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139-550: Kaohsiung City Steamship is a ship operating company in Kaohsiung , Taiwan . The company operates two ferry routes and several cruise lines. Cijin–Gushan ferry connects the Cijin and Gushan Districts of Kaohsiung , Taiwan . It is popular with tourists visiting the attractions of Cijin Island. A ride on the ferry costed around NT$ 0.2 in the 1970s but the route has been operating since

278-721: A temporary capital in the East to receive Yongli Emperor, who was executed by the Qing forces two years earlier. In contemporary English-language accounts, it was known as Tywan , named after the King's residence at the city of "Tywan" in present-day Tainan . The period of rule is sometimes referred to as the Koxinga dynasty . The Kingdom of Tungning started out as a Ming dynasty loyalist movement led by Zheng Chenggong , known in Dutch sources as Koxinga,

417-523: A tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen Am ) with monthly mean temperatures between 20 and 29 °C (68 and 84 °F) and relative humidity ranging between 71 and 81%. Kaohsiung's warm climate is very much dictated by its low latitude and its exposure to warm sea temperatures year-round, with the Kuroshio Current passing by the coast of southern Taiwan, and the Central Mountain Range on

556-674: A 1665 inscription by the poet Wang Zhongxiao: "Once the Imperial Surname [Zheng Chenggong] governed this land, the Chinese people came one after another. In Anping of Dongning, I only see and hear Chinese. The people here are people of the Middle Kingdom, and the soil is the soil of the Middle Kingdom." In later negotiations with the Qing, Zheng Jing described himself as the ruler of the Kingdom of Dongning. He boasted that he had nothing to envy about

695-594: A Chinese junk from Tayouan trading pepper in Xiamen, causing Chinese merchants to abort their trade voyages. A Chinese official arrived in Tayouan carrying a document with Zheng's seal demanding to inspect all the junks in Tayouan and their cargoes. It referred to the Chinese in Taiwan as his subjects. Chinese merchants refused to buy the company's foreign wares and even sold their own foreign wares, causing prices to collapse. Soon, Tayouan

834-452: A Ming loyalist in Guangxi . The Qing deployed a large army to the area and Chenggong decided to take his chances by ferrying his army along the coast but a storm hindered his movements. The Qing launched a surprise attack on Xiamen, forcing him to return to protect it. From 1656 to 1658 he planned to take Nanjing . In the summer of 1658 he completed his preparations and set sail with his fleet but

973-429: A Ta-kau Isle: It is unknown when the barbarians ( Taiwanese aborigines ) arose on this island in the ocean beyond Penghu , but they are present at Keeong Harbor (nowaday's Budai, Chiayi ), the bay of Galaw ( Anping, Tainan ), Laydwawan ( Tainan City ), Yaw Harbor ( Cheting, Kaohsiung ), Takau Isle (Kaohsiung City), Little Tamsui ( Donggang, Pingtung ), Siangkeykaw ( Puzi , Chiayi), Gali forest ( Jiali District , Tainan),

1112-467: A battle in January 1679. On 6 March 1680, the Qing fleet led by Admiral Wan Zhengse moved against Zheng naval forces near Quanzhou and defeated them on 20 March with assistance from land-based artillery. The sudden retreat of Zheng naval forces caused widespread panic on land and many Zheng commanders and soldiers defected to the Qing. Xiamen was abandoned. On 10 April, Zheng Jing's war on the mainland came to

1251-567: A close. Zheng Jing died in early 1681. Admiral Shi Lang was the primary leader in advocating and organizing the Qing effort to conquer Zheng Taiwan. He was born in Jinjiang, Fujian in 1621 and became a soldier in the service of Zheng Zhilong at the age of 17. Shi served with distinction until he had a falling out with Zheng Chenggong. He quarreled with another commander, Chen Bin, and Chenggong took Chen's side. Shi also disagreed with Chenggong on strategic matters. Shi threatened to leave and become

1390-469: A decrease in commercial potential and lower incremental revenues. However the Zheng economy achieved greater economic diversification than the profit-driven Dutch colony and cultivated more types of grain, vegetables, fruits, and seafood. By the end of Zheng rule in 1683, the government was extracting an annual income of 4,033 kg of silver in Taiwan, more than a 30 percent increase from the 3,145.9 kg under

1529-485: A historical town built during the early 17th century, the Former British Consulate at Takao built during the late 19th century, and various sugar and crop factories built under Japanese rule . Kaohsiung city includes a wide range of different natural attractions due to its large size and geographical variation, as it is bordered by the Central Mountain Range in the northeast and the warm South China Sea to

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1668-532: A junk flying Zheng's flag arrived at Fort Zeelandia. It carried an edict instructed to be handed over to the Chinese leaders of Taiwan. Zheng wrote that he was angry with the Dutch but since Chinese people lived in Taiwan, he would allow them to trade on the Chinese coast for 100 days so long as only Taiwanese products were sold. The Dutch confiscated the letter but the damage had been done. Chinese merchants who depended on trade of foreign wares began leaving with their families. Zheng made good on his edict and confiscated

1807-552: A large number of Fujianese moved to Taiwan under Zheng rule. In a few years, some 9,000 Chinese were brought to Taiwan by Zheng Jing. The Qing dynasty enacted a sea-ban on coastal China to starve out the Zheng forces. In 1663, the writer Xia Lin who lived in Xiamen testified that the Zhengs were short on supplies and the people suffered tremendous hardship due to the Qing sea ban ( haijin ) policy. After Zheng forces retreated completely from

1946-464: A map of Taiwan. On 23 March 1661, Zheng's forces set sail from Kinmen (Quemoy) with a large fleet of 400 ships carrying around 25,000 soldiers and sailors aboard. They arrived at Penghu the next day and on 30 March, a small garrison was left at Penghu while the main body of the fleet arrived at Tayouan on 2 April. Zheng's forces routed 240 Dutch soldiers at Baxemboy Island in the Bay of Taiwan. They landed at

2085-571: A monk, which annoyed Chenggong. Chenggong eventually imprisoned Shi for criticizing his behavior, which Shi described as being no different than that of a pirate. A relative of Shi's falsified orders from Chenggong to take Shi out for interrogation and he seized the opportunity to escape. Shi tried to seek mediation with Chenggong but his efforts failed and instead Chenggong sent an assassin after him. The assassination attempt failed. Chenggong executed Shi's father and brother in 1651, resulting in Shi's defection to

2224-436: A name that would find its way onto European navigational charts well into the 18th century. Tankoia was located north of Ape's Hill and a few hours south from Tayouan (modern-day Anping, Tainan ) by sail. At the time, a wide shallow bay existed there, sufficient for small vessels. However, constant silting changed the coastline. During this time, Taiwan was divided into five administrative districts, with Takau belonging to

2363-531: A part of Taiwan Prefecture . It was first opened as a port during the 1680s and subsequently prospered fairly for generations. In 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan as part of the Treaty of Shimonoseki . Administrative control of the city was moved from New Fongshan Castle to the Fongshan Sub-District of Tainan Chō ( 臺南廳 ) . In November 1901, twenty chō were established in total; Hōzan Chō ( 鳳山廳 )

2502-426: A peace mission to Taiwan, but he did not believe Zheng Jing would accept the Qing's terms. He delivered a memorial to Beijing on 7 January 1668 and warned that if the Zhengs built up their strength, they would pose a serious danger. Shi detailed his plans to invade Taiwan with just 20,000 men and 170 battle ships. He required 10 new battle ships and 20 troop transports to be constructed. He argued that by securing Taiwan,

2641-696: A place in Ukyō Ward, Kyoto ) and administered the area under Takao Prefecture . While the new name had quite a different surface meaning, its pronunciation in Japanese sounded more or less the same as the old name spoken in Hokkien . After Taiwan was ceded to the Republic of China, the Chinese characters did not change, but adapted to Mandarin pronunciation, thus the official romanization became Kaohsiung ( pinyin : Gāoxióng ; Wade–Giles : Kao¹-hsiung² ), derived from

2780-443: A population of 2,773,533 people, making it the third-largest city after New Taipei and Taichung , and a population density of 939.59 people per square kilometer. Within the city, Fongshan District is the most populated district with a population of 359,519 people, while Sinsing District is the most densely populated district with a population density of 25,820 people per square kilometer. As in most Taiwanese cities or counties,

2919-443: A port city. Takao was then systematically modernized and connected to the end of North-South Railway . Forming a north–south regional economic corridor from Taipei to Kaohsiung in the 1930s, Japan's Southward Policy set Kaohsiung to become an industrial center. Kaohsiung Harbor was also developed starting from 1894. The city center was relocated several times during the period due to the government's development strategy. Development

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3058-589: A relationship with the Qing similar to Korea. After the military conflict with Zheng during the Three Feudatories revolt, the Kangxi Emperor made clear that he considered all the southern Fujianese living in Taiwan to be Chinese, unlike the Koreans, and that they must shave their heads. In 1670 and 1673, Zheng forces seized tributary vessels on their way to the mainland from Ryukyu . In 1671, Zheng forces raided

3197-542: A shift in winds. Shi's fleet of 238 ships and over 21,000 men set sail on 8 July 1683. Liu Guoxuan, the commander of 30,000 men at Penghu, considered the movement a false alarm and believed Shi would turn back. The next day, Shi's fleet was sighted at small islands to the northwest of Penghu. The Qing forces were met by 200 Zheng ships. Following an exchange of gunfire, the Qing were forced to retreat with two Zheng naval commanders, Qiu Hui and Jiang Sheng, in pursuit. The Qing vanguard led by Admiral Lan Li provided cover fire for

3336-405: A shipwreck that had an entire crew captured by natives and sent to the Zheng camp. Fighting between the Dutch and Zheng ships lasted from July to October when the Dutch ultimately failed to relieve the siege after losing several ships. They retreated with two ships sunk, three smaller ships captured, and 130 casualties. In January 1662, a German sergeant named Hans Jurgen Radis defected and informed

3475-425: A single Chinese vessel arrived in Tayouan. Even low-cost goods grew scarce and as demand for them rose, the value of aboriginal products fell. Chinese merchants in Taiwan suffered because they could not take their products to China to sell. The system of selling Chinese merchants the right to trade in aboriginal villages fell apart as did many of the other revenue systems supporting the company's profits. On 9 July 1656,

3614-423: A storm turned him back. On July 7, 1659, Chenggong's fleet set sail again and his army encircled Nanjing on 24 August. Qing reinforcements arrived and broke Chenggong's army, forcing them to retreat to Xiamen with many of the veterans and thousands of soldiers killed or captured. In 1660 the Qing embarked on a coastal evacuation policy to starve Chenggong of his source of livelihood. Zheng had cordial relations with

3753-513: A storm. The Dutch continued to occasionally attack Zheng ships and occupied Keelung until 1668, but they were unable to take back the island. On 10 September 1670, a representative from the English East India Company (EIC) signed a trade agreement with Zheng Jing, resulting in the establishment of a EIC factory in Taiwan. However, English trade with Taiwan was limited due to the Zheng monopoly on sugarcane and deer hides as well as

3892-465: A total of 11 districts. The additional district is Siaogang District , which was annexed from Siaogang Township of Kaohsiung County . The Kaohsiung Incident , where the government suppressed a commemoration of International Human Rights Day , occurred on 10 December 1979. Since then, Kaohsiung gradually grew into a political center of the Pan-Green population of Taiwan, in opposition to Taipei where

4031-439: A two pronged attack on Tamsui and Penghu at the same time. Shi thought the proposal was unrealistic and requested to be put in total control over the entire invasion force. Kangxi denied the request. In Taiwan, Zheng Jing's death resulted in a coup shortly afterward. His illegitimate son, Zheng Keshuang , murdered his brother Zheng Kezang with the support of minister Feng Xifan . Political turmoil, heavy taxes, an epidemic in

4170-481: A withdrawal. Shi was hit in the right eye and Lan was wounded in the stomach during the fighting. The Zheng side also suffered heavy losses, making Liu reluctant to pursue the disarrayed Qing forces. He reported a "great victory" back to Taiwan. On 11 July, Shi regrouped his squadrons and requested reinforcements at Bazhao . On 16 July, a reinforcement of large ships arrived. Shi divided the main striking force into eight squadrons of seven ships with himself leading from

4309-634: Is NT$ 24.15 billion. Main landmarks of Kaohsiung city include the 85 Sky Tower , the Ferris wheel of the Kaohsiung Dream Mall , the Kaohsiung Arena and Port of Kaohsiung . The newly developed city is also known for having a large number of shopping streets , organized night markets and newly developed leisure parks such as the Pier-2 Art Center , E-DA Theme Park , Metropolitan Park ,

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4448-437: Is a special municipality located in southern Taiwan . It ranges from the coastal urban center to the rural Yushan Range with an area of 2,952 km (1,140 sq mi). Kaohsiung City has a population of approximately 2.73 million people as of October 2023 and is Taiwan's third most populous city and largest city in southern Taiwan . Founded in the 17th century as a small trading village named Takau (or Takow ),

4587-435: Is currently inaccessible by the public due to military occupation. A large number of historical sites and monuments were left in the city after the colonization of the Dutch in the 17th century, the Qing dynasty during the 18th and 19th century and the Japanese empire from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century. The city government has protected various sites and monuments from further damage and many have been opened to

4726-688: Is home to many night markets , such as Jin-Zuan Night Market , Liuhe Night Market , Ruifeng Night Market , Zhonghua Street Night Market , and the Kaisyuan Night Market . Other attractions include the Cijin Tianhou Temple , Dome of Light of Kaohsiung MRT's Formosa Boulevard Station , the Kaohsiung Mosque and the Tower of Light of Sanmin District . Traditional "wet" markets have long been

4865-845: The Austronesian language family, live mostly in the mountain indigenous district such as Taoyuan or Namasia . The main indigenous groups in the city include the Bunun , Rukai , Saaroa and the Kanakanavu . As of December 2010, Kaohsiung hosts around 21,000 foreign spouses. Around 12,353 are Mainland Chinese, 4,244 are Vietnamese, around 800 are Japanese and Indonesians, and around 4,000 are other Asians or foreigners from Europe or America. As of April 2013, Kaohsiung hosts 35,074 foreign workers who mainly work as factory workers or foreign maids (not including foreign specialists such as teachers and other professionals). About half of them are Indonesians , with

5004-572: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) during most of the 1640s and early 1650s. However some of the rebels during the Guo Huaiyi rebellion had expected Zheng to come to their aid. Some company officials believed that the rebellion had been incited by Zheng. A Jesuit priest told the Dutch that Zheng was looking at Taiwan as a new base of operations. In 1654, he sent a letter to Taiwan to have a Dutch surgeon sent to Xiamen for medical assistance. In

5143-529: The Dutch colonization of southern Taiwan, the area was known as Tancoia to Europeans for a period of about three decades. In 1662, the Dutch were expelled by the Kingdom of Tungning , founded by Ming loyalists of Koxinga . His son, Zheng Jing , renamed the village Banlian-chiu (Chinese: 萬年州 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bān-liân-chiu ; lit. 'ten-thousand-year state ( zhou )') in 1664. The name of "Takau"

5282-767: The Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts , the National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts , and Taroko Park . Natural attractions of the city include Shoushan (Monkey mountain), the Love River , Cijin Island , Sizihwan , the Dapingding Tropical Botanical Garden and Yushan National Park at the northeastern tip of the city. The city also features various historical attractions such as the Old City of Zuoying ,

5421-450: The Manchu -led Qing dynasty . The Zheng dynasty used the island of Taiwan as a military base for their Ming loyalist movement which aimed to reclaim mainland China from the Qing. Under Zheng rule, Taiwan underwent a process of sinicization in an effort to consolidate the last stronghold of Han Chinese resistance against the invading Manchus. Until its annexation by the Qing dynasty in 1683,

5560-510: The Ming Dynasty . It currently costs NT$ 30 per one-way ride. The journey takes about five minutes from Gushan to Cijin, an island which has seafood restaurants, traditional markets and a beach for tourists. Cianjhen–Zhogzhou ferry connects the Cianjhen and Zhogzhou  [ zh ] , Cijin District of Kaohsiung , Taiwan . Kaohsiung Kaohsiung , officially Kaohsiung City ,

5699-494: The Republic of China Navy fleet headquarters and its naval academy . More recent public works such as Pier-2 Art Center , National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts and Kaohsiung Music Center have been aimed at growing the tourism and cultural industries of the city. Hoklo immigrants to the area during the 16th and 17th centuries called the region Takau (Chinese: 打狗 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Táⁿ-káu ). The surface meaning of

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5838-595: The Wade–Giles romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 高雄 . The name Takau remains the official name of the city in Austronesian languages of Taiwan such as Rukai , although these are not widely spoken in the city. The name also remains popular locally in the naming of businesses, associations, and events. The written history of Kaohsiung can be traced back to the early 17th century, through archaeological studies have found signs of human activity in

5977-641: The Yongli emperor of the Southern Ming . Taiwan was initially referred to by Koxinga as Tungtu ( Chinese : 東都 ; pinyin : Dōngdū ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tang-to , literally "eastern capital"). In 1664, his son and successor Zheng Jing renamed it Tungning ( Chinese : 東寧 ; pinyin : Dōngníng ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tang-lêng , literally "Eastern Pacification"). This name change reflects Jing's intention to permanently settle his dominion in Taiwan rather than an unattainable hope of making Taiwan

6116-490: The Arts and Kaohsiung Music Center . The main agricultural crops in Kaohsiung are vegetables, fruits and rice with a total arable land of 473 km , which accounts to 16% of the total area of the municipality. Kaohsiung has the highest production of guava , jujube and lychee in Taiwan. The main livestock are chicken, dairy cattle , deer , duck, goose, pigs and sheep. The total annual agricultural income in Kaohsiung

6255-449: The Buddha and local Fujianese deities to be constructed. An Imperial Academy and Confucian Shrine were established in 1665 and 1666. A regular civil service examination system was implemented for selecting talent to manage Taiwanese affairs. Chinese language schools for both the Chinese and indigenous populations were opened to break Dutch and indigenous influences. Chinese cultural hegemony

6394-462: The Central Lands and that many barbarians paid obeisance to him. Zheng Jing agreed to relations with the Qing based on a model such as Korea, that was functionally independent, but the Qing refused his offer. The most immediate problem facing Zheng forces after the successful invasion of Taiwan was a severe shortage of food. It is estimated that prior to the Zheng invasion, the population of Taiwan

6533-441: The Chinese and behead Dutch people in executions. The frontier aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 May 1661, celebrating their freedom from compulsory education under the Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them and trashing their Christian school textbooks. In April 1662, Zheng sent a message to Manila demanding annual tribute. Sabiniano Manrique de Lara ,

6672-431: The Dutch fluyt ship Cuylenburg in 1672 off of northeastern Taiwan. Twenty one Dutch sailors escaped to Japan. The ship was going from Nagasaki to Batavia on a trade mission. Realizing that defeating the Qing would not happen in the short term, Zheng Chenggong began transforming Taiwan into a temporary but practical seat of power for the Southern Ming loyalist movement. Chenggong instituted a Ming-style administration that

6811-627: The Dutch in 1655. Sugar exports reached 1,194,000 kg a year, exceeding the peak of 1,032,810 kg under the Dutch in 1658. Output of deerskin remained the same. Following the death of Zheng Chenggong in 1662, his son Zheng Jing 's succession was met with dissension in Taiwan, where the leaders made Zheng Miao, Zheng Chenggong's fifth son, the successor. With the support of Xiamen's commanders, Zheng Jing arrived in Taiwan in December 1662 and defeated his political enemies. The political infighting caused some followers to become disillusioned and defect to

6950-477: The Dutch officially became allies of the Qing dynasty against the Zheng forces. The Dutch looted a Buddhist complex on the Zhoushan islands in 1665 and slaughtered its monks. The Dutch held out at Keelung until 1668 when their presence became untenable due to hostile natives and withdrew from Taiwan completely. The Zheng navy executed 34 Dutch sailors and drowned eight Dutch sailors after ambushing, looting and sinking

7089-677: The Manchu style. Zheng and his ministers often held banquets reminiscing about the fall of the Ming dynasty. According to Zheng, the suicide of the Chongzhen Emperor was "a most miserable plight, alas, unseen since antiquity!" Zheng blamed the incompetence of the Ming loyalists on the mainland in resisting the Manchus. He referred to the Manchus in derogatory terms and accused them of perverse religious customs such as incest. Zheng Jing dutifully complied with

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7228-582: The Ming dynasty and he was bestowed the title Guoxingye, or Lord of the Imperial surname, pronounced "Kok seng ia" in southern Fujianese, from which Koxinga is derived. His father Zhilong aided the Longwu Emperor in a military expedition in 1646, but Longwu was captured and executed. The Qing offered several high-ranking Ming officials and military leaders positions in exchange for cessation of resistance activities. In November 1646, Zhilong declared his loyalty to

7367-561: The Pacific. Extremely ambitious plans for the construction of a massive modern port were drawn up. Toward the end of the war, the Japanese promoted some industrial development at Kaohsiung, establishing an aluminum industry based on the abundant hydroelectric power produced by the Sun Moon Lake project in the mountains. The city was heavily bombed by Task Force 38 and FEAF during World War II between 1944 and 1945. After control of Taiwan

7506-450: The Port of Kaohsiung was completed, equivalent to 16 of Taipei's Daan Forest Parks . The Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau plans to buy 49 hectares of the reclaimed land to establish a solar energy industrial district that would be in the harbor's free trade zone. The gross domestic product (GDP) in nominal terms of Kaohsiung City is estimated to be around US$ 45 billion, and US$ 90 billion for

7645-475: The Qing and lived out the rest of his life under house arrest in Beijing . Zheng Chenggong continued the resistance against the Qing from Xiamen , which was named "Memorial Prefecture for the Ming" in 1654. In 1649, Chenggong gained control over Quanzhou but then lost it. Further attacks further afield resulted in even less success. In 1650 he planned a major northward offensive from Guangdong in conjunction with

7784-409: The Qing court decided to postpone the assault until Dutch naval reinforcements arrived. From 18 to 20 November, the Dutch fought sea battles against the Zheng while Shi took Xiamen. In 1664, Shi assembled a fleet of 240 ships, and in conjunction with 16,500 troops, chased remaining Zheng forces south. They failed to dislodge the last Zheng stronghold due to the departure of the Dutch fleet. However, after

7923-556: The Qing court to take Xiamen, and made plans for an attack in October. The Dutch too had attacked Zheng ships in Xiamen but failed to take the town. In August the Dutch contacted Qing authorities in Fujian to propose a joint expedition against Zheng Taiwan. The message did not reach the Qing court until 7 January 1663 and it took another four months for a reply. The Kangxi Emperor granted the Dutch permission to set up inland trading posts but declined

8062-534: The Qing. Shi was assigned to follow Geng Jimao and pacify Ming loyalists in Guangdong and Guangxi before returning to Fujian in 1655. Shi was assigned to an assault force on a Zheng stronghold at the suggestion of another commander, Huang Wu, who had also defected from the Zheng side. The successful attack saw the surrender of Chen Bin and execution of 500 Zheng captives. In 1658, Shi was made Deputy Commander of Tongan . He continued to participate in campaigns against

8201-507: The Qing. From September 1661 to August 1662, some 290 officers, 4,334 soldiers, and 467 civilians left Zheng Taiwan. Three leading Zheng commanders contacted Qing authorities with the intention to defect but Zheng Jing imprisoned them. The defections continued and by 1663, some 3,985 officials and officers, 40,962 soldiers, 64,230 civilians, and 900 ships in Fujian had defected from Zheng held territory. To combat population decline, Zheng Jing also promoted migration to Taiwan. Between 1665 and 1669

8340-722: The Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines , rejected the request and strengthened defenses in anticipation of an attack. The non-Christian Chinese population was dispersed. Zheng declared his intention to conquer the Philippines in retaliation for the Spanish mistreatment of the Chinese settlers there, which was also the reason he used for attacking Dutch Taiwan. Tensions eased after Zheng Chenggong died on 23 June, four months after

8479-617: The Taiwan Strait. Zheng Taiwan held a monopoly on certain commodities such as sugarcane and deer skin, extracted from the aboriginals through a quota tribute system, which sold at a high price in Japan. Unlike the VOC, under which almost 90 percent of levies were related to commercial activities, there was greater emphasis on the rapid production of grains such as rice and yam to meet basic subsistence needs. Levies under Zheng governance were fixed and led to

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8618-493: The Three Feudatories , taking settlements on the coast. General Kong Yuanzhang, who had defected to the Qing, personally visited Zheng Jing in Taiwan in November 1667. He returned in December with nothing but reports of gracious treatment and gifts of precious items. In 1669 the Qing offered the Zhengs significant autonomy in Taiwan if they shaved their heads and wore their hair in the Manchu style. Zheng Jing declined and insisted on

8757-720: The Zheng forces of a weakness in the fort's defenses. On 12 January, Zheng's ships initiated a bombardment while the land forces prepared to assault. The Dutch surrendered. Frederick Coyett , the Dutch governor , negotiated a treaty, where the Dutch surrendered the fortress and left all the goods and property of the Company behind. In return, most Dutch officials, soldiers and civilians were allowed to leave with their personal belongings and supplies and return to Batavia (present-day Jakarta , Indonesia ), ending 38 years of Dutch colonial rule on Taiwan. Zheng did, however, detain some Dutch "women, children, and priests" as prisoners. On 9 February

8896-413: The Zheng forces. On 7 April, Zheng's army surrounded Fort Zeelandia and bombarded the fort with 28 cannons. An assault on the fort failed and many of Zheng's best soldiers died, after which Zheng decided to starve out the defenders. On 28 May, news of the siege reached Jakarta , and the company dispatched a fleet of 12 ships and 700 sailors to relieve the fort. The reinforcements met with bad weather and

9035-467: The Zheng regime would be taxed at a much lower rate than those reclaimed from the Dutch, considered "official land". According to Xing Hang, Zheng Jing dispatched teachers to various indigenous tribes to provide them with animals, tools, and know how on advanced and intensive farming techniques - severely punishing those that refused. Schools were set up to teach the aboriginal people the Chinese language. Extensive farming spread Han Chinese settlements to

9174-504: The Zhengs. Shi passed on information such as Zheng internal conflict between Chenggong and his son onto Beijing. The Qing established a naval force in Fujian in 1662 and appointed Shi Lang as the commander. Huang and Shi advocated for more aggressive action against the Zhengs besides just a coastal evacuation policy. On 15 May 1663, Shi attacked the Zheng fleet and succeeded in capturing 24 Zheng officers, 5 ships, and killing over 200 enemies. Shi planned to attack Xiamen on 19 September, but

9313-465: The ability to retake the mainland and was permanently settling in Taiwan. According to one of Shen's poems, he often looked to the west for good news from the mainland but had to flee north out of fear of alienation from the group. Zheng Jing justified the new direction by saying that in thirty years, Taiwan would be able to compete with the Central Plains . This was not entirely unfounded. According to

9452-524: The associated Chinese characters was "beat the dog". According to one theory, the name Takau originates from the aboriginal Siraya language and translates as "bamboo forest". According to another theory, the name evolved via metathesis from the name of the Makatao tribe, who inhabited the area at the time of European and Hoklo settlement. The Makatao is considered by some to be part of the Siraya tribe. During

9591-463: The bay of Luermen . Three Dutch ships attacked the Chinese junks and destroyed several until their main warship, the Hector , exploded due to a cannon firing near its gunpowder supply. The remaining two ships consisted of a yacht and a lesser warship, which were unable to keep Zheng from controlling the waters around Taiwan. The landing forces defeated the Dutch. On 4 April, Fort Provintia surrendered to

9730-470: The city center. It was the largest gas explosion in Taiwan's modern history. The city sits on the southwestern coast of Taiwan facing the Taiwan Strait , bordering Tainan City to the northwest, Chiayi and Nantou County to the north, Taitung County to its east and Pingtung County to the south and southeast. The downtown areas are centered on Kaohsiung Harbor with Cijin Island on the other side of

9869-413: The city has since grown into the political and economic center of southern Taiwan , with key industries such as manufacturing, steel-making , oil refining , freight transport and shipbuilding . It is classified as a "Gamma −" level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , with some of the most prominent infrastructures in Taiwan. Kaohsiung is of strategic importance to

10008-470: The city is one of the sunniest areas in Taiwan. The sea temperature of Kaohsiung Harbor remains above 22 °C (72 °F) year-round, the second highest of Southern Taiwan after Liuqiu Island . According to recent records, the average temperature of the city has risen around 1 degree Celsius over the past three decades, from about 24.2 °C (75.6 °F) in 1983 to around 25.2 °C (77.4 °F) by 2012. As of December 2018, Kaohsiung city has

10147-566: The coast of Zhejiang and Fujian. In 1674, Zheng Jing took advantage of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories on the mainland and recaptured Xiamen and used it as a trading center to fund his efforts to retake mainland China. He imported swords, gun barrels, knives, armours, lead and saltpeter, and other components for gunpowder. Zheng made an alliance with the rebel lord Geng Jingzhong in Fujian, but they fell afoul of each other not long afterward. Zheng captured Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in 1674. In 1675,

10286-453: The coast of Fujian in 1669, the Qing started relaxing restrictions on maritime trade. Due to the sea ban policy, which saw the relocation of all southern coastal towns and ports that had been subject to Zheng raids, migration occurred from these areas to Taiwan. About 1,000 previous Ming government officials moved to Taiwan fleeing Qing persecution. From June to August 1663, Duke Huang Wu of Haicheng and commander Shi Lang of Tongan urged

10425-451: The cold front. Also, besides the high temperatures occurring during the usual summer months, daytime temperatures of inland districts of the city can often exceed 33 °C (91 °F) from mid-March to late April before the onset of the monsoon season , with clear skies and southwesterly airflows. Average annual rainfall is around 1,885 mm (74.2 in), focused primarily from June to August. At more than 2,210 hours of bright sunshine,

10564-575: The commander of Chaozhou , Liu Jingzhong, defected to Zheng. After Geng and other rebels surrendered to the Qing in 1676 and 1677, the tide turned against the Zheng forces. Quanzhou was lost to the Qing on 12 March 1677 and then Zhangzhou and Haicheng on 5 April. Zheng forces counterattacked and retook Haicheng in August. Zheng naval forces blockaded Quanzhou and tried to retake the city in August 1678 but they were forced to retreat in October when Qing reinforcements arrived. Zheng forces suffered heavy casualties in

10703-476: The company. The Chinese mostly thought it was due to Dutch depredations on Zheng's junks and that the embargo would not last much longer since it also hurt Zheng's profits. The Chinese sent presents and a letter to Zheng urging him to reopen trade to Taiwan but no reply was received. The Dutch also sent letters to Zheng through a Chinese intermediary named He Tingbin. A man working for the VOC named He Bin fled to Zheng Chenggong's base in Xiamen and provided him with

10842-462: The defection of Zheng commander Zhou Quanbin, Zheng Jing decided to pull out from the remaining mainland stronghold in the spring of 1664. Shi was not content with just the defeat of Zheng forces on the mainland. He proposed to the Qing court an invasion of Penghu and Taiwan. In November 1664, Shi's fleet set sail but was turned back by a storm. He tried again in May 1665 but there was too little wind to move

10981-554: The deliberate cultivation of sugarcane as a cash crop for trade with the Europeans, and the cooperative unit machinery for mass refining of sugar. The island became more economically self-sufficient with Chen's introduction of mass salt drying by evaporation, creating much higher quality salt than by rock deposits which were found to be very rare in Taiwan. By 1666, grain harvests were able to keep soldiers and civilians well nourished while sugarcane plantations proved profitable. By

11120-411: The discovered remnants were located in the hills surrounding Kaohsiung Harbor . Artifacts were found at Shoushan , Longquan Temple, Taoziyuan, Zuoying , Houjing, Fudingjin and Fengbitou . The prehistoric Dapenkeng , Niuchouzi , Dahu , and Niaosong civilizations were known to inhabit the region. Studies of the prehistoric ruins at Longquan Temple have shown that that civilization occurred at roughly

11259-413: The end of 1656, Chinese farmers were asking for relief from debts to the company and even requested help in the form of guaranteed prices for their goods. Many Chinese could barely find food for themselves while students in mission schools ran short of Chinese paper. Some company officials believed the embargo was a prelude to an invasion while others thought it was to obtain favorable trading privileges with

11398-399: The end of the siege of Fort Zeelandia. It is uncertain how he died and causes range from malaria to pneumonia to dysentery. One version of events say he died in a fit of madness when his officers refused his orders to execute his son, Zheng Jing , who had an affair with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her. Zheng became a legendary figure in folk tales and his image as a Ming loyalist

11537-408: The equator such as Singapore or Manila . Daily maximum temperature typically exceeds 30 °C (86 °F) during the warmer season (April to November) and 25 °C (77 °F) during the cooler season (December to March), with the exception when cold fronts strike during the winter months, when the daily mean temperature of the city can drop between 10 and 12 °C depending on the strength of

11676-434: The expansion and cultivation of fertile lands for increased food production capabilities. Lands held by the Dutch were immediately reclaimed and ownership distributed amongst Zheng's trusted staff and relatives to be rented out to peasant farmers, whilst properly developing other farmlands in the south. To encourage expansion into new farmlands, a policy of varying taxation was implemented wherein fertile land newly claimed for

11815-519: The first seven years of his life in Japan with his mother, Tagawa Matsu , and then went to school in Fujian, obtaining a county-level licentiate at the age of 15. Afterwards he left for Nanjing to study at the Imperial Academy. On mainland China, the Manchu -led Qing dynasty forces broke through Shanhai Pass in 1644 and rapidly overwhelmed the Ming. After Beijing fell in 1644 to rebels, Chenggong and his followers declared their loyalty to

11954-416: The general manager in Taiwan from 1993 to 1999, used this newfound understanding of Chinese culture and ways of doing business with Chinese customers to lead its China expansion starting in 1999. As of February 2020, Carrefour has opened 137 hypermarkets and supermarkets in Taiwan. Despite the fierce competition from "Westernized" supermarkets, Taiwan's traditional markets and mom-and-pop stores remain "one of

12093-684: The governor of Taiwan received a letter from Zheng insulting the Dutch, calling them "more like animals than Christians," and referring to the Chinese in Taiwan as his subjects. He commanded them to stop trading with the Spanish. Zheng sent a letter directly to the Chinese leaders in Taiwan, rather than Dutch authorities, stating that he would withhold his junks from trading in Taiwan if the Dutch would not guarantee his junks safety from Dutch depredations in Southeast Asia. To raise funds for his war effort, Zheng had increased foreign trade by sending junks to Japan, Tonkin, Cambodia, Palembang, and Malaka. Batavia

12232-507: The harbor acting as a natural breakwater . The Love River (Ai River) flows into the harbor through the Old City and downtown. Zuoying Military Harbor lies to the north of Kaohsiung Harbor and the city center. Kaohsiung's natural landmarks include Ape Hill and Mount Banping . Located about a degree south of the Tropic of Cancer , Kaohsiung has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ), near to

12371-454: The inability of the EIC to match the price of East Asian goods for resale. Zheng trade was subject to the Qing sea ban policy throughout its existence, limiting trade with mainland China to smugglers. After Zheng Jing's forces were ejected from the mainland, the Qing tried to win over Zheng through negotiation. In 1667 letters were sent to Zheng Taiwan to negotiate their surrender. Zheng Jing declined

12510-861: The kingdom was ruled by Koxinga's heirs, the House of Koxinga , and the period of rule is sometimes referred to as the Koxinga dynasty or the Zheng dynasty . In reference to its reigning house of Koxinga , the Kingdom of Tungning is sometimes known as the Zheng dynasty ( Chinese : 鄭氏王朝 ; pinyin : Zhèngshì Wángcháo ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tēⁿ – sī Ông-tiâu ), Zheng clan Kingdom ( Chinese : 鄭氏王國 ; pinyin : Zhèngshì Wángguó ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tēⁿ – sī Ông-kok ) or Yanping Kingdom ( Chinese : 延平王國 ; pinyin : Yánpíng Wángguó ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Iân-pêng Ông-kok ), named after Koxinga's hereditary title of "Prince of Yanping" ( Chinese : 延平郡王 ; pinyin : Yánpíng jùnwáng ) that bestowed by

12649-660: The largest municipality in Taiwan, Kaohsiung has a number of newly built leisure areas and parks. Notable parks or pavilions in the city include the Central Park , Siaogangshan Skywalk Park , Fo Guang Shan Monastery , the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas , Spring and Autumn Pavilions , the Love Pier , Singuang Ferry Wharf and Kaohsiung Fisherman's Wharf . Notable zoo in the city includes the Kaohsiung City Shousan Zoo . Kaohsiung

12788-478: The majority of the population are Han Chinese . The Chinese are divided into 3 subgroups: Hoklo , Hakka , and Waishengren . The Hoklo and Waishengren mostly live in flatland townships and the city centre, while the majority of the Hakka population lives in the suburbs or rural townships of the northeastern hills. The indigenous peoples of Kaohsiung, who belong to various ethnic groups that speak languages belonging to

12927-528: The majority population is Kuomintang supporters. On 25 December 2010, Kaohsiung City merged with Kaohsiung County to form a larger special municipality with administrative centers in Lingya District and Fongshan District . On 31 July 2014, a series of gas explosions occurred in the Cianjhen and Lingya Districts of the city, killing 31 and injuring more than 300. Five roads were destroyed in an area of nearly 20 km (7.7 sq mi) near

13066-501: The metropolitan region. As of 2008 , the GDP per capita in nominal terms was approximately US$ 24,000. Despite early success and heavy governmental investment, the city suffers from the economic North–South divide in Taiwan , which continues to be the center of political debate. There has been public aims to shift the local economy towards tourism and cultural industries , with projects such as Pier-2 Art Center , National Kaohsiung Center for

13205-420: The middle. Two flotillas of 50 small ships sailed in two different directions as a diversion. The remaining vessels served as rear reinforcements. The battle took place in the bay of Magong . The Zheng garrison fired at the Qing ships and then set sail from the harbor with about 100 ships to meet the Qing forces. Shi concentrated fire on one big enemy ship at a time until all of Zheng's battle ships were sunk by

13344-512: The most popular retail formats for many Asian families when they purchase daily food items and basic household goods." Kingdom of Tungning The kingdom was founded by Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) after seizing control of Taiwan from Dutch rule . Zheng hoped to restore the Ming dynasty in Mainland China , when the Ming remnants' rump state in southern China was progressively conquered by

13483-510: The nation as the city is the main port city of Taiwan; the Port of Kaohsiung is the largest and busiest harbor in Taiwan and more than 67% of the nation's exports and imports container throughput goes through Kaohsiung. Kaohsiung International Airport is the second busiest airport in number of passengers in Taiwan. The city is well-connected to other major cities by high speed and conventional rail, as well as several national freeways. It also hosts

13622-406: The naval chief of Fujian on 10 September 1681. He assumed his duty in Xiamen on 15 November at the age of 61. Admiral Shi's plan was to take Penghu first and then use it as a base to launch further operations. If the Zhengs did not surrender, Penghu would be used as a base for a Qing invasion into Taiwan. The Governor-general Yao Qisheng disagreed with Shi's plan to take Penghu first and proposed

13761-417: The north, a large fire that caused the destruction of more than a thousand houses, and suspicion of collusion with the Qing caused more Zheng followers to defect to the Qing. Zheng's deputy Commander Liu Bingzhong surrendered with his ships and men from Penghu. Orders from the Kangxi Emperor to invade Taiwan reached Yao Qisheng and Shi Lang on 6 June 1682. The invasion fleet was met with unfavorable winds and

13900-504: The northeast blocking out the cool northeastern winds during the winter. The city, therefore, has a noticeably warmer climate than nearby cities located at similar latitudes such as Hong Kong , Guangzhou as well as various cities further south in northern Vietnam , such as Hanoi . Although the climate is classified as tropical, Kaohsiung has a defined cooler season unlike most other cities in Asia classified with this climate but located closer to

14039-420: The numerous garrisons along the coastline would be rendered unnecessary and reduce the defense spending. After Kong Yuanzhang returned from his failed peace mission to Taiwan in 1667, he accused Shi of collusion with Zheng Jing. Shi was recalled from Fujian and his officers and soldiers were relocated to hinterland provinces. Some of them defected back to the Zhengs. The Fujian Naval Command was abrogated and Shi

14178-406: The offer. Zheng emphasized that Taiwan had never been part of China and that he wished to establish relations with the Qing based on a model similar to a foreign country. However the Ming loyalist Zha Jizu noted in 1669 that Zheng Jing continued to use the defunct Ming dynasty's calendar. He never gave up on aspirations for power on the mainland and later attacked the Qing dynasty during the Revolt of

14317-519: The other half being workers from other Southeast Asian countries, mainly from Vietnam , the Philippines or Thailand . Kaohsiung is a major international port and industrial city in the southwest of Taiwan. As an exporting center, Kaohsiung serves the agricultural interior of southern Taiwan, as well as the mountains of the southeast. Major raw material exports include rice, sugar, bananas, pineapples , peanuts (groundnuts) and citrus fruits . The 2,200 ha (5,400-acre) Linhai Industrial Park , on

14456-518: The prescribed procedures for Ming officials by regularly presenting reports and paying tribute to the absent Ming emperor. Zheng Jing never relinquished the trappings of a Ming government such as the use of the Yongli calendar and drew on this claim for legitimacy. He treated the deceased Yongli Emperor as though he were still alive and paid homage to him on the Lunar New Year. This enabled him to enlist

14595-618: The proposal for a joint expedition. The Dutch did however assist the Qing in naval combat against the Zheng fleet in October 1663, resulting in the capture of Zheng bases in Xiamen and Kinmen in November. The Zheng admiral Zhou Quanbin surrendered on 20 November. The remaining Zheng forces fled southward and completely evacuated from the mainland coast in the spring of 1664. Qing and Dutch naval forces under admiral Shi Lang attempted to invade Taiwan twice in December 1664. On both occasions Shi turned back his ships due to adverse weather. Shi tried to attack Taiwan again in 1666 but turned back due to

14734-1305: The public since the early 1980s. Notable historical sites include the Cemetery of Zhenghaijun , Fengshan Longshan Temple , Former British Consulate at Takao , Former Dinglinzihbian Police Station , Meinong Cultural and Creative Center , Former Sanhe Bank , and the Kaohsiung Lighthouse , one of the oldest lighthouses of the city. Kaohsiung is home to many museums, including the Chung Li-he Museum , Cijin Shell Museum , Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum , Jiasian Petrified Fossil Museum , Kaohsiung Astronomical Museum , Kaohsiung Hakka Cultural Museum , Kaohsiung Harbor Museum , Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts , Kaohsiung Museum of History , Kaohsiung Museum of Labor , Kaohsiung Vision Museum , Meinong Hakka Culture Museum , National Science and Technology Museum , Republic of China Air Force Museum , Soya-Mixed Meat Museum , Taiwan Pineapple Museum , Taiwan Sugar Museum , Takao Railway Museum , Xiaolin Pingpu Cultural Museum and YM Museum of Marine Exploration Kaohsiung . As

14873-409: The region from as long as 7,000 years ago. Prior to the 17th century, the region was inhabited by the Makatao people of the Siraya tribe, who settled on what they named Takau Isle (translated to 打狗嶼 by Ming Chinese explorers); "Takau" meaning "bamboo forest" in the aboriginal language. The earliest evidence of human activity in the Kaohsiung area dates back to roughly 4,700–5,200 years ago. Most of

15012-638: The remaining company personnel in Fort Zeelandia left Taiwan. Zheng then proceeded on a tour of inspection to "see with his own eyes the extent and condition of his new domain." The Taiwanese aboriginal tribes who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the Guo Huaiyi rebellion in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the siege and defected to Zheng's Chinese forces. The aboriginals of Sincan defected to Zheng after he offered them amnesty . The Sincan aboriginals then proceeded to work for

15151-566: The same times as the beginnings of the aboriginal Makatao civilization, suggesting a possible origin for the latter. Unlike some other archaeological sites in the area, the Longquan Temple ruins are relatively well preserved. Prehistoric artifacts discovered have suggested that the ancient Kaohsiung Harbor was originally a lagoon, with early civilizations functioning primarily as Hunter-gatherer societies. Some agricultural tools have also been discovered, suggesting that some agricultural activity

15290-487: The ships and then a few days later the winds reversed direction and forced him to return. Another failed attempt was made in June when they were met with a violent storm, sinking a few small ships, and damaging the masts of several other ships. Shi's flagship was blown to the coast of Guangdong on 30 June. In 1666, the Qing called off the expedition. Shi Lang was instructed to arrange the necessary ships, escorts, and provisions for

15429-457: The soldiers became farmers. Half of them did not have wives or families. To address the food shortage, Zheng Chenggong instituted a tuntian (military farm) policy in which soldiers worked as farmers when not assigned to active duty in a guard battalion. No effort was spared to ensure the successful implementation of this policy to develop Taiwan into a self-sufficient island, and a series of land and taxation policies were established to encourage

15568-468: The son of Chenggong. One prefecture and two counties (Tianxing and Wannian) were established in Taiwan. Zheng Jing was a devout anti-Qing Confucian and his rule in Taiwan has been described as an attempt to sinicize Taiwan and naturalize Han Chinese customs. He had a very rigid understanding of what was "Chinese" and "barbarian". He had a hatred of Manchus. In 1657 he had a Chinese Christian seized and threatened to execute him because he wore his hair in

15707-537: The son of former pirate turned general, Zheng Zhilong . After reconciling with the Ming government, Zhilong moved his headquarters from Taiwan to Fujian. Although he did not sever ties with the 30,000 Fujianese he had previously helped settle in Taiwan with Ming approval, his move eased the passage for Dutch domination over Taiwan. Zhilong then controlled a large portion of Fujian, managing trade and collecting taxes in both Xiamen and Taiwan. By 1640, Zhilong had become military commander of Fujian Province . Chenggong spent

15846-462: The source of meat, fish, and produce for many residents. With the arrival of Western-style supermarkets in the 1980s and 1990s, such markets have encountered fierce competition. In 1989, the global leader in hypermarkets, Carrefour , entered Asia, opening its first store in Kaohsiung. Due to the success of its Taiwan operation, the French retailer expanded throughout the country and Asia. Jean-Luc Chéreau,

15985-434: The southern tip of the island and as far north as modern Hsinchu , often at the expense of aboriginal tribes. Several rebellions flared up over the course of Zheng rule due to Han Chinese incursions on indigenous ways of life. In one pacification campaign, Liu Guoxuan, stationed in modern Changhua County , killed several hundred Shalu tribes people in modern Taichung , leaving only six alive. The competing Kingdom of Middag

16124-584: The southernmost district. In 1630, the first large scale immigration of Han Chinese to Taiwan began due to famine in Fujian , with merchants and traders from China seeking to purchase hunting licenses from the Dutch or hide out in aboriginal villages to escape authorities in China. In 1684, the Qing dynasty annexed Taiwan and renamed the town Fongshan County ( Chinese : 鳳山縣 ; pinyin : Fèngshān Xiàn ), considering it

16263-487: The spring of 1655 no silk junks arrived in Taiwan. Company officials suspected that this was caused by the Ming-Qing war but others felt it was a deliberate plan by Zheng to cause them harm. The company sent a junk to Penghu to see whether Zheng was preparing forces there but they found nothing. Defenses at Fort Zeelandia were strengthened. According to European and Chinese traders, Zheng had 300,000 men and 3,000 junks. In 1655,

16402-426: The start of 1684, a year after the end of Zheng rule, areas under cultivation in Taiwan had reached 43,699.7 hectares, more than triple the figure of 12,500 hectares by the end of the Dutch era in 1660. The Zheng merchant fleets continued to operate between Japan and Southeast Asian countries, reaping profits as a center of trade. Private traders paid Zheng authorities a gift, or tributary tax, for safe passage through

16541-805: The support of Ming loyalists who helped him establish an administration in Taiwan. Civil officials were instated with statuses theoretically equal to their military counterparts. However oversight of all affairs were given to Chen Yonghua, the Advisory Staff Officers, and Feng Xifan, head of the Imperial Bodyguard. Zheng Jing's family members and officers remained at the top of the organizational hierarchy. They enacted programs of farm development, house and temple construction, and Confucian education. Aside from agricultural development, Zheng Jing advised commoners to replace their grass huts with houses made of wood and baked tiles. He ordered temples worshiping

16680-434: The village of Sabah ( Tamsui, Taipei ), and Dwabangkang ( Bali, New Taipei City ). Taiwan became a Dutch colony in 1624, after the Dutch East India Company was ejected from Penghu by Ming forces. At the time, Takau was already one of the most important fishing ports in southern Taiwan. The Dutch named the place Tankoya , and the harbor Tancoia . The Dutch missionary François Valentijn named Takau Mountain "Ape Berg",

16819-542: The waterfront, was completed in the mid-1970s and includes a steel mill , shipyard , petrochemical complex, and other industries. The city has an oil refinery , aluminum and cement works, fertilizer factories, sugar refineries, brick and tile works, canning factories, salt-manufacturing factories, and papermaking plants. Designated an export-processing zone in the late 1970s, Kaohsiung also attracted foreign investment to process locally purchased raw materials for export. In 2020, Kaohsiung's land reclamation project in

16958-498: The west and southwest. The year-round warm climate allows coral reefs to grow along the coasts around Kaohsiung Harbor , with Shoushan Mountain being a small mountain completely made up of coral reefs and calcium carbonate , while the mountainous districts in the northeast include Taiwan's highest mountain, Yushan . Other notable natural attractions include the Mount Banping , Lotus Pond , and Dongsha Atoll National Park , which

17097-783: Was handed over from Japan to the government of the Republic of China on 25 October 1945, Kaohsiung City and Kaohsiung County were established as a provincial city and a county of Taiwan Province respectively on 25 December 1945. The official romanization of the name came to be "Kaohsiung", based on the Wade–Giles romanization of the Mandarin reading of the kanji name. Kaohsiung City then consisted of 10 districts , which were Gushan , Lianya (renamed "Lingya" in 1952), Nanzih , Cianjin , Cianjhen , Cijin , Sanmin , Sinsing , Yancheng , and Zuoying . During this time, Kaohsiung developed rapidly. The port, badly damaged in World War II ,

17236-419: Was also present. The pronunciation of Kaohsiung (Takao) in Japanese is similar to Takau (Takau), so the local flavor of Takao was renamed Kaohsiung. The first Chinese records of the region were written in 1603 by Chen Di , a member of Ming admiral Shen You-rong's expedition to rid the waters around Taiwan and Penghu of pirates. In his report on the "Eastern Barbarian Lands" (Dong Fan Ji), Chen Di referred to

17375-496: Was devoid of junks. The embargo imposed by Zheng hurt the company's profits by ending the import of gold, which was the main item used to exchange for company goods in India. Chinese merchants in aboriginal villages ran out of goods to trade for aboriginal products. Chinese farmers also suffered due to the exodus of Chinese from Taiwan. They could not export their rice and sugar and their investments in fields and labor came to nothing. By

17514-412: Was established nearby. In 1909, Hōzan Chō was abolished, and Takow was merged into Tainan Chō. In 1920, during the tenure of 8th Governor-General Den Kenjirō , districts were abolished in favor of prefectures. Thus the city was administered as Takao City ( 高雄市 , Takao-shi ) under Takao Prefecture . The Japanese developed Takao, especially the harbor that became the foundation of Kaohsiung to be

17653-624: Was forced to turn back. Yao proposed a five-month postponement of the invasion to wait for favorable winds in November. Conflict between Yao and Shi led to Yao's removal from power in November. On 18 November 1682, Shi Lang was authorized to assume the role of supreme commander while Yao was relegated to logistical matters. Supplies arrived for Shi's 21,000 troops, 70 large warships, 103 supply ships, and 65 double mast vessels in early December. Spy ships were sent to scout Penghu and returned safely. Two attempts to sail to Penghu in February 1683 failed due to

17792-407: Was given a leisurely post as one of the emperor's six grand guardsmen. Shi was not the only one who proposed more aggressive action against Taiwan. On 14 August 1668, Zhejiang official Shi Weiqi recommended imposing an economic blockade on Taiwan, which the Qing rejected. The Fujian Naval Command was revived under Wang Zhiding on 9 January 1679 but Wang quit the job a few months later and admitted he

17931-500: Was gradually weakened. A series of major conflicts with the Saisiyat people left the Saisiyat decimated and with much of their land under Zheng rule. The details of the conflicts remain uncertain however historians agree that the outcome was negative for the Saisiyat. Chen Yonghua is credited with the introduction of new agricultural techniques such as water-storage for annual dry periods,

18070-472: Was honored even by the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, who removed his name from the "sea banditry" category and labelled him a valiant loyalist to a deposed dynasty. Chinese nationalists in the 20th century invoked Zheng Chenggong for his patriotism and political loyalty against Qing and foreign influence. Dutch ships continued to come into conflict with Zheng forces in the 17th century and in 1663,

18209-454: Was initially centered on Ki-au ( Chinese : 旗後 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Kî-āu ) region but the government began laying railways, upgrading the harbor, and passing new urban plans. New industries such as refinery, machinery, shipbuilding and cementing were also introduced. Before and during World War II it handled a growing share of Taiwan's agricultural exports to Japan, and was also a major base for Japan's campaigns in Southeast Asia and

18348-422: Was no greater than 100,000. The initial Zheng army, their family, and retainers that settled in Taiwan is estimated to be 30,000 at minimum. According to a 1668 memorial to the Qing court, Shi Lang claimed that there were 20,000 to 30,000 Han Chinese in Taiwan under the Dutch. Zheng Chenggong brought with him another 30,000 soldiers and their families while Zheng Jing brought another 6,000 to 7,000 to Taiwan. Most of

18487-468: Was not suitable for the position. Wan Zhengse, who defected from the Zhengs in 1663, was appointed to replace Wang in May. Wan was opposed to an invasion of Taiwan and was adamant that such an attempt would end in failure. Wan's lack of confidence upset the Kangxi Emperor. In 1681, the Neo-Confucian scholar Li Guangdi recommended Shi Lang to be the coordinator of the invasion force. Shi was reappointed as

18626-565: Was promoted in concert with territorial expansion to the south and east. After ten years of encouraging the multitudes to grow, after ten years of education and nourishment, and after ten years of letting them congregate and become numerous, in thirty years, [Taiwan] can truly compete for tops with the Central Plain. According to the poet Shen Guangwen , Zheng Jing disbanded the troops and turned them into military colonies. Shen and other literati abandoned Zheng Jing once they realized he lacked

18765-534: Was restored in the late 1670s, when the town expanded drastically with immigrants from mainland China and was kept through Taiwan's cession to the Japanese Empire in 1895. In his 1903 general history of Taiwan, US Consul to Formosa James W. Davidson relates that "Takow" was already a well-known name in English. In 1920, the name was changed to Takao ( Japanese : 高雄 , after Takao (Kyoto)  [ ja ] ,

18904-459: Was restored. It also became a fishing port for boats sailing to Filipino and Indonesian waters. Largely because of its climate, Kaohsiung overtook Keelung as Taiwan's major port. Kaohsiung also surpassed Tainan to become the second largest city of Taiwan in the late 1970s and Kaohsiung City was upgraded from a provincial city to special municipality on 1 July 1979, by the Executive Yuan with

19043-457: Was the first Chinese government in Taiwan. This system of government was modeled on the Six Ministries : civil service, revenue, rites, war, punishment, and public works. Great care was taken in the use of symbolism to appeal to Ming legitimacy, an example being the use of the term guan instead of bu to name departments, since the latter is reserved for the central government, whereas Taiwan

19182-418: Was to be a regional office of the rightful Ming rule of China. Chenggong renamed Fort Zeelandia to Anping and Provintia to Chikan. The town surrounding Chikan came to be known as Chengtian. On 29 May 1662, Chikan was renamed to "Ming Eastern Capital" ( Dongdu Mingjing ). Later "Eastern Capital" ( Dongdu ) was renamed to Dongning ( Wades Giles : Tungning), which means "Eastern Pacification," by Zheng Jing ,

19321-547: Was wary of this competition and wrote that this would "undermine our profits." Batavia sent a small fleet to Southeast Asian ports to intercept Zheng's junks. One junk was captured and its cargo of peppers confiscated but another junk managed to escape. The Dutch realized this would be received badly by Zheng and thus offered an alliance with the Manchus in Beijing, however nothing came of the negotiations. The Taiwanese trade slowed and for several months in late 1655 and early 1656 not

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