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48-402: The nearest métro station is Filles du Calvaire . The circus is an oval polygon of 20 sides, with Corinthian columns at the angles, giving the impression of an oval building enclosing the oval ring, surrounded by steeply banked seating for spectators, very much like a miniature indoor Colosseum . A low angled roof is self-supporting like a low dome , so that there is no central pole, as under

96-410: A garrison town , despite its distance from France's borders. The Poitiers train station was built in the 1850s, and connected Poitiers to the rest of France. The Hôtel de Ville (city hall) on Place du Maréchal-Leclerc was completed in 1875. Poitiers was bombed during World War II , particularly the area around the railway station which was heavily hit on 13 June 1944. From the late 1950s until

144-469: A touristic destination and as a modern university centre, and opened the town to the era of information technology. The Stade Poitevin , founded in 1900, is a multi-sports club, which fields several top-level teams in a variety of sports. These include a volleyball team that play in the French Pro A volleyball league, a basketball team, an amateur football team and a professional rugby team (as of

192-497: A hill above the city. Hundreds of graduates ("Military Brats") of Poitiers American High School, a school operated by the Department of Defense School System (DODDS), have gone on to successful careers, including the recent commander-in-chief of U.S. Special Forces Command , Army General Bryan (Doug) Brown. The Caserne also housed a full support community, with a theater, commissary, recreation facilities and an affiliate radio station of

240-494: A population of 90,240. Its conurbation had 134,397 inhabitants in 2021 and is the centre of an urban area of 281,789 inhabitants. It is a city of art and history, still known as "Ville aux cent clochers" (literal translation: "City of hundred bell towers "). With more than 30,000 students, Poitiers has been a major university city since the creation of its university in 1431, having hosted René Descartes , Joachim du Bellay and François Rabelais , among others. The centre of town

288-573: A speech given on 14 July 1595 by Maurice Roatin , the town's mayor. He compared it to the Roman state, which combined three types of government: monarchy , aristocracy , and democracy . He said the Roman consulate corresponded to Poitiers' mayor, the Roman Senate to the town's peers and échevins , and the democratic element in Rome corresponded to the fact that most important matters "can not be decided except by

336-550: A tent, to obstruct views or interfere with the action. The building was designed by the architect Jacques Ignace Hittorff and opened as the Cirque Napoléon, a compliment to the new Emperor of the French Napoleon III . The sculptor James Pradier was called upon to provide exterior bas-reliefs of Amazons , and Francisque Duret and Astyanax-Scévola Bosio sculpted the panels of mounted warriors. The guiding entrepreneur

384-629: Is a station on Line 8 of the Paris Métro , at the limit between the 3rd and 11th arrondissements . The station opened on 5 May 1931 with the extension of the line from Richelieu–Drouot to Porte de Charenton . It is named after the Boulevard des Filles du Calvaire, which is named after the Calvairiennes or Filles du Calvaire ( Daughters of Calvary ), who were an order of reformed Benedictine sisters. Antoinette d'Orléans and Père Joseph founded

432-522: Is mild with mild temperature amplitudes, and adequate rainfall throughout the year although with a drying tendency during summer. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this type of climate is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ). Poitiers was founded by the Celtic tribe of the Pictones and was known as the oppidum Lemonum before Roman influence. The name is said to have come from

480-543: Is picturesque; its streets include predominantly historical architecture and half-timbered houses , especially religious architecture, mostly from the Romanesque period. The latter includes notably the baptistery of Saint-Jean ( Baptistère Saint-Jean ) (4th century), the hypogeum of the Dunes (7th century), the church of Notre-Dame-la-Grande (12th century), the church of Saint-Porchaire (12th century) or Poitiers Cathedral (end of

528-525: Is provided by a company called Vitalis. Regional ground transportation in the department of the Vienne is provided by private bus companies such as "Ligne en Vienne". Rail transportation in the region is provided by the public TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine (regional express train). From January 2009 to December 2012, Poitiers' town centre went through deep changes to make it less accessible to motor vehicles. The project, named "Projet Cœur d'Agglo", focused on re-thinking

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576-634: The Futuroscope technopole , which includes major public ( CNED , Canopé, etc.) and private companies of national scope, as well as leading European research laboratories. With two million visitors annually, Futuroscope is the leading tourist site in Nouvelle-Aquitaine and the third most popular amusement park in France after Disneyland Paris and the Puy du Fou . The city of Poitiers is strategically situated on

624-630: The Second Empire , the Cirque d'Hiver was renamed the Cirque National, and was administered by Victor Franconi. It was given its present name in 1873. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec repeatedly found inspiration in rehearsals and performances at the Cirque d'Hiver; Georges Seurat painted an afternoon performance, with a distinctly middle-class audience, in The Circus , one of the greatest unfinished canvases in

672-860: The Seuil du Poitou , a shallow gap between the Armorican and the Central Massif . The Seuil du Poitou connects the Aquitaine Basin to the South to the Paris Basin to the North. This area is an important geographic crossroads in France and Western Europe. Poitiers's primary site sits on a vast promontory between the valleys of the Boivre and the Clain . The old town occupies the slopes and

720-613: The TGV Atlantique line between Paris and Bordeaux . The station is in the valley to the west of the old town centre. Services run to Angoulême , Limoges and La Rochelle in addition to Paris and Bordeaux. The direct TGV puts Poitiers 1h40 from Paris' Gare Montparnasse . Poitiers–Biard Airport is located 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) west of Poitiers with flights to Lyon—Saint Exupéry , London Stansted , Edinburgh and Shannon , Ireland on Ryanair . Urban transportation in Poitiers

768-625: The University of Poitiers , before leaving for Paris. During the 17th century, many people emigrated from Poitiers and the Poitou to the French settlements in the new world and thus many Acadians or Cajuns living in North America today can trace ancestry back to this region. During the 18th century, the town's activity mainly depended on its administrative functions as a regional centre: Poitiers served as

816-598: The 12th century) as well as the Palace of Poitiers , until recently a courthouse (12th century), the former palace of the Counts of Poitou , Dukes of Aquitaine , where the Queen of France and England Eleanor of Aquitaine held her court. The city's name is associated with two major battles that took place in the area. The first, in 732, also known as the Battle of Tours (to avoid confusion with

864-603: The 1st century and demolished in the 3rd century, were uncovered in 1877. In 1879 a burial-place and tombs of a number of Christian martyrs were discovered on the heights to the south-east of the town. The names of some of the Christians had been preserved in paintings and inscriptions. Not far from these tombs is a huge dolmen (the Pierre Levée ), which is 6.7 metres (22 ft) long, 4.9 metres (16 ft) broad and 2.1 metres (7 ft) high, and around which used to be held

912-463: The 2008–2009 season). The PB86 or Poitiers Basket 86 (www.pb86.fr) play in the French Pro A basketball league. In the 2009–10 season, three Americans played for PB86: Rasheed Wright, Kenny Younger and Tommy Gunn. The team played the French championship playoffs in the 2009–10 season and was the Pro B French Champion for the 2008–2009 season. The team's communication strategy is considered by some to be one of

960-640: The American Forces Network, Europe, headquartered in Frankfurt (now Mannheim , Germany ). The town benefited from industrial décentralisation in the 1970s, for instance with the installation during that decade of the Michelin and Compagnie des compteurs Schlumberger factories . The Futuroscope theme-park and research park project, built in 1986–1987 in nearby Chasseneuil-du-Poitou , after an idea by René Monory , consolidated Poitiers' place as

1008-461: The Celtic word for elm , Lemo . After Roman influence took over, the town became known as Pictavium , or later "Pictavis", after the original Pictones inhabitants themselves. There is a rich history of archeological finds from the Roman era in Poitiers. In fact until 1857 Poitiers hosted the ruins of a vast Roman amphitheatre , which was larger than that of Nîmes . Remains of Roman baths , built in

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1056-554: The Counts of Poitiers governed a large domain, including both Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Poitou . The town was often referred to as Poictiers , a name commemorated in warships of the Royal Navy , after the battle of Poitiers. The first decisive victory of a Western European Christian army over a Muslim power, the Battle of Tours , was fought by Charles Martel 's men in the vicinity of Poitiers on 10 October 732. For many historians, it

1104-494: The advice of the Mois et Cent " (broad council). The mayor appears to have been an advocate of a mixed constitution; not all Frenchmen in 1595 would have agreed with him, at least in public; many spoke in favour of absolute monarchy . The democratic element was not as strong as the mayor's words may seem to imply: in fact, Poitiers was similar to other French cities, Paris, Nantes , Marseille , Limoges , La Rochelle , Dijon , in that

1152-445: The best in the French basketball league. Brian Joubert , the figure skating champion, practices at Poitiers' ice rink and lives with his family in the city. Historic churches, in particular Romanesque church buildings, are the main attraction inside Poitiers itself. The town's centre is picturesque, with generally well-preserved architecture and a recently re-zoned pedestrian area. There are numerous shops, cafes and restaurants in

1200-426: The city's affairs fief from the king: that is, they swore allegiance and promised support for him, and in return he granted them local authority. This gave them the advantage of being able to claim that any townsperson who challenged their authority was being disloyal to the king. Every year the mayor and the 24 échevins would swear an oath of allegiance "between the hands" of the king or his representative, usually

1248-484: The first bishop of Poitiers from 350 to 367, Hilary of Poitiers or Saint Hilarius, proceeded to evangelize the town. Exiled by Constantius II , he risked death to return to Poitiers as Bishop. The first foundations of the Baptistère Saint-Jean can be traced to that era of open Christian evangelization. He was named "Doctor of The Church" by Pope Pius IX. In the 4th century, a thick wall 6m wide and 10m high

1296-416: The food supply would be adequate, visited markets. In the 16th century, Poitiers impressed visitors because of its large size, and important features, including "royal courts, university, prolific printing shops, wealthy religious institutions, cathedral, numerous parishes, markets, impressive domestic architecture, extensive fortifications, and castle." 16th-century Poitiers is closely associated with

1344-503: The great fair of Saint Luke . The Romans also built at least three aqueducts . This extensive ensemble of Roman constructions suggests Poitiers was a town of first importance, possibly even the capital of the Roman province of Gallia Aquitania during the 2nd century. As Christianity was made official and gradually introduced across the Roman Empire during the 3rd and 4th centuries,

1392-575: The history of Western painting (1890–91, Musée d'Orsay ). Franconi's son Charles assumed direction, 1897–1907. Since 1934 it has been the Cirque d'Hiver-Bouglione, operated by the Bouglione brothers and their heirs. The original configuration accommodated 4,000, which has now been reduced to 2,090 due to fire codes. The Cirque d'hiver was the site of the organization meeting of the American Legion from March 15 to 17, 1919. The American Legion

1440-530: The late 1960s when Charles de Gaulle ended the American military presence, the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force had an array of military installations in France, including a major Army logistics and communications hub in Poitiers, part of what was called the Communication Zone (ComZ), and consisting of a logistics headquarters and communications agency located at Aboville Caserne, a military compound situated on

1488-544: The lieutenant général or the sénéchaussée. For example, in 1567, when Maixent Poitevin was mayor, king Henry III came for a visit, and, although some townspeople grumbled about the licentious behaviour of his entourage, Henry smoothed things over with a warm speech acknowledging their allegiance and thanking them for it. In this era, the mayor of Poitiers was preceded by sergeants wherever he went, consulted deliberative bodies, carried out their decisions, "heard civil and criminal suits in first instance", tried to ensure that

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1536-496: The life of François Rabelais and with the community of Bitards . The town saw less activity during the Renaissance . Few changes were made in the urban landscape, except for laying way for the rue de la Tranchée . Bridges were built where the inhabitants had used gués . A few hôtels particuliers were built at that time, such as the hôtels Jean Baucé, Fumé and Berthelot. Poets Joachim du Bellay and Pierre Ronsard met at

1584-566: The most iconic fashion photographs of the century. In 1995, Parisian designer Thierry Mugler held a special fashion show at the circus, to celebrate his firm's 20th anniversary. Performers and special guests included James Brown , Tippi Hedren and many of the decade's top supermodels, including Naomi Campbell . British designer Katharine Hamnett also chose the venue for some of her typically exuberant catwalk presentations. Filles du Calvaire (Paris M%C3%A9tro) Filles du Calvaire ( French pronunciation: [fij dy kalvɛːʁ] )

1632-587: The order in Poitiers , in 1617. The convent was later moved to Paris before it was closed in the French Revolution . Although named after the boulevard, it is located just north of it, under the Boulevard du Temple . Poitiers Poitiers is a city on the river Clain in west-central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and the historical centre of Poitou . In 2021 it had

1680-534: The seat for the regional administration of royal justice, the évêché, the monasteries and the intendance of the Généralité du Poitou . The Vicomte de Blossac , intendant of Poitou from 1750 to 1784, had a French garden landscaped in Poitiers. He also had Aliénor d'Aquitaine 's ancient wall razed and modern boulevards were built in its place. During the 19th century, many army bases were built in Poitiers because of its central and strategic location. Poitiers became

1728-622: The second), saw the Franks commanded by Charles Martel defeat an expeditionary army of the Umayyad Caliphate . The second , in 1356, was one of the key battles of the Hundred Years' War . It saw the defeat of a larger French royal army by the English and the capture of John II by the victorious Prince of Wales . The Poitiers agglomeration, located halfway between Paris and Bordeaux , is home to

1776-512: The summit of a plateau which rises 130 feet (40 m) above the streams which surround, and hence benefits from a very strong tactical situation. This was an especially important factor before and throughout the Middle Ages. Inhabitants of Poitiers are referred to as Poitevins or Poitevines, although this denomination can be used for anyone from the Poitou province. The climate in the Poitiers area

1824-625: The town centre. Since 1987, Poitiers' tourist industry has indirectly benefited from the Futuroscope theme-park and research park in nearby Chasseneuil-du-Poitou . The centre of town receives visits in complement to the theme-park and benefits from a larger proportion of European tourists, notably from the United Kingdom. In conjunction, Poitiers' tourism has directly benefited from the TGV high-speed rail link to Paris. Poitiers' railway station lies on

1872-487: The town had its share of the violent proceedings which underlined the Wars of Religion throughout France. In 1569 Poitiers was defended by Gui de Daillon, comte du Lude, against Gaspard de Coligny , who after an unsuccessful bombardment and seven weeks, retired from a siege he had laid to the town. The type of political organisation existing in Poitiers during the late medieval or early modern period can be glimpsed through

1920-459: The town thus came under Frankish dominion. During most of the Early Middle Ages , the town of Poitiers took advantage of its defensive tactical site and of its location, which was far from the centre of Frankish power. As the seat of an évêché (bishopric) since the 4th century, the town was a centre of some importance and the capital of the Poitou county. At the height of their power,

1968-407: The town's governing body ( corps de ville ) was "highly exclusive and oligarchical": a small number of professional and family groups controlled most of the city offices. In Poitiers many of these positions were granted for the lifetime of the office holder. The city government in Poitiers based its claims to legitimacy on the theory of government where the mayor and échevins held jurisdiction of

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2016-510: The war in 1418, under duress, the royal parliament moved from Paris to Poitiers, where it remained in exile until the Plantagenets finally withdrew from the capital in 1436. During this interval, in 1429 Poitiers was the site of Joan of Arc 's formal inquest. The University of Poitiers was founded in 1431. During and after the Reformation, John Calvin had numerous converts in Poitiers and

2064-426: The way people use individual cars to access the town centre and as an everyday way of transportation. On 29 September 2010, 12 streets were permanently closed off to motor vehicles and transformed into an entirely pedestrian zone. Eventually, a new line of fast buses will be added around 2017. The city of Poitiers has a very old tradition as a university centre, starting in the Middle Ages. The University of Poitiers

2112-455: Was Louis Dejean, the proprietor of the Cirque d'Été ("Summer Circus") erected annually in the bosquets that flanked the Champs-Élysées . Dejean wagered that evening circus performances under the limelight, with the spectators well removed from the dust and smells of the tanbark floor, would provide a dress occasion for le tout-Paris , and he was well rewarded for his acumen. At the end of

2160-500: Was built around the town. It was 2.5 km (2 mi) long and stood lower on the naturally defended east side and at the top of the promontory. Around this time, the town began to be known as Poitiers. Fifty years later Poitiers fell into the hands of the Arian Visigoths , and became one of the principal residences of their kings. Visigoth King Alaric II was defeated by Clovis I at Vouillé , not far from Poitiers, in 507, and

2208-548: Was established in 1431 and has welcomed many famous philosophers and scientists throughout the ages (notably François Rabelais ; René Descartes ; Francis Bacon ; Samir Amin ). Today Poitiers has more students per inhabitant than any other large town or city in France. All around, there are over 27,000 university students in Poitiers, nearly 4,000 of which are foreigners, hailing from 117 countries. The University covers all major fields from sciences to geography , history , languages economics and law . The law degree at

2256-471: Was one of the world's pivotal moments. Eleanor of Aquitaine frequently resided in the town, which she embellished and fortified, and in 1199 entrusted with communal rights. In 1152 she married the future King Henry II of England in Poitiers Cathedral . During the Hundred Years' War , the Battle of Poitiers , an English victory, was fought near the town of Poitiers on 19 September 1356. Later in

2304-638: Was originally founded as an organization for American veterans of the First World War and has since expanded its membership to include veterans of subsequent conflicts. It is the largest veterans organization in the United States. At the Cirque d'Hiver in August 1955, Richard Avedon took his famous photograph of the fashion model " Dovima with the Elephants" to show a floor-length evening dress by Dior , one of

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