Belting is the use of belts made of strong materials (usually leather ) as a whip -like instrument for corporal punishment (see that article for generalities). Although also used in educational institutions as a disciplinary measure, it has most often been applied domestically by parents. This practice has now been abolished by most schools, at least in the Western world , as it is seen by many as an abusive and excessive punishment .
35-399: The instigator might use their own belt (always at hand) or the one worn by the person to be punished. In other cases, especially in an institutional context, a separate belt is kept (e.g. in the head's office) solely for disciplinary use, and possibly displayed, again as a warning. The difference with a strapping , although in practice both terms are also used unprecisely as synonyms, is that
70-448: A financial loss. In Russia and other countries of the former USSR , belting has been a standard form of domestic corporal punishment of children. The punished child has usually laid flat on a sofa or bed while naked, or the children's neck or torso has been clutched between the punisher's legs. The belt has been implemented almost exclusively on bare buttocks, and sometimes on bare thighs. Some nervous parent could hit his or her child in
105-685: A form of convict leasing well before the Civil War. For example, the New York State prison at Auburn, Auburn Prison , began contracting out and leasing prison labor to companies in order to create a profit for the prison as early as 1823. As historian Robin Bernstein highlights about this northern prison's white entrepreneurs and founders, "They viewed a prison as a vehicle by which to soak up state funds, build banking, stimulate commerce, manufacture goods, and develop land and waterways. In short, they reimagined
140-479: A leather paddle . Other terms that are used interchangeably include whipping , lashing, and belting . The Scottish tawse is a forked version with two or more tails, colloquially known as the belt, and was the standard implement of punishment in state schools until it was banned in 1987. The strap has also been used on minors in reformatories and in schools. The latter was particularly prevalent in Canada, applied to
175-496: A punishment for crime. The criminologist Thorsten Sellin , in his book Slavery and the Penal System (1976), wrote that the sole purpose of convict leasing "was financial profit to the lessees who exploited the labor of the prisoners to the fullest, and to the government which sold the convicts to the lessees". The practice became widespread and was used to supply labor to farming, railroad, mining and logging operations throughout
210-427: A strap is harder, made from heavier and/or thicker leather, and may be specially made for discipline and have a handle (notably a prison strap), unlike a 'real' belt. They can be used for beating children. The beating is usually administered to the bare buttocks or back or both of the recipient who bends over furniture or the punisher's lap . A belt might be used to lash in three ways: In domestic discipline it
245-429: A variety of petty offenses. States began to lease convict labor to the plantations and other facilities seeking labor, as the freed men were trying to withdraw and work for themselves. This provided the states with a new source of revenue during years when their finances were largely depleted, and lessees profited by the use of forced labor at less than market rates. Northern states, such as New York, also participated in
280-457: Is gradually declining just as it has in the Western world. Strapping (punishment) Strapping refers to the use of a strap as an implement of corporal punishment . It is typically a broad and heavy strip of leather, often with a hard handle, the more flexible 'blade' being applied to the offender. Probably because of the stiffness, the word "strap" is sometimes used interchangeably with
315-563: The New York World newspaper in 1924 earned it the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service . Governor Cary A. Hardee ended convict leasing in 1923, due in part to the Tabert case and the resulting publicity. North Carolina, while without a system comparable to the other states, did not prohibit the practice until 1933. Alabama was the last to end the practice of official convict leasing in 1928 by
350-556: The Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad , also in north Georgia . Georgia ended the convict lease system in 1908. In Tennessee, the convict leasing system was ended on January 1, 1894 because of the attention brought by the " Coal Creek War " of 1891, an armed labor action lasting more than a year. At the time, both free and convict labor were used in mines, although the two types of workers were kept separated. Free coal miners attacked and burned prison stockades, and freed hundreds of black convicts;
385-451: The North within the next fifteen years. Bernstein makes clear that this was not just a Southern enterprise, as the system took root in places like Connecticut, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and even Upper Canada, and that it began well before the Civil War. As the system expanded and proved profitable by exploiting prison labor, and disproportionately Black prisoners, states across
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#1732908562796420-532: The South and West also adopted it in places like Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, Illinois, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, Indiana, and Michigan. The criminal justice system allegedly colluded with private planters and other business owners to entrap, convict and lease black people as prison laborers. The constitutional basis for convict leasing is that the 1865 Thirteenth Amendment , while abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude generally, permits it as
455-617: The South. In Georgia convict leasing began in April 1868, when Union General and newly appointed provisional governor Thomas H. Ruger issued a convict lease for prisoners to William Fort for work on the Georgia and Alabama Railroad . The contract specified "one hundred able bodied and healthy Negro convicts" in return for a fee to the state of $ 2,500. In May, the state entered into a second agreement with Fort and his business partner Joseph Printup for another 100 convicts, this time for $ 1,000, to work on
490-925: The South. In Georgia, prison populations increased tenfold during the four-decade period (1868–1908) when it used convict leasing; in North Carolina, the prison population increased from 121 in 1870 to 1,302 in 1890; in Florida, the population increased from 125 in 1881 to 1,071 in 1904; in Mississippi, the population quadrupled between 1871 and 1879; in Alabama, it increased from 374 in 1869 to 1,878 in 1903 and then to 2,453 in 1919. In Florida, convicts, most of whom were African American males, were sent to work in phosphate mines, turpentine camps, and lumber camps , although from 1910 onward all Florida state prisoners labored in turpentine and lumber camps. The convict labor system in Florida
525-581: The bidding of white masters through the regular application of extraordinary physical coercion. Convict leasing in the United States was widespread in the South during the Reconstruction Period (1865–1877) after the end of the Civil War, when many Southern legislatures were ruled by majority coalitions of African Americans and Radical Republicans , and Union generals acted as military governors. Farmers and businessmen needed to find replacements for
560-496: The case. The whipping-boss, Walter Higginbotham, was charged with Tabert's murder but acquitted. Florida's then governor Cary Hardee outlawed the use of flogging in the wake of public outrage over the death, and brought an end to the convict lease system in the state. Convict lease Convict leasing was a system of forced penal labor that was practiced historically in the Southern United States before it
595-475: The disadvantages. While some believe the demise of the system can be attributed to exposure of the inhumane treatment suffered by the convicts, others indicate causes ranging from comprehensive legislative reforms to political retribution. Though the convict lease system, as such, disappeared, other types of convict labor continued (and still exist presently). These other systems include plantations, industrial prisons and chain gangs . The convict lease system
630-703: The fine, plus $ 25 for Tabert to return home to North Dakota, the money disappeared while Tabert was held in the Leon County Jail. Tabert was then leased to the Putnam Lumber Company in Clara , a town in the Florida Panhandle approximately 60 miles (97 km) south of Tallahassee in Dixie County . There, he was flogged to death by the whipping boss, Thomas Walter Higginbotham. Coverage of Tabert's killing by
665-471: The labor force once their slaves had been freed. After many African American politicians were forced out of state and local positions, many Southern legislatures passed Black Codes to restrict free movement of black people and force them into employment. For instance, several states made it illegal for a black man to change jobs without the approval of his employer. If convicted of vagrancy , black people could be imprisoned, and they also received sentences for
700-472: The other parts of body, such as the bare genitals, but it has not been regarded as proper punishment and has been condemned by public opinion. Such persons could be prosecuted by law, while the law usually has not "noticed" "proper" domestic punishment, which has been also officially regarded as a form of child abuse. Today, the usage of corporal punishment of children in Russia, while still not effectively prohibited,
735-492: The prison as an infrastructure for capitalism." As Bernstein notes, the prison began manufacturing goods solely to be used within the prison like uniforms and buckets. This practiced changed, however, in 1821 when a prison warden, Elam Lynds , took over the prison and was adamant on using prison labor to produce goods to sell on the market. This system, coined the Auburn System , of using prison labor for profit expanded across
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#1732908562796770-616: The related publicity and outrage turned Governor John P. Buchanan out of office. The end of convict leasing did not mean the end of convict labor, however. The state sited its new penitentiary, Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary , with the help of geologists. The prison built a working coal mine on the site, dependent on labor done by prisoners, and operated it at significant profit. These prison mines were closed in 1966. Texas began convict leasing by 1883 and abolished it officially in 1910. A cemetery containing what are believed to be
805-460: The remains of 95 "slave convicts" has recently (2018) been discovered in Sugar Land , now a suburb of Houston. The Convict Lease System and Lynch Law are twin infamies which flourish hand in hand in many of the United States. They are the two great outgrowths and results of the class legislation under which our people suffer to-day. Alabama began convict leasing in 1846 and outlawed it in 1928. It
840-474: The student's hand, until the practice was abolished in 2004, but there, in modern times at least, it was generally made of canvas/rubber rather than leather. Martin Tabert, a 22-year-old man arrested for vagrancy , died after being hit about 100 times with a 5-foot leather strap in 1921. The strapping was punishment for Tabert failing to perform his work as part of a prison work-gang in Leon County, Florida . He
875-479: The system increased during the beginning of the 20th century, state politicians resisted its elimination. In states where the convict lease system was used, revenues from the program generated income nearly four times the cost (372%) of prison administration. The practice was extremely profitable for the governments, as well as for those business owners who used convict labor. However, other problems accompanied convict leasing, and employers became gradually more aware of
910-483: The system: It was a form of bondage distinctly different from that of the antebellum South in that for most men, and the relatively few women drawn in, this slavery did not last a lifetime and did not automatically extend from one generation to the next. But it was nonetheless slavery – a system in which armies of free men, guilty of no crimes and entitled by law to freedom, were compelled to labor without compensation, were repeatedly bought and sold, and were forced to do
945-525: The vast majority—though not all—of the convicts leased. While states of the Northern United States sometimes contracted for prison labor, the historian Alex Lichtenstein notes that "only in the South did the state entirely give up its control to the contractor; and only in the South did the physical "penitentiary" become virtually synonymous with the various private enterprises in which convicts labored". The writer Douglas A. Blackmon described
980-610: Was abolished by President Franklin D. Roosevelt via Francis Biddle 's " Circular 3591 " of December 12, 1941. The system was highly lucrative for both the lessees and state governments. For example, in 1898, 73% of Alabama's annual state revenue came from convict leasing. Corruption, lack of accountability, and violence resulted in "one of the harshest and most exploitative labor systems known in American history". African Americans, mostly adult males, due to "vigorous and selective enforcement of laws and discriminatory sentencing", comprised
1015-669: Was described as being "severe" in comparison to that in other states. Florida was one of the last states to end convict leasing. The state convict leasing program was ended by Chapter 7833 of the Legislature effective December 31, 1919. County convicts continued to be leased to private interests until 1923. Following the abolition of convict leasing in 1919, the number and proportion of white males sentenced to state prison increased quickly; many prisoners labored in public road construction while others were sent to Union Correctional Institution , then known as Raiford Prison. Although opposition to
1050-529: Was formally abolished during the 20th century. Under this system, private individuals and corporations could lease labor from the state in the form of prisoners, nearly all of whom were black . The state of Louisiana leased out convicts as early as 1844. The system expanded throughout most of the South with the emancipation of enslaved people at the end of the American Civil War in 1865. The practice peaked about 1880 and persisted in various forms until it
1085-476: Was gradually phased out during the early 20th century due to negative publicity and other factors. A notable case of negative publicity for the system was the case of Martin Tabert , a young white man from Munich , North Dakota . Arrested in late 1921 in Tallahassee , Florida on a charge of vagrancy for being on a train without a ticket, Tabert was convicted and fined $ 25. Although his parents sent $ 25 for
Belting (beating) - Misplaced Pages Continue
1120-694: Was inaugurated, and this was finally achieved by the end of June 1928. This lucrative practice created incentives for states and counties to convict African Americans, and helped increase the prison population in the South to become predominantly African American after the Civil War. In Tennessee, African Americans represented 33 percent of the population at the main prison in Nashville as of October 1, 1865, but, by November 29, 1867, their percentage had increased to 58.3. By 1869, it had increased to 64 percent, and it reached an all-time high of 67 percent between 1877 and 1879. Prison populations also increased overall in
1155-579: Was mainly used by fathers (or males who represent a father figure), while mothers rather used a slipper, wooden spoon or spatula. The term is also used figuratively for any beating in general, regardless of the implement (e.g. in Scotland, the tawse , a forked type of strap, was frequently called the belt) or even absence thereof, also in the figurative sense, such as a defeat or other unpleasant, painful and/or humiliating (e.g. verbal) treatment, or even an impersonal misfortune that feels strongly painful, such as
1190-405: Was the last state to formally outlaw it. The revenues derived from convict leasing were substantial, accounting for about 10% of total state revenues during 1883, surging to nearly 73% by 1898. Political campaigning against convict leasing in Alabama began in 1915. Bibb Graves , who became Alabama's governor in 1927, had promised during his election campaign to abolish convict leasing as soon as he
1225-437: Was weak with malaria at the time. Sheriff J. R. Jones had "sold" the man to the head of the work-gang for a twenty-five dollar fee. Cavalier County (North Dakota) States Attorney Gudmunder Grimson and New York World reporter Samuel "Duff" McCoy brought the case to national attention. The World won the 1924 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its coverage of the incident. A ballad by Marjory Stoneman Douglas memorialized
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