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50-652: The find was first reported and described in 1999, and the first edition of the inscription was published in 2000. Important additions to interpretation of the inscription were made in 2007, 2012, 2015, and 2017. Another important inscription of the same type is known as the Karatepe inscription , which was known earlier. Both of these inscriptions trace the kings of ancient Adana from the "house of Mopsos " (given in Hieroglyphic Luwian as Muksa and in Phoenician as Mopsos in

100-467: A Rosetta Stone for deciphering the Luwian glyphs. The inscription is known as KAI 26. The inscription reflects the activities of the kings of Adana from the "house of Mopsos ", given in Hieroglyphic Luwian as mu-ka-sa- (often rendered as 'Moxos') and in Phoenician as Mopsos in the form mpš . It was composed in Phoenician and then translated to Hieroglyphic Luwian. This geographical area of Cilicia

150-627: A Greek seer from the period of the Trojan War whom Greek legendary traditions described as having migrated to Cilicia and founded several Greek settlements on the southern coasts of Anatolia in the Iron Age. Thus, the ruling dynasty of Hiyawa was called the House of Mopsos ( Hieroglyphic Luwian : 𔑺𔗧𔗔𔗔𔐤 𔔙𔓵𔓯 ‎ , romanized:  Muksassan parni ; Phoenician : 𐤁𐤕 𐤌𐤐𐤔 ‎ , romanized:  BT MPŠ ) . According to

200-514: A collection of various populations displaced by the collapse of their respective societies, their migratory movements passed through the plain of Adana, where some of them consolidated. This migration into Cilicia appears to have been part of a larger process of migrations from the Aegean region into West Asia, and which also gave rise to the Philistines in southern Canaan, Falastin in northern Syria, and

250-500: A dynasty of Greek origin appears to have established itself as the ruling line in Ḫiyawa, and later Ḫiyawaean kings clamed descent from the line of one Muksas ( Hieroglyphic Luwian : 𔑾𔗧𔗔𔗔 ‎ ), whose name was rendered in Phoenician as MPŠ ( Phoenician : 𐤌𐤐𐤔 ‎ ), which corresponded to the Greek name Mopsos ( Ancient Greek : Μοψος ; Mycenaean Greek : 𐀗𐀦𐀰 , romanized:  Mokʷsos ), belonging to

300-449: A special significance for determining the origin ( etymology ) of the term Syria , a question that was debated among scholars since 1871, when Theodor Nöldeke proposed a linguistic explanation based on derivation of Syria from Assyria . That explanation received majority support among scholars. Discovery of the Çineköy inscription provided additional evidence for direct connection between terms Syria and Assyria . Phoenician section of

350-599: A sub-kingdom within the northeastern territory of Ḫiyawa on the boundaries of its plains region. The territory of Ḫiyawa was largely composed of the Cilician Plain, which is a sedimentary table formed by they Ceyhan and Seyhan rivers and which is divided by the Misis Mountains running through it from north to south. To the north are the Taurus Mountains, which can be crosssed to reach the kingdom of Tuwana through

400-470: Is assumed to date after his death in 709 BC. This dating is supported by the stylistic analyses of both the Phoenician text and the hieroglyphs. From King Awariku also comes the  Çineköy inscription , which is also a Phoenician-Luwian bilingual. Awariku is also mentioned in the Hasanbeyli inscription , also from the nearby area of Samʼal (Zincirli). Placed at the fortress gates, the stones presenting

450-628: Is the Amanus Range, and captured Lusanda, Abarnanu, and Kisuatni, which were three fortified Ḫiyawaean cities, before allegedly capturing more cities and erecting statues of himself at the western and eastern ends of Ḫiyawa. Shalmaneser III then attacked the kingdom's capital itself, but Katiyas was able to remain secure of his throne. Since the Ḫiyawaean region was less wealthy than the regions of Syria and Palestine from which Shalmaneser III had already obtained rich tribute, and these distant lands which were too far for him to impose any authority upon,

500-639: Is to the Mycenaean Greeks , in the Hittite texts of the Bronze Age . The use of this name for the kingdom of Ḫiyawa might have been the result of a migration of Greek populations from Western Anatolia into this region in the early Iron Age. The name Ḫiyawa was recorded in Semitic languages in several forms: Another name by which the kingdom of Ḫiyawa was called in its native Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions

550-501: The Azatiwada inscription , is a bilingual inscription on stone slabs consisting of Phoenician and Luwian text each, which enabled the decipherment of the Anatolian hieroglyphs . The artifacts were discovered at Karatepe , southern Turkey by the archaeologists Helmuth Theodor Bossert (1889–1961) and Halet Çambel (1916–2014) in 1946. This inscription has served archaeologists as

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600-672: The 10th century BC ruled a wide territory and was embarking on an expansionist venture. In the 9th century BC, Assyria experienced a resurgence in the form of the fledgling Neo-Assyrian Empire, leading to the formation of various military coalitions by the various Syro-Hittite states in reaction to the campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II in Syria during the c.  870s to c.  860s BC . The campaigns of Ashurnasirpal II's son and successor, Shalmaneser III would further lead to an intensification of activities in opposition to

650-700: The Aramaean kingdom of Bēt-Gūš sent reinforcements to these allied forces. And, although the Neo-Assyrian Empire was a more distant threat to Ḫiyawa and its western neighbour Ḫilakku which were located to the west of the passes of the Amanus Mountains, Shalmaneser III had erected a gigantic statue of himself at the foot of these mountains as a warning that they were not safe from his forces. Therefore, Ḫiyawa and Ḫilakku feared that Shalmaneser III would attack them next should Pattin fall: during this time, Ḫiyawa

700-593: The Cilician Gates. The neighbour of Ḫiyawa to the west was the kingdom of Ḫilakku , and to the north it bordered on the Tabalian kingdoms, while its neighbours were Gurgum in the north-east, Samʾal in the east, and Pattin in the south-east. The earliest record of the name of Adanawa is from the period of the Hittite Empire , when it was referred under the form of Adaniya ( Hittite : 𒆳𒌷𒀀𒁕𒉌𒅀 ) as one of

750-500: The Erdemli plain until the Limonlu river, or maybe possibly even along the coast until Aspendos and Cebelireis Dağı in the west. Ḫiyawa's territory originally also covered the mountainous areas to the north-east of the Cilician Plain, although it eventually lost these regions during its conflicts with the Neo-Assyrian Empire and became confined to the plain. The capital of Ḫiyawa was

800-459: The Greek alphabet. Azatiwada was a local ruler in Cilicia . He was installed as ruler by Awariku (Urikki), king of Adanawa ( Adana ), who reigned in 738-732 BC. These lands paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III . The text is an autobiographical account of Azatiwada's services to the kingdom of Adana where, according to the inscription, he later enthroned the descendants of Awariku. The inscription

850-483: The Greek population of Cyprus in the 12th century BC. The movement into Hiyawa archaeologically corresponds to the arrival of large quantities of Late Helladic IIIc-type pottery into the Cilician Plain during the 12th and 11th centuries BC. Thus, as result of these migratory movements that were part of the Sea Peoples' movements, Greek populations from Western Anatolia appear to have migrated into Cilicia. Due to this,

900-639: The Karatepe bilingual inscription feature the "Call of Azatiwada" in the following text: The stones featuring the Karatepe bilingual are situated along with many other statues and reliefs in stone at the Karatepe-Aslantaş Open-Air Museum , which is in turn part of the Karatepe-Aslantaş National Park . Quwe Ḫiyawa ( Hieroglyphic Luwian : 𔗒𔓱𔗬𔔂 ‎ ) or Adanawa ( Hieroglyphic Luwian : 𔐓𔗢𔗬𔔂 ‎ )

950-718: The Lukka Lands by the Hittite records: once the kingdom of Tarhuntassa had collapsed, a group of these Hiyawa-men would have found it easy to expand from Pamphylia and fill the power vacuum in Plain Cilicia. After the collapse of the Hittite Empire, Adaniya, under the name of Adanawa, became the centre of the Luwian -speaking Syro-Hittite state of Ḫiyawa or Adanawa: among the cities of the Iron Age kingdom of Ḫiyawa, Kisuatni had preserved

1000-738: The Luwian-Phoenician bilingual inscription of one Azzattiwadas who was subordinate to the king Awarikkus of Ḫiyawa, the Phoenician language equivalent of the kingdom of Adanawa was given as (land of) the Danunayim ( Phoenician : 𐤃𐤍𐤍𐤉𐤌 ‎ ), that is of the Danunians. In the Luwian-Phoenician bilingual inscription of the king Awarikkus of Ḫiyawa, he called his kingdom as Ḫiyawa in Luwian and as (land of the) Danunayim in Phoenician. Azzattiwadas's inscription referred to

1050-451: The Neo-Assyrian Empire caused a curtailment of its territory, so that it had become limited to the Cilician plain by the reign of the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III. By the later decades of the 8th century BC, Ḫiyawa had come under Neo-Assyrian overlordship again, after the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III had defeated and annexed Bēt-Gūš. During this time, Ḫiyawa was ruled by

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1100-511: The Neo-Assyrian Empire in the kingdoms of Syria. After Shalmaneser III had defeated a coalition of Karkamis, Sam'al, Pattin and Bit-Adini in Sam'alian territory during his first campaign to the west in 858 BC, the king Suppiluliumas of Pattin convened the coalition again when Shalmaneser III threatened his own kingdom. In addition to the coalition forces, the Arab tribe of Yasbuq and the country of Yahan from

1150-548: The Phoenician inscription reads: The corresponding section of the Luwian inscription reads: Noting the scholarly consensus on the interpretation of terms Syria/Assyria in the Çineköy inscription, some researchers have also analyzed similar terms, that appear in other contemporary inscriptions, suggesting some additional interpretations. 36°47′54″N 35°15′37″E  /  36.79833°N 35.26028°E  / 36.79833; 35.26028 Karatepe inscription The Karatepe bilingual (8th century BC), also known as

1200-411: The anti-Neo-Assyrian coalition, Katiyas had tried to expand Ḫiyawa by annexing the kingdom of Samal which bordered it to the east, causing the king Kilamuwa of Samal to pledge allegiance and offered tribute to Shalmaneser III in exchange of Neo-Assyrian protection against Katiyas's ambitions. Thus, it was in 839 BC that Shalmaneser III would first campaign in Ḫiyawa, when he crossed Mount Timur, that

1250-484: The cities of Timur (whose inhabitants he massacred), Tanakun (whose ruler Tulli submitted to Shalmaneser and paid him a tribute of silver, gold, iron, oxen and sheep), and Lamenaš, before marching to Tarza (Tarsus), which submitted to Shalmaneser III without resisting and paid him a tribute of gold and silver. In Tarza, Shalmaneser III deposed Katiyas, whose fate is unknown, and replaced him by his brother Kirrî. Shalmaneser III's focus on repeatedly campaigning in Ḫiyawa

1300-535: The city of Adana, and other cities of this kingdom included: During the 8th century BC, a subordinate of the king Awarikkus of Ḫiyawa, named Azzattiwadas, had founded the city of Azzattiwadaya, now known as Karatepe , above the valley of the Ceyhan river in the Taurus region of Classical Cilicia, located 100 km to the northeast of Adana. The cities of Kundi (Classical Kyinda ) and Sissû (Classical Sision ) jointly formed

1350-477: The countries which had revolted against the Hittite king Ammuna . Adaniya later became part of the kingdom of Kizzuwatna , which was an independent state formed in the 15th century BC out of territories formerly subject to the Hittite Empire, and most of the region which would later become Ḫiyawa was part of Kizzuwatna during the Late Bronze Age. Kizzuwatna was later reabsorbed into the Hittite Empire when

1400-435: The eight states against which the Neo-Assyrian king Adad-nirari III had to fight when he campaigned in Syria in 805 BC. This alliance fielded a large army that Adad-nirari III was nevertheless able to defeat. Around c.  800 BC , Ḫiyawa joined the nearby states of Gurgum, Pattin, and Malizi in rebelling against the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and around c.  796 BC , an unnamed king of Ḫiyawa joined an alliance by

1450-472: The fact that Tiglath-pileser III was able to send his chief eunuch to depose the king Wasusarmas of Tabal in 729 BC means that the Neo-Assyrian military had access through the territory of Ḫiyawa. The inscriptions of Awarikkus himself suggest that he was an ally or partner of the Neo-Assyrian Empire whereby the Neo-Assyrian king was a protector or suzerain of Ḫiyawa who had a treaty with his client Awarikkus: in his bilingual inscription, Awarikkus declared that

1500-553: The form mps ). He was a legendary king of antiquity. The object on which the inscription is found is a monument to the Storm God Tarhunza . The inscription was authored by the ruler known as Urikki in Assyrian texts, which is equivalent to War(a)ika in Luwian. The question whether it is the same person as Awar(i)ku of the Karatepe inscription or a different one remains debatable. He was the vassal king of Quwê (Assyrian name),

1550-469: The frontier towns of Adanawa. According to Ilya Yakubovich, the rulers of Quwe claimed Greek descent but, at some point, they adopted the Phoenician language. Their use of the Luwian was a concession to the indigenous population of Que. After the Greek Linear B script had been forgotten, these Greek colonists started using the Phoenician script, and this represented the first step toward the creation of

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1600-409: The goal of Shalmaneser III's campaign in these regions which Neo-Assyrian armies had never previously invaded was likely to bolster his image as a warrior within his own empire. In 837 BC, Shalmaneser III campaigned against the Tabalian kingdoms to the north of Ḫiyawa, after which he might have crossed the Cilician Gates into Ḫiyawa itself during his journey back to Assyria, when he besieged Katiyas in

1650-399: The inscription mentions ʾŠR (Ashur), and also ʾŠRYM (Assyrians), while Luwian section narrates the same content by using SU-RA/i (Syria). Analyzing the inscription, historian Robert Rollinger pointed out in 2006 that Luwian section provides conclusive evidence for the original use of the term Syria as synonym for Assyria , thus settling the question. The examined section of

1700-616: The king Tudḫaliya I annexed it in the 14th century BC. The people of Adaniya or the Greeks who would later settle in Cilicia during the early Iron Age were likely identical with the Denyen ( 𓂧𓐰𓄿𓇋𓈖𓐰𓇋𓐱𓍢𓋔𓄿𓌙𓀀𓐱𓀭𓐰𓏥 , ) who participated in the Sea Peoples ' attack on Egypt during the reign of the pharaoh Ramesses III . As part of the movements of the Sea Peoples, who were themselves

1750-473: The king Awarikkus as the lit.   ' king of the Danunians ' ( Phoenician : 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤃𐤍𐤍𐤉𐤌 ‎ , romanized:  milk Danunayim ) as the equivalent of the Hieroglyphic Luwian term lit.   ' king of Adanawa ' . The kingdom of Ḫiyawa was located in the eastern section of the territory which later in Classical Antiquity became known as Cilicia , more specifically in

1800-429: The king Awarikkus or Warikkas, who by c.  728 BC was a tributary of Tiglath-pileser III and remained a loyal client-ruler of the Neo-Assyrian Empire during the reigns of Tiglath-pileser III, Shalmaneser V and Sargon II. Whether Awarikkus continued his tribute payments and their regularity and dates is not recorded, and there is no presence of the Neo-Assyrian army recorded in Ḫiyawa at this date. However,

1850-413: The king and the Neo-Assyrian imperial dynasty had become a "mother and father to him," and that the people of Ḫiyawa and Assyria had become "one house," attesting of the special relationship between Awarikkus and Sargon II, who was the overlord of Awarikkus in the later years of his reign. Thanks to this partnership and to his loyalty to the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Awarikkus would maintain his throne until

1900-413: The kingdoms of Damascus and Bēt-Gūš, and which also included Falastin, Gurgum, Samal, Melid, and two other states whose names have been lost, which besieged the king Zakkur of Ḥamat in the city of Ḥaḏrak . Although the states of southern and central Anatolia had remained safe from further Neo-Assyrian aggression after the completion of Shalmaneser III's campaigns, these conflicts opposing Ḫiyawa to

1950-457: The modern Cilicia . In Luwian this region was known as 'Hiyawa'. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. Also, in the Phoenician version of the inscription, Awariku claims to have built 15 fortresses in his kingdom. In the Luwian version of the same inscription, the same sentence is misinterpreted as a reference to destroying fortresses. The Çineköy inscription has

2000-506: The name of Bronze Age Kizzuwatna. Nothing is known about Ḫiyawa during its early existence other than that it appears to have developed independently without any external interference. At some point in the late 10th and early 9th century BC, Ḫiyawa might have been involved in a conflict with the ruler Suppiluliumas of Falastin, followed by hostilities with the kingdoms of Karkamis and of Gurgum some time later. One of these conflicts opposed Ḫiyawa to Suppiluliumas I of Falastin, which in

2050-524: The name of the kingdom, Ḫiyawa ( 𔗒𔓱𔗬𔔂 ‎ ), bears a strong similarity to the name Aḫḫiyawā ( 𒆳𒌷𒄴𒄭𒅀𒉿𒀀 ) used to refer to the Achaeans ( Ancient Greek : Αχαιοι , romanized :  Akhaioi , from earlier Ancient Greek : Αχαιϝοι , romanized :  Akhaiwoi ), that is to the Mycenaean Greeks , in the Hittite texts of the Bronze Age. As a result of this migration,

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2100-586: The people of Ḫiyawa are called the Danunayim ( 𐤃𐤍𐤍𐤉𐤌 ‎ ), likely describing them as the people of Adanawa. This name might possibly be connected with the name of the Land of Danuna ( Middle Babylonian Akkadian : 𒆳𒁕𒉡𒈾 ) mentioned in Late Bronze Age texts, as well as with one of the constituent groups of the Sea Peoples , the Denyen ( Ancient Egyptian : 𓂧𓐰𓄿𓇋𓈖𓐰𓇋𓐱𓍢𓋔𓄿𓌙𓀀𓐱𓀭𓐰𓏥 , romanized :  dꜣjnjwnꜣ , Ancient Egyptian pronunciation: [da.nu.nə] ). In

2150-484: The plain region which was referred to as Plain Cilicia ( Ancient Greek : Κιλικια Πεδιας , romanized :  Kilikia Pedias ; Latin : Cilicia Campestris ), in the region corresponding to present-day Adana. Ḫiiyawa's boundaries were the Mediterranean Sea in the south, the Taurus Mountains in the west and the north, and the Amanus Mountains in the east. To the south-west, it could have extended along

2200-491: The royal city of Paḫri (Paḫar), after which Katiyas submitted to him and offered him his daughter with dowry as pledge of his future loyalty, following which Shalmaneser III reinstated Katiyas on the throne of Ḫiyawa. Once Shalmaneser III had concluded his campaign and returned to Assyria, however, Katiya rejected all claims of being a Neo-Assyrian vassal. Three more campaigns in Ḫiyawa by Shalmaneser III followed in 833 BC, 832 BC and 831 BC, during which he besieged and captured

2250-524: The scholar Stephen Durnford, this migration of Greek elements from the Aegean through the Lukka Lands and into Cilicia was recorded in Greek mythology in the form of the story of the movements of Mopsos's grandparent Tiresias (whom he identified with Attarsiya ) and of his followers from Thebes to Cilicia. According to Durnford, the founders of the Hiyawa kingdom were the same as the Hiyawa-men recorded as being in

2300-499: Was Adanawa ( 𔐓𔗢𔗬𔔂 ‎ ). The Phoenician inscriptions from Ḫiyawa also used the name lit.   ' Plain of Adana ' ( Phoenician : 𐤏𐤌𐤒 𐤏𐤃𐤍 ‎ , romanized:  ʿMQ ʿDN ) as the equivalent of both the names Ḫiyawa and Adanawa . The scholar Rostyslav Oreshko has however suggested that the sign 𔗢's value was -hiya- , and that the name 𔐓𔗢𔗬𔔂 ‎ should therefore be read as Aḫḫiyawa . In Phoenician inscriptions,

2350-499: Was a Luwian -speaking Syro-Hittite state which existed in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age . The native Luwian name of the kingdom was Ḫiyawa ( 𔗒𔓱𔗬𔔂 ‎ ), which bears a strong similarity to the name Aḫḫiyawā ( 𒆳𒌷𒄴𒄭𒅀𒉿𒀀 ) used to refer to the Achaeans ( Ancient Greek : Αχαιοι , romanized :  Akhaioi , from earlier Ancient Greek : Αχαιϝοι , romanized :  Akhaiwoi ), that

2400-455: Was known in various historical periods under the names of Quwe (Que), Luwian Adanawa , Hiyawa , and Classical 'Cilicia of the Plain'. Adana is the modern city in the area. As we learn from the inscription, its author is Azatiwada (or Azatiwata), the ruler of the town of Azatiwataya. He was also its founder; the inscription commemorates the town's foundation. Azatiwataya seems to have been one of

2450-490: Was motivated by a need to successfully submit Ḫiyawa in the aftermath of the meagre successes of his campaigns in Syria and Palestine: he feared that failure to do so would have made him seen as weak, and therefore would encourage further rebellions against the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the region. After this, Neo-Assyrian military campaigns to Anatolia ended, possibly because this region had submitted to Neo-Assyrian overlordship at least temporarily. Ḫiyawa might have been one of

2500-472: Was ruled by the king Katiyas, who along with his neighbour Piḫirim of Ḫilakku, also contributed troops to this alliance, which was however defeated by the Neo-Assyrian army. Katiyas of Ḫiyawa and Piḫirim of Ḫilakku had nonetheless manage to escape from this defeat with their troops unharmed, and Shalmaneser III at most only demanded tribute on them. Taking advantage from the fact that Shalmaneser III had not invaded southern Anatolia after his victory over

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