officers forcibly entered her apartment, beat her, and terrorized her, her son, and others. They threatened to plant drugs on her and forced her to display her genitals, purportedly in search of drugs. The officers also forced Bond's son to attack another man in
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#17328758282101548-514: A company or a temporary agency that resells freelance labor to clients; others work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work. While the term independent contractor would be used in a different register of English to designate the tax and employment classes of this type of worker, the term "freelancing" is most common in culture and creative industries, and use of this term may indicate participation therein. Fields, professions, and industries where freelancing
1677-451: A copy of McDonald's autopsy report, which contradicted the official account of a single gunshot and instead confirmed that Van Dyke had shot McDonald 16 times, execution-style. In the same month, attorneys for McDonald's family had received a copy of the video by filing a subpoena, and demanded $ 16 million in compensation from the city. By March, McDonald's family and the city approved a $ 5 million settlement agreement, which also required that
1806-557: A fictitious name for the blog's publisher. The team funded itself through a separate handyman business that also employed Stateway residents. A loose association of collaborators working on race and poverty issues in Chicago would eventually help expand the team even further. This included civil rights attorneys and law students at the Mandel Legal Aid Clinic, a legal clinic at the University of Chicago Law School. In April 2003,
1935-627: A flexible basis in a range of creative, managerial, scientific and technical occupations; they are not a homogeneous group and as such, they cannot be considered or investigated as a whole. They are generally characterised by a large portion of autonomy, a high labour productivity, knowledge intensive performance, social commitment and a large dose of entrepreneurship and specialisation. In the U.S. in 2009, federal and state agencies began increasing their oversight of freelancers and other workers whom employers classify as independent contractors . The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) recommended that
2064-484: A form of gender pay gap . The Professional Writers Association of Canada report showed no significant difference between the earnings of male and female freelancers, though part-time freelancers generally earned less than full-time freelancers. Remote work is often cited as an attractive feature of freelancing, yet research suggests that it introduces new sets of constraints for the process of doing work, particularly for married women with families, who continue to bear
2193-486: A heart attack soon after. Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson Eugene Sawyer , who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley , son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development , as well as closing Meigs Field in the middle of the night and destroying
2322-430: A hub for Chicago police misconduct data, and by 2022 the data project included 247,161 allegations. The data project, ranging from 1988 to 2018, houses complaints and allegations made against officers, the number of sustained complaints, and individual officer profiles that list officer salaries and discipline they received for use-of-force incidents. In January 2016, the data project received $ 400,000 in grant funding from
2451-511: A journalist. By his mid-20s, Kalven intended to pursue a career as a foreign correspondent focused on Asia. His father, Harry, died in 1974 at the age of 60, leaving behind an unfinished manuscript on legal theories underlying freedom of speech . At the time, Jamie was living in San Francisco with his future wife, photographer Patricia Evans, whom he married in 1977. Upon his father's death, Kalven paused his freelance writing career and spent
2580-535: A large measure of independence in the accomplishment of the professional activities. This definition comes from Directive (2010/41/EU) on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity. The European Forum of Independent Professionals defines freelancers as: "a highly-skilled subset of self-employed workers, without employers nor employees, offering specialised services of an intellectual and knowledge-based nature". Independent professionals work on
2709-610: A model for the new field of social work . During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera , smallpox , and yellow fever were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks , which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago
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#17328758282102838-472: A new grade with the use of jackscrews for raising buildings. While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River , and subsequently into Lake Michigan , polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs . In 1900,
2967-481: A pattern of abuse. The city produced a list of 662 officers who had received 10 or more complaints from 2001 through 2006. However, a protective order prevented Futterman from sharing those records with the public, including Kalven. In 2007, Bond's lawsuit was settled out of court for $ 150,000. Before the settlement was finalized, Kalven intervened in the case as a journalist, saying the documents should be made public. U.S. District Judge Joan Lefkow agreed to lift
3096-470: A population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 census , it is the third-most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles . As the seat of Cook County , the second-most populous county in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area , often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on the shore of Lake Michigan , Chicago
3225-513: A primary skill, 10% editing/copy-editing, and 10% as copy-writing. 20% of freelancers listed their primary skills as design. Next on the list was translating (8%), web development (5.5%), and marketing (4%). In 2018, freelancing was projected to grow to $ 20–$ 30 billion in the next 5–7 years in India , and the freelancers in the US will comprise 40% (approx.) of the workforce at the projected growth rate from
3354-459: A profession has showcased that while media organizations are still male-dominated, the reverse is true for freelance journalists and editors, whose ranks are mainly women. Freelancers have a variety of reasons for freelancing, the perceived benefits differ by gender, industry, and lifestyle. For instance, the 2012 Freelance Industry Report reported that men and women freelance for different reasons. Female survey respondents indicated that they prefer
3483-622: A profile where they include a description of the services they offer, examples of their work, and, in some cases, information about their rates. Buyers register and complete a basic profile, and then post projects outlining their requirements. Buyers will then bid for these projects on a fixed price or hourly basis. Many of these websites have user review sections that affect the reputation of freelancers who list there, and which may be manipulated. Freelance marketplaces have globalized competition for some jobs, allowing workers in high- and low-income countries to compete with one another. According to
3612-504: A staff journalist of similar age and experience level working full-time at outlets such as the Ottawa Citizen or Montreal Gazette newspapers, earned at least $ 63,500 Canadian dollars that year, the top scale rate negotiated by the union, The Newspaper Guild -Communications Workers of America. Given the gendered stratification of journalism, with more women working as freelancers than men, this disparity in income can be interpreted as
3741-421: A steady work stream. Beside the lack of job security, many freelancers also report the ongoing hassle of dealing with employers who don't pay on time and the possibility of long periods without work. Additionally, freelancers do not receive employment benefits such as a pension , sick leave , paid holidays, bonuses or health insurance , which can be a serious hardship for freelancers residing in countries such as
3870-580: Is also taken up by workers who have been laid-off, who cannot find full-time employment, or for those industries such as journalism which are relying increasingly on contingent labor rather than full-time staff. Freelancers also consist of students trying to make ends meet during the semester. In interviews, and on blogs about freelancing, freelancers list choice and flexibility as a benefit. Freelancing, like other forms of casual labor , can be precarious work . Websites, books, portals and organizations for freelancers often feature advice on getting and keeping
3999-553: Is commonly attributed to Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) in Ivanhoe (1820) to describe a "medieval mercenary warrior" or "free- lance " (indicating that the lance is not sworn to any lord's services, not that the lance is available free of charge). It changed to a figurative noun around the 1860s and was recognized as a verb in 1903 by authorities in etymology such as the Oxford English Dictionary . Only in modern times has
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4128-472: Is inexact, as of 2013, the most recent governmental report on independent contractors was published in 2005 by the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics . At that time, there were approximately 10.3 million United States workers (7.4% of the workforce) employed as independent contractors of all sorts. In 2011, Jeffrey Eisenach , an economist at George Mason University , estimated that number of freelancers had grown by one million. While in 2012,
4257-407: Is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as "ramps". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as " Checagou " was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir. Henri Joutel , in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area. According to his diary of late September 1687: ... when we arrived at
4386-477: Is predominant include: music , writing , acting , computer programming , web design , graphic design , translating and illustrating , film and video production, and other forms of piece work that some cultural theorists consider central to the cognitive-cultural economy . According to the 2012 Freelance Industry Report compiled primarily about North America freelancing, nearly half of freelancers do writing work, with 18% of freelancers listing writing as
4515-554: Is routinely ranked among the world's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic , and the region is also the nation's railroad hub. The Chicago area has one of the highest gross domestic products (GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $ 689 billion in 2018. Chicago's economy is diverse , with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is a major destination for tourism , including visitors to its cultural institutions , and Lake Michigan beaches . Chicago's culture has contributed much to
4644-544: The Aberdeen Group , a private research company, estimated that 26% (approx. 81 million) of the United States population was a part of the contingent workforce , a category of casual labor that includes freelancing. In 2013, the Freelancers Union estimated that 1 in 3 workers in the United States was self-employed (approximately 42 million), with more than four million (43%) of those self-employed workers as members of
4773-473: The Black Belt . While home loan discriminatory redlining against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as blockbusting , completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods. Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in
4902-699: The Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago
5031-580: The Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy . The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized "exchange-traded" forward contracts, which were called futures contracts . In
5160-525: The Jefferson Township , which now makes up most of Chicago's Northwest Side . The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States . Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in
5289-562: The Knight Foundation . In the fall of that year, Kalven published an exposé on the Watts crew, a group of police officers who allegedly harassed public housing residents in the South Side. The work was published on The Intercept , and the Institute petitioned the Circuit Court of Cook County to review possible wrongful convictions associated with those officers. The Institute also created
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5418-503: The Miami , Sauk and Meskwaki peoples in this region. The first known permanent settler in Chicago was trader Jean Baptiste Point du Sable . Du Sable was of African descent, perhaps born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago." In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in
5547-578: The New Negro Movement , in art, literature, and music. Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 , also occurred. The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition
5676-803: The Northwest Indian War , an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville . In 1803, the U.S. Army constructed Fort Dearborn , which was destroyed during the War of 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn by the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt. After the War of 1812, the Ottawa , Ojibwe , and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to
5805-555: The Stateway Gardens housing development in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago. Along with Evans and an associate, Kalven founded the Invisible Institute as an informal journalism and community organizing team at Stateway. His reporting on abuse by Chicago police at Stateway eventually led to litigation seeking the release of police misconduct records, which Kalven won in 2014. The case – Kalven v. City of Chicago – resulted in
5934-458: The Supreme Court of Illinois , but ultimately agreed to release the complaint records to the public. The case became a landmark decision , holding that police misconduct records are public information. Kalven's FOIA litigation, which Futterman and others worked on pro bono , accrued nearly $ 500,000 in attorney's fees . Of that amount, Kalven agreed to settle for a recovery of $ 200,000. After
6063-463: The University of Chicago , Northwestern University , and the University of Illinois Chicago , among other institutions of learning . Professional sports in Chicago include all major professional leagues , including two Major League Baseball teams. The name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami–Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion ; it
6192-668: The University of Chicago Laboratory Schools , graduating in 1965. Afterwards, he graduated from Wesleyan University in 1969. Jamie once traveled from Paris to New Delhi by motorcycle. He was an avid mountaineer , having climbed mountains in the Western U.S. , Yukon , Europe, and the Himalayas . During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 , he interrupted his trip to the Himalayas to visit Bangladesh, which led him to give up mountaineering to become
6321-663: The Washington and Jackson Parks. During World War I and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the Southern United States . Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903. This Great Migration had an immense cultural impact, called the Chicago Black Renaissance , part of
6450-488: The creative class , a stratum of work specifically associated with freelance industries, such as knowledge workers, technologists, professional writers, artists, entertainers, and media workers. In 2016, the Freelancers Union estimated that 35% of the workforce in the United States was self-employed (approximately 55 million). This workforce earned an estimated $ 1 trillion from freelancing in 2016—a significant share of
6579-588: The murder of Laquan McDonald by a police officer in 2014. He obtained a copy of an autopsy report showing that McDonald had been shot 16 times execution-style, contradicting official reports of a single gunshot wound. Kalven won the Ridenhour Courage Prize for this reporting. He later co-produced 16 Shots , a documentary about McDonald's murder. The Institute won the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting in 2021, and Kalven stepped down as director in
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#17328758282106708-459: The murder of Laquan McDonald , a black teenager, by white Chicago police officer Jason Van Dyke in October 2014. The official story from the police department initially suggested that McDonald had rushed at officers with a knife, and died from a single gunshot by Van Dyke. However, in early November, a confidential whistleblower from the police department informed Kalven and Futterman of the existence of
6837-490: The 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals. In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones . This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at
6966-477: The 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas , the champion of the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery. These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln , to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the 1860 Republican National Convention , which
7095-755: The 2014 court decision, the Invisible Institute incorporated as a nonprofit organization and recruited staff members to work on the release of the police information. By 2017, the Institute was based in Woodlawn . The court decision led to the creation in November 2015 of the Citizens Police Data Project and the Chicago Police Database, a public database of over 54,000 misconduct complaints against more than 8,000 officers from March 2011 through March 2015. The Institute and several other media outlets filed new FOIA requests for all misconduct records going back to 1967. Before
7224-747: The 57th mayor of Chicago. Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the Chicago Metropolitan Area , situated in both the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region . The city rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds . In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and
7353-455: The Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a Democrat . From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis
7482-573: The Internet to provide economical access to remote workers, and frequently leverage technology to manage workflow to and from the employer. Much computer freelance work is being outsourced to developing countries outside the United States and Europe. International freelancers use their skills in English to enable greater pay and flexibility in their work. Freelance marketplaces provide a marketplace for freelancers and buyers. Service providers or sellers create
7611-501: The Invisible Institute as an informal team focused on journalism and community organizing. Eads developed the website that published Kalven's reporting and Evans's photographic documentation. They occupied an empty apartment in Stateway, reporting on abusive policing at the housing project through their photojournalism blog and webzine , The View from the Ground . The "Invisible Institute" was
7740-527: The Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time. Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards , survived intact, and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction. During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed
7869-479: The Secretary of Labor have its Wage and Hour Division "focus on misclassification of employees as independent contractors during targeted investigations." The increased regulation is meant to ensure workers are treated fairly and that companies are not misclassifying workers as independent contractors to avoid paying appropriate employment taxes and contributions to workers' compensation and unemployment compensation. At
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#17328758282107998-509: The South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project . This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945. Mayor Richard J. Daley ,
8127-528: The U.S. economy. In 2017, a study by MBO Partners estimated the total number of self-employed Americans aged 21 and above to be 40.9 million. The total number of freelancers in UK is also inexact; however, figures from the Office for National Statistics show that the proportion of remote workers rose from 9.2% in 2001 to 10.7% in 2011. It has been estimated, however, that there are approximately 1.7 million freelancers in
8256-405: The UK. Freelancing is a gendered form of work. The 2012 Freelance Industry Report estimated that more than 71% of freelancers are women between the ages of 30 and 50. Surveys of other specific areas of freelancing have similar trends. Demographic research on Amazon Mechanical Turk revealed that the majority of its North American workers are women. Catherine McKercher's research on journalism as
8385-754: The US without universal health care . Freelancers often earn less than their employed counterparts, although sometimes the opposite is true. While most freelancers have at least ten years of experience prior to working independently, experienced freelancers do not always earn an income equal to that of full-time employment. Feedback from members suggests that web portals such as Freelancer.com tend to attract low-paying clients that, although demanding very high standards, pay ~$ 10 per hour or less. Low-cost suppliers frequently offer to work at rates as low as $ 1–$ 2 per hour. Because most projects require bidding, professionals will not bid because they refuse to work at such rates. This has
8514-612: The United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis . The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the 1833 Treaty of Chicago and sent west of the Mississippi River as part of the federal policy of Indian removal . On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago
8643-775: The United States of foreign parentage. Germans , Irish , Poles , Swedes , and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886, and in 1894 the Pullman Strike . Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to found Hull House in 1889. Programs that were developed there became
8772-509: The University of Chicago. During this project, Kalven supported his family – Evans and their two children – through freelance writing and work as a handyman and house painter. The book was also supported by foundation grants, the first coming from the Playboy Foundation . Benno C. Schmidt Jr. , president of Yale University , described the younger Kalven's work as "an extraordinary act of intellectual and filial devotion". In 1988, Kalven
8901-515: The appeals court also stated in a footnote that Kalven was not prevented from seeking the records from the city directly through the Illinois Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Following the footnote in the Bond opinion, Kalven and Futterman initiated the FOIA process with the city. Kalven filed two requests. One asked for lists of officers with the most misconduct complaints (known as "repeater lists"), while
9030-399: The book has been a resource for rape counselors, victims, and their families seeking to understand the emotional aftermath of sexual assaults. Kalven faced criticism for sharing intimate details of his and Evans's lives, especially writing as a man in a field that mainly affects women. The book also prompted debate over the role, if any, men should play. Nonetheless, Rape Victim Advocates (RVA),
9159-980: The brunt of household chores and childcare despite increases in their paid work time. For instance, three years of ethnographic research about teleworkers in Australia conducted by Melissa Gregg, a Principal Engineer and Researcher in Residence for the Intel Science and Technology Center for Social Computing at UC Irvine , raises concerns over how both physical isolation and continuous access enabled with networked digital media puts pressure on homeworkers to demonstrate their commitments through continual responses by email and to conceal their family or home life. The Internet has opened up many freelance opportunities, expanded available markets, and has contributed to service sector growth in many economies. Offshore outsourcing , online outsourcing and crowdsourcing are heavily reliant on
9288-563: The building. Kalven had been investigating stories of other alleged abuses by the Skullcap Crew over several years, and he was dissatisfied with how the police department handled his complaints. He persuaded Craig Futterman, an attorney at the Mandel Clinic, to represent Bond. The clinic filed a federal civil rights suit – titled Bond v. Utreras – in April 2004, but the incident went unreported in
9417-548: The case was eventually settled for the benefit of freelance writers whether or not they had registered their copyright with the Copyright Office. Copyright is rescinded only when a freelancer signs a contract specifying that they are " working for hire ," or if they are hired into employment. These rights are further specified in U.S. copyright law, Section 101 in the Copyright Act of 1976 (17 USC §101). The term freelancer
9546-460: The city could comply, the Fraternal Order of Police sued to block the release of those records, arguing that the union's collective bargaining agreement required misconduct records older than 5 years to be destroyed. The Appellate Court later ruled that the agreement's requirement to destroy records was unenforceable, as it would cause the city to violate FOIA. Eventually, the Institute became
9675-553: The city include the central business district, called the Loop , and the North, South , and West Sides . The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes. The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront. The South Side is the largest section of
9804-529: The city was affected by a series of tenant rent strikes , which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924,
9933-451: The city's arguments in March 2014, in the case Kalven v. City of Chicago . The court held that the complaint register files were not "related to" adjudication proceedings, even though such complaints may eventually lead to disciplinary action. Any preliminary recommendations could be redacted , but the files could not be withheld in their entirety. As for the repeater lists, the court acknowledged
10062-431: The city's contentions that the police department did not ordinarily create such lists during the course of its business, but rather prepared them solely for discovery purposes in the Bond case. However, the repeater lists are still considered to be public records under FOIA, and they merely summarized the complaint register files, so the lists are subject to disclosure for the same reasons. The city threatened to appeal to
10191-415: The city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019. All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk was Anna Valencia and the city treasurer was Melissa Conyears-Ervin . On May 15, 2023, Brandon Johnson assumed office as
10320-424: The city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden Cabrini-Green housing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of
10449-490: The city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago . Freelance writer Freelance (sometimes spelled free-lance or free lance ), freelancer , or freelance worker , are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by
10578-531: The client in some countries and with the freelancing author in others. The degree to which either moral or economic ownership of a work for hire may be modified contractually varies by country. A 2018 McKinsey study found that up to 162 million people in Europe and the United States engage in some form of independent work. It represents 20-30 percent of the entire working age population. The total number of freelancers in USA
10707-404: The common practice of consulting, because a company would typically hire a management consulting firm or self-employed consultant to address business-specific needs that are not "outside the usual course of business of the employer." In the United States, where the federal constitution automatically grants ownership of the copyright only to the author, the contract agreement must explicitly use
10836-515: The convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower , which in 1974 became the world's tallest building ), University of Illinois at Chicago , McCormick Place , and O'Hare International Airport , were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. In 1979, Jane Byrne ,
10965-399: The day, hour, a piece rate, or on a per-project basis. Instead of a flat rate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a value-based pricing method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, or upon completion. For more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes. One of
11094-470: The development of the City Beautiful movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture , commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation . It has the largest and most diverse finance derivatives market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone. O'Hare International Airport
11223-479: The district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power. The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $ 1.95 billion. On February 23, 2011, Rahm Emanuel , a former White House Chief of Staff and member of the House of Representatives , won the mayoral election. Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015. Lori Lightfoot ,
11352-470: The drawbacks of freelancing is that there is no guaranteed payment, and the work can be highly precarious . In order to ensure payment, many freelancers use online payment platforms to protect themselves or work with local clients that can be held accountable. The question of ownership of a work's copyright arises when its author produces it on behalf of a client. The matter is governed by copyright law, which varies by country. The default ownership lies with
11481-542: The effect of reducing the overall quality of the services provided. According to research conducted in 2005 by the Professional Writers Association of Canada on Canadian journalists and editors, there is a wage gap between staff and freelance journalists. While the typical Canadian full-time freelancer is female, between 35 and 55, holding a college diploma and often a graduate degree, she typically earns about $ 29,999 Canadian dollars before taxes. Meanwhile,
11610-526: The fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. During World War II , the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than Nazi Germany from 1943 – 1945. The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the second wave , as hundreds of thousands of blacks from
11739-504: The following 14 years working on the manuscript, which was eventually completed and published by Harper & Row in 1988 as A Worthy Tradition: Freedom of Speech in America . He had reviewed annotations on the drafts and consulted notes from Harry's former students. The young journalist also occasionally traveled to New Haven, Connecticut , to discuss the book with Owen M. Fiss , a professor at Yale Law School and Harry's former colleague at
11868-504: The head of the department's oversight agency, and the U.S. Department of Justice opened investigations into the police department. Kalven's reporting on the autopsy report also won him the George Polk Award for Local Reporting in 2015 and the Ridenhour Courage Prize in March 2016. In 2017, Kalven was subpoenaed to testify about his sources at a hearing for the murder case against Van Dyke. Cook County Judge Vincent Gaughan quashed
11997-617: The incident, but that subpoena was withdrawn. Kalven was a visiting practitioner-in-residence at the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University in 2017. He co-produced 16 Shots , an Emmy -winning documentary on the McDonald case. He also worked as a consultant on the TV series 61st Street . In 2021, the Institute won a Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for its investigation into abusive biting by police dogs , and its podcast Somebody
12126-477: The language, that the product is "work for hire", and that the copyright is transferred to the client. Otherwise, only the freelancer will own the right to reproduce the work. Registration of copyright is not required for ownership of these rights; however, litigation against infringement may require registration, as documented in the class action lawsuit, Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick . In that case, freelance writers sued publishers for copyright violations, though
12255-451: The lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge of Blue Island in the city's far south side. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park , Grant Park , Burnham Park , and Jackson Park . There are 24 public beaches across 26 miles (42 km) of
12384-519: The mainstream media. Only Kalven reported on the story, writing a series called "Kicking the Pigeon" starting in July 2005. The series comprised 17 articles covering police misconduct allegations in public housing, published on his webzine The View from the Ground , and was completed by 2006. In June 2005, an attorney for the city issued a subpoena for Kalven's records from his reporting at Stateway, but he resisted
12513-587: The names of those killed in the South Side. The gatherings took place at the Stateway Gardens housing development in Bronzeville . At the time, Stateway was one of the city's most violent and poorest areas. The vigil gathered for around five years, after which Kalven continued his involvement at Stateway. He helped rehabilitate vacant lots into gardens and parks, and in 1997 he founded the Neighborhood Conservation Corps, which offered job training and social services. Terkel once referred to Kalven as
12642-498: The present location of Jackson Park . The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history. The University of Chicago , formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance , a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects
12771-593: The problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River , which flows into
12900-540: The protective order, finding that the information had "a distinct public character", relating to the official duties of the police officers. The city appealed Lefkow's ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . At the appellate stage, Kalven was joined by 28 Chicago aldermen – a majority of the city council – who had been denied access to the same information by the city's law department under Mayor Richard M. Daley . A collective amicus curiae brief
13029-584: The runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In 1992, a construction accident near the Kinzie Street Bridge produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an abandoned freight tunnel system extending throughout the downtown Loop district. The tunnels filled with 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m ) of water, affecting buildings throughout
13158-596: The said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. The city has had several nicknames throughout its history, such as the Windy City , Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi , an indigenous tribe who had succeeded
13287-717: The same time, this increased enforcement is affecting companies whose business models are based on using non-employee workers, as well as independent professionals who have chosen to work as independent contractors. For example, book publishing companies have traditionally outsourced certain tasks like indexing and proofreading to individuals working as independent contractors. Self-employed accountants and attorneys have traditionally hired out their services to accounting and law firms needing assistance. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service offers some guidance on what constitutes self-employment , but states have enacted stricter laws to address how independent contractors should be defined. For example,
13416-557: The same time. Depending on the industry, freelance work practices vary and have changed over time. In some industries such as consulting, freelancers may require clients to sign written contracts . While in journalism or writing, freelancers may work for free or do work "on spec" to build their reputations or a relationship with a publication. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients. Payment for freelance work also depends on industry, skills, experience and location. Freelancers may charge by
13545-434: The same year. James Ewan Kalven, born 1948 in Chicago , grew up in the city's Kenwood neighborhood and is a lifelong resident of its South Side . He was the oldest of four children, growing up in a secular Jewish family. His father was Harry Kalven Jr. , an alumnus of and law professor at the University of Chicago Law School , and his mother was Betty Kalven ( née Rymer ; died 2011). Jamie attended high school at
13674-471: The scheduling freedom and flexibility that freelancing offers, while male survey respondents indicated they freelance to follow or pursue personal passions. Freelancing also enables people to obtain higher levels of employment in isolated communities. The ability to pick and choose who the freelancer works with is another benefit. The freelancer interviews a potential client and they get to pick whether or not to work with that individual or company. Freelancing
13803-438: The second asked for records of investigations into misconduct complaints (known as "complaint register files"). The city denied the requests, arguing that the complaint register files were exempt from disclosure under FOIA because they related to the police department's adjudication proceedings, and also because they contained preliminary recommendations on potential disciplinary actions. The Illinois Appellate Court rejected
13932-482: The standard working day and working week. The European Commission does not define "freelancers" in any legislative text. However, the European Commission defines a self-employed person as someone: "pursuing a gainful activity for their own account, under the conditions laid down by national law". In the exercise of such an activity, the personal element is of special importance and such exercise always involves
14061-570: The steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement , which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention , which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside
14190-426: The subpoena, citing the reporter's privilege . Kalven was represented by Thomas P. Sullivan , a former U.S. Attorney and partner at Jenner & Block . A magistrate judge rejected the subpoena as overly broad and placing an undue burden upon Kalven. Bond's attorney, Craig Futterman, asked the police department to hand over misconduct complaints and disciplinary records, as part of discovery to establish
14319-443: The subpoena, finding that Van Dyke's attorneys were engaged in a "fishing expedition" and did not demonstrate that Kalven's testimony would be relevant to their case. Gaughan's decision relied less on the reporter's privilege, but recognized that journalists could not be forced to reveal their sources absent "extraordinary circumstances". In 2018, Kalven was again subpoenaed to testify at a trial of three other police officers involved in
14448-446: The time, was traumatized for at least 10 years. As a professional photographer, she took photos of rape victims and helped tell their stories for the "Voices and Faces" project. The attack prompted Kalven to investigate the drivers of violence, poverty, and racial divisions in America; Evans is white, and her assailant was black. Kalven thus wrote a memoir, Working with Available Light: A Family's World After Violence . Published in 1999,
14577-551: The unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed the Memorial Day massacre of 1937 in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida , during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition World's Fair . The theme of
14706-414: The video be kept confidential until the investigation was completed. The video was not released to the public until November 26, 2015, thirteen months after McDonald's murder. Kalven's and Futterman's work led to political fallout, including protests and demands for the resignation or recall of Mayor Rahm Emanuel and other officials. Emanuel fired Chicago Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy along with
14835-625: The visual arts, literature , film, theater , comedy (especially improvisational comedy ), food , dance, and music (particularly jazz , blues , soul , hip-hop , gospel , and electronic dance music , including house music ). Chicago is home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Lyric Opera of Chicago , while the Art Institute of Chicago provides an influential visual arts museum and art school . The Chicago area also hosts
14964-644: The waterfront. Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier , Northerly Island , the Museum Campus , and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions. Major sections of
15093-525: The world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction. The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township , which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and
15222-627: The writer to receive benefits while still being classified as a freelancer, and independent of any set organization. In some countries this can lead to taxation issues (e.g., so-called IR35 violations in the UK). Ghost signing has little bearing on whether a writer is a freelancer or employee in the US. Freelancers often must handle contracts, legal issues, accounting, marketing, and other business functions by themselves. If they do choose to pay for professional services, they can sometimes turn into significant out-of-pocket expenses . Working hours can extend beyond
15351-431: Was John H. Rauch, M.D. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In
15480-415: Was also a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Audio Reporting . Kalven stepped down as director of the Institute in 2021. In April 2022, Kalven was recognized for his human rights reporting when he was awarded the I. F. Stone Medal for Journalistic Independence. Chicago, Illinois Chicago is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States . With
15609-467: Was called the Society for Human Rights . It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom . Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of
15738-543: Was filed by several news organizations – including the Associated Press , Chicago Tribune , Chicago Sun-Times , Chicago Reader , The New York Times , Copley Press , Gannett , Lee Enterprises , and the Illinois Press Association. The appeals court overturned Lefkow's ruling on procedural grounds, finding that Kalven lacked standing to intervene because the case had already been settled. However,
15867-462: Was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks. The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m) above sea level . While measurements vary somewhat,
15996-566: Was held in a purpose-built auditorium called the Wigwam . He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the American Civil War . To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved Chesbrough 's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system. The project raised much of central Chicago to
16125-526: Was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed . It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless, but Chicago's population continued to grow. Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and architecture , such as the Chicago School ,
16254-521: Was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837, and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city. As the site of the Chicago Portage , the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad , and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on
16383-455: Was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters , including Al Capone , Dion O'Banion , Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era . Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran. From 1920 to 1921,
16512-469: Was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago. Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, with Unemployed Councils contributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 the Workers Alliance of America begun organizing the poor, workers,
16641-493: Was teaching creative writing at Northwestern University , and planned to write a book about civil liberties . He also intended to resume freelance writing. After finishing his father's book, Kalven became drawn to stories and communities in Chicago. On September 21, 1988, his wife, Patricia Evans, was beaten and sexually assaulted while jogging during the daytime along the lakefront by their home in Hyde Park . Evans, aged 45 at
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