Misplaced Pages

#197802

74-554: The Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs (Andra) is the French national radioactive waste management agency and is responsible for delivery of Cigéo. After more than thirty years of research, including at the Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory , Andra applied in 2023 to ASN , the French nuclear safety authority, for permission to construct the facility. The Cigéo project

148-587: A cost of 68 M€ and with a potential start of operations in 2025 (if the facility is constructed by that point). Having entered the pre-industrial phase in 2011, the Cigéo project could accept its first waste packages in 2025, after a series of stages and a calendar defined by law. It is planned to operate Cigéo for at least 100 years. The underground disposal tunnels will be constructed progressively, as and when needed. Their footprint will extend to around 15 km after about 100 years of operations. The law requires that

222-409: A cost, all the more important as the requirements for reversibility will be onerous. The question of financing this reversibility is part of the global reflection of intergenerational responsibility. The option taken by the actors of the project is for current generations to finance the laboratory, construction, operation and closure of Cigéo, since only they have chosen this storage method. For Andra,

296-430: A depth of 500 m has revealed excellent containment properties: stable for at least 100 million years, homogenous over several hundred km, the region has very low permeability and is resistant to groundwater flow (the principal cause of degradation of waste containers and dispersion of radionuclides), and the clay has an elevated retention capacity (capacity for sorption of radioactive elements). During operation of

370-639: A depth of around 500 m in the East of the Paris basin (between 420 and 555 m depth at the site of the Bure laboratory. The argilites (a mix of clay and quartz from the Callovo - Oxfordian stages of the Jurassic ) possess physico-chemical characteristics which tend to limit the migration of radionuclides . The clay layer, with a thickness of more than 130 m and at

444-487: A depth of around 500 m , in a layer of clay rock which should be impermeable and have properties which support confinement over the very long term. A funicular railway should enable the waste packages to be taken underground or returned to the surface. The design and eventual construction, maintenance and operation of the funicular have been entrusted to the Grenoble-based Poma , a specialist in cable lifts, for

518-616: A disposal container. The estimated volumes of wastes for disposal at Cigéo are: The inventory considered by Andra for the conception of the Cigéo project only takes into account nuclear installations that were authorised (or were on the point of being authorised) on 31 December 2010, for a projected operational period of 50 years. However, for waste coming from the current operation of the fleet of nuclear power stations, Andra's reference inventory assumes that all spent fuels will ultimately be completely recycled (including MOX and enriched reprocessed uranium , which are not currently recycled). So,

592-565: A free journal ( 200 000 copies) as well as pedagogical materials aimed at teachers. The agency finances video-bloggers (Simon Puech, Anonimal, David Sheik), the Play Bac enterprise (2010 et 2017) and Usbek & Rica in order to promote the Cigéo project. Irradiation Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation . An irradiator is a device used to expose an object to radiation, notably gamma radiation , for

666-529: A layer of clay. The principle of geological disposal was put into French law in 2006. After a, which took place in 2013, the commission concluded that it was not urgent to begin disposal and the timescale for implementation envisaged at the time should be revised. The law defines in parallel alternative disposal routes: long-term storage of radioactive waste, pending final disposal; or separation and transmutation of nuclear wastes into radioisotopes with weaker activity or shorter half-lives . The estimated cost of

740-744: A level of radiation that will serve a specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation . The term irradiation usually excludes the exposure to non-ionizing radiation, such as infrared , visible light , microwaves from cellular phones or electromagnetic waves emitted by radio and television receivers and power supplies. If administered at appropriate levels, all forms of ionizing radiation can sterilize objects, including medical instruments, disposables such as syringes , and sterilize food . Ionizing radiation ( electron beams , X-rays and gamma rays ) may be used to kill bacteria in food or other organic material, including blood. Food irradiation , while effective,

814-462: A master plan for operations". On 20 January 2015, ASN replied to Andra by informing it by letter of 19 December 2014 of its expectations regarding the safety options case: ASN also insists on knowing Andra's subcontracting policy and on seeing in the file an initial draft of the notice provided for in paragraph II Article 8 of the Decree of 2 November 2007 [7] presenting Andra's technical capabilities for

SECTION 10

#1733094230198

888-560: A modification of the authorisation, the procedure for which would include a public inquiry. The volumes to be stocked are closely dependent on energy policy , with an increase in the volume expected in the case of early closure of some power stations. The opponents of the project in the public debate in 2013 demanded the adjournment of debate until after the law on the energy transition programme, while ASN recommended, because of these uncertainties, that these "expansion hypotheses" are taken into account. In order to allow future generations

962-453: A new nuclear reactor over its entire operating life, this cost represents in the order of 1 to 2% of the total cost of electricity production. In France, any entity planning to establish or operate a nuclear installation must file a "Safety Options Case". ASN published a safety guide for final geological disposal of radioactive waste in 2008 and issued several opinions on the file before the 2013 public inquiry (whose conclusions were issued at

1036-415: A retrieval operation. Containers which have been placed hundreds of metres below ground and left there for decades or even centuries could perhaps remain technically recoverable, but the cost of doing so under acceptable safety conditions might be prohibitive. Thus, reversibility is considered in progressive stages, including conditioning in containers, emplacement, closure of cells, end of active operations in

1110-484: A reversal operation. Cigéo was conceived for the disposal of high-level waste, and long-lived intermediate-level (LL-ILW) waste which could not be disposed of in surface or near-surface disposal facilities for reasons of nuclear safety or radiation protection . For high-level wastes, the dose rate at 1 metre from an unshielded package can be multiple Sieverts per hour at the time of disposal. The wastes are conditioned in "parcels" by their producer before being placed in

1184-472: A storage gallery, backfilling of the gallery, through to the definitive closure of the centre. Each step taken makes reversal a little more difficult and expensive. Reversibility must be taken into account in the design of the facility: which must facilitate the safe recovery of waste packages, despite the depth, for as long as the facility is not fully closed. To make this recovery possible "in complete safety": These devices and their maintenance obviously have

1258-438: A variety of purposes. Irradiators may be used for sterilizing medical and pharmaceutical supplies, preserving foodstuffs, alteration of gemstone colors, studying radiation effects, eradicating insects through sterile male release programs, or calibrating thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The exposure can originate from various sources, including natural sources. Most frequently the term refers to ionizing radiation , and to

1332-600: A visit to Moscow, due to his political stance. In 1999, an article in Der Spiegel alleged that the East German MfS intentionally irradiated political prisoners with high-dose radiation, possibly to provoke cancer. Alexander Litvinenko , a secret serviceman who was tackling organized crime in Russia, was intentionally poisoned with polonium-210 ; the very large internal doses of radiation he received caused his death. In

1406-439: Is an important step in the manufacture of silicon integrated circuits . Ion irradiation means in general using particle accelerators to shoot energetic ions on a material. Ion implantation is a variety of ion irradiation, as is swift heavy ions irradiation from particle accelerators induces ion tracks that can be used for nanotechnology . The irradiation process is widely practiced in jewelry industry and enabled

1480-408: Is currently based at five locations: Andra publishes a national inventory of radioactive materials and wastes every three years, then every five years following the public debate of 2019. The three first inventories were criticised for not containing information on military nuclear sites. Th 1996 edition touches on 29 sites relevant to the ministry of defence and contains military nuclear wastes, and

1554-577: Is envisaged in France). The hazard of the wastes diminishes as their radioactivity decays; the activity of the majority of these wastes will reach background levels in roughly a thousand years. The dangers of irradiation are poorly quantified for low doses, but according to the international authorities on radioprotection ( United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)),

SECTION 20

#1733094230198

1628-610: Is more than three times the capacity of the Aube storage centre. On 5 August 2015, the Constitutional Council censured the insertion into the law for growth, activity and equal economic opportunities, known as the Macron law, of an article defining reversibility adopted in the Senate on 18 April on the proposal of Gérard Longuet, on the grounds that it does not have a link, even indirect, with

1702-410: Is often used in the irradiation treatment of polymer-based products to improve their mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, and often to add unique properties. Cross-linked polyethylene pipe (PEX), high-temperature products such as tubing and gaskets, wire and cable jacket curing, curing of composite materials, and crosslinking of tires are a few examples. After its discovery by Lewis Stadler at

1776-512: Is planned for a site several kilometres to the north, at the boundary of the departments of Meuse and Haute-Marne , within the bounds of Ribeaucourt , Bure , Mandres-en-Barrois , and Bonnet , in the drainage basin of the Seine , at the boundary with that of the Meuse . It is intended to site the waste – comprising approximately 83 000  m of long-lived HLW and intermediate-level waste (ILW) – in

1850-517: Is possible. According to a 2017 thesis in the history of science at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS), Andra has had to retreat little by little from attempting to produce a formal proof of the absolute safety of disposal to instead presenting a body of arguments demonstrating that the evolution of Cigéo is controlled in the very long-term. The region proposed by Andra for

1924-561: Is seldom used due to problems with public acceptance. Irradiation is used in diagnostic imaging , cancer therapy and blood transfusion . In 2011 researchers found that irradiation was successful in the novel theranostic technique involving co-treatment with heptamethine dyes to elucidate tumor cells and attenuate their growth with minimal side effects. Ion irradiation is routinely used to implant impurities atoms into materials, especially semiconductors , to modify their properties. This process, usually known as ion implantation ,

1998-901: The International Atomic Energy Agency . Irradiation is also employed to prevent the sprouting of certain cereals , onions , potatoes and garlic . Appropriate irradiation doses are also used to produce insects for use in the sterile insect technique of pest control. The U.S. Department of Agriculture 's (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) recognizes irradiation as an important technology to protect consumers . Fresh meat and poultry including whole or cut up birds, skinless poultry, pork chops , roasts , stew meat , liver, hamburgers , ground meat , and ground poultry are approved for irradiation. Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej , who died of lung cancer in Bucharest on March 19, 1965, may have been intentionally irradiated during

2072-580: The Manche storage centre to permanently record information relating to its stored wastes after the site is closed. In the context of dismantling of French nuclear facilities, ANDRA launched an invitation to tender in September 2015 for the development of innovative technological solutions aiming at minimising the impact of nuclear wastes. According to estimates, dismantling of nuclear facilities will produce 2.1 million cubic metres of Very Low Level Waste (VLLW), which

2146-532: The University of Missouri , irradiation of seed and plant germplasm has resulted in creating many widely-grown cultivars of food crops worldwide. The process, which consists of striking plant seeds or germplasm with radiation in the form of X-rays , UV waves , heavy-ion beams , or gamma rays , essentially induce lesions of the DNA , leading to mutations in the genome . The UN has been an active participant through

2220-444: The la Hague site should be rediscussed and the project for a spent MOX fuel pool at Belleville-sur-Loire should likewise be rediscussed. The disposal of wastes from future nuclear installations at Cigéo would be possible, provided they are compatible with the site authorisation (in terms of volume, nature and level of activity. If the inventory to be taken into account exceeds the Cigéo's authorised limits, these should be changed by

2294-504: The nuclear industry , irradiation may refer to the phenomenon of exposure of the structure of a nuclear reactor to neutron flux, making the material radioactive and causing irradiation embrittlement , or irradiation of the nuclear fuel . During the 2001 anthrax attacks , the US Postal Service irradiated mail to protect members of the US government and other possible targets. This

Cigéo - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-619: The 1997 edition touches on 45 sites. ANDRA develops public-public and public-private partnerships with other organisations. For example: Andra was created in November 1979 within the CEA . In 1983, ANDRA selected twenty-eight sites whose geology would be favourable to the establishment of an underground storage facility for long-lived HLW. Lively local opposition forced ANDRA to abandon research on these sites. The law of 30 December 1991 relating to research on radioactive waste management (known as

2442-508: The Bataille Law after its sponsor, Christian Bataille ), gave Andra its independence from the CEA and gave it its statue as an établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial . Andra is notably charged with designing and realising new storage centres taking account of long-term perspectives on production and management of wastes, and to carry out all necessary studies to this end, such as

2516-507: The CEA's expenses from its own assets, but will ensure its financing through the budget; For operators whose costs are mainly long-term, the deadline for complying with this coverage rule has been extended from 2011 to 2014. The Law of 30 December 1991 on research into the management of radioactive waste organises, over a period of 15 years, research on the management of high-level and long-lived radioactive waste and work according to three families of possible methods: This law provides that, at

2590-508: The Haute-Marne departmental council, and the Meuse group is presided over by Jérôme Dumont, president of the Meuse departmental council. Since 1996, the project has provoked controversies concerning the financing, the reversibility of the process, uncertainties regarding the capability to guarantee containment of the waste for 100 000  years , the volume of waste requiring disposal, and whether

2664-415: The adjournment of the complete recycling of all spent fuels would have a strong impact on the nature of waste to be stocked, but only towards the end of the century. If it were ultimately decided to dispose of untreated spent fuel in Cigéo, the design would have to be adapted accordingly and the footprint would be expected to increase to around 25 km (9.7 sq mi) (from around 15). Additionally, in

2738-420: The authorisation to costruct the storage centre be issued. This authorisation will fix the minimum period during which the reversibility of storage must be ensured; and this duration may not be less than one hundred years The notion of « reversibility » is relative: it depends on the containers retaining their integrity and the stores being left accessible, but also on the price one is willing to pay for

2812-529: The beginning of 2014). After the public debate on the project (end of 2013), Andra announced that it wanted to start operating the storage in 2025, with a "pilot industrial phase" "of 5 to 10 years" preceding a long phase of current operation. On this occasion, it announced that it would submit a safety options file to ASN in 2015, prior to the application for authorisation to construct. This file will include "documents relating to technical recoverability options, draft preliminary package acceptance specifications and

2886-449: The case of complete cessation of nuclear operations, separated plutonium (which could no longer be considered as a recyclable nuclear material but would rather be a waste) would add to the inventory to be taken into account. According to Hervé Kempf , of Reporterre , retreatment, which produces 5 types of wastes (minor actinides, plutonium, spent MOX, reprocessing uranium and spent uranium fuel), should be stopped, storage conditions at

2960-416: The commune of Bure, Meuse for the study of radioactive waste storage, and to operate it until 2006. The project consists of testing deep geological storage (at a depth of 500 m in a layer of clay), of the most dangerous wastes. The aim of deep geological storage is to contain the wastes until they become non-hazardous, over a period of 100 000  years . ANDRA has been progressively buying land for

3034-460: The concept of the Cigéo project is flexible and evolutionary. If necessary, it could accept untreated spent fuel. The first packages to reach the site will be LL-ILW; the question of the final sealing or not of the first cell arises around 2045. And the storage of the first vitrified packages of HA waste will not take place before 2075. Some commentators, such as Jean-Marc Jancovici , believe that reversibility leads to undue complexity. Evaluation of

Cigéo - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-459: The construction and operation of this facility as defined in Article 2.1.1 of the Decree of 7 February 2012, and lists other requirements in an annex to the letter. ASN's opinion on the safety options case, published on 15 January 2018, confirms the analysis of its technical expert, judging that the project has reached "satisfactory technological maturity". However, it takes up the concerns expressed in

3182-429: The cost. This objection is based on the ability of financial investments to perform over the long term. However, the discount rate used by waste producers is not in fact fixed, but is itself constrained: "it cannot exceed the rate of return, as expected with a high degree of confidence, of the hedging assets, managed with a degree of security and liquidity sufficient to meet their purpose" and must be assessed annually: if

3256-416: The creation of gemstone colors that do not exist or are extremely rare in nature. However, particularly when done in a nuclear reactor , the processes can make gemstones radioactive. Health risks related to the residual radioactivity of the treated gemstones have led to government regulations in many countries. Irradiation is used to cross-link plastics . Due to its efficiency, electron beam processing

3330-420: The design of Cigéo to avoid a chain reaction in the event of a fire in a package. In accordance with the 2006 law on radioactive wastes, producers are legally obliged to evaluate the long term costs posed by their wastes and to set aside funds to meet those costs. These expenses are not accounted for in "gross value", but are discounted : dedicated assets are invested and earn financial interest. If, for example,

3404-492: The digging, construction and storage work, who, according to Andra, will number 1500 to 2000 persons for at least a hundred years. The cost will theoretically be financed by waste producers ( EdF , the CEA and Areva (now Orano )), through agreements with Andra, which will constitute a "fund intended to finance the construction, operation, permanent shutdown, maintenance and monitoring of storage or storage facilities for high- or intermediate-level long-lived waste". For

3478-466: The effect is negligible for doses at similar levels to natural background radiation (on the order of a micro- Sievert per hour, or 5mSv/year). On the other hand, according to the IRSN , the radiological impact on people and ecosystems should be evaluated equally in the short or very long term. Underground storage allows the containment of radioactivity over the very long term: groundwater flow being very weak in

3552-406: The employees of the agency. Since the 9 May 2019, it is presided over by Adolphe Colrat , préfet hors classe . The Scientific council was created by the law of 30 December 1991. It is composed of twelve additional members, nominated for five years. The members are French and foreign experts, men and women, chosen by the ministers on proposition by Andra. The Scientific council issues opinions on

3626-541: The end of 500 000  years (dominated by iodine-129 and chlorine-36 , which are both soluble); while staying significantly under the objective the dose would be higher ( 0.02 mSv/year ) in the case of hypothetical disposal of "CU1" and "CU2" spent fuel from EdF . The goal of the Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory was the study of the clay layer, with a view to determining if its characteristics are consistent with

3700-501: The end of 1993, four departments were selected by the government: Gard, Vienne, Meuse and Haute-Marne. Agence nationale pour la gestion des d%C3%A9chets radioactifs The Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs (ANDRA), or National agency for the management of radioactive waste is a 'public institution of an industrial and commercial nature' charged with the management of radioactive waste in France. Placed under

3774-444: The end of a period which may not exceed fifteen years, the government will submit to parliament a global report evaluating this research, accompanied by a draft law authorizing, if necessary, the creation of a storage centre for high-level and long-lived radioactive waste. In 1992, a call for applications was launched for the choice of departments to host underground laboratories. Thirty applications were received from 11 departments. At

SECTION 50

#1733094230198

3848-519: The evaluation of performance of geological disposal, migration models do not take credit for artificial confinement (the containers); only the natural rock is considered. The example of the natural nuclear fission reactors in the Oklo Mine , where non-volatile fission products have only migrated some centimetres in nearly 2 billion years, was used in preparatory works for Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository to show that confinement over such timescales

3922-404: The facility, Andra is aiming at a maximum acceptable dose of 0.25  mSv /year for the public and 5 mSv/year for monitored workers, which is a quarter of the current regulatory limit. For long term, the objective is that the committed dose must remain lower than 0.25 mSv/year for the most affected reference group. Modelled estimates of the dose peak at the 0.0008 mSv/year at

3996-580: The financial return on provisions is lower than expected, producers must reassess their charges (upwards), which unbalances their expense balance. In this case, "the administrative authority notes an insufficiency or inadequacy in the assessment of the charges, the calculation of the provisions or the amount, [and may] prescribe the measures necessary to regularize its situation by setting the deadlines within which it must implement them". Operators are then required to increase provisions to rebalance their long-term expense accounts. The State has decided not to cover

4070-487: The homogeneity of the clay layer. These uncertainties have been cited by the France Nature Environnement association in justifying its opposition to the project. The planned facility is composed of surface facilities, notably for receipt and preparation of waste packages or support services for excavation and construction works. It is envisaged that the wastes will be placed in underground stores situated at

4144-450: The impermeable region, only certain mobile radionuclides are able to migrate over a period of tens of millennia, potentially reaching the surface only in extremely small quantities. Two doctoral theses in 2008 and 2011 on archeological glasses and obsidians estimate that the vitrification process used to immobilise HLW should by itself be capable of assuring containment of radioactive materials for 10 000  years . Nevertheless, for

4218-415: The interest rate is 3.04%, a euro invested today will theoretically yield 1.0304^100= 20 € after a century, which makes it possible to balance an expenditure twenty times higher in a hundred years' time. One difficulty raised by opponents of the project is that, as a result of the discounting, the provisions for charges made by waste producers therefore only very partially cover what the future costs of

4292-484: The laboratory is constructed. Opponents of the project foresee a potential for corruption of the local political authorities as a result of these funding offers . In December 2002, the Société générale pour les techniques nouvelles (then a subsidiary of AREVA ) and COGEMA signed a framework contract with ANDRA for engineering studies relating to the project. ANDRA proposes the following provisional timeline, assuming that

4366-401: The location of Cigéo is in the East of France, at the boundary of the departments of Meuse and Haute-Marne. Safety performance of a geological disposal site is dependant, among other factors, on the characteristics of the host rock. The geological layer planned for the location of the wastes is the "Callovo-Oxfordian". It consists of a layer of clay rock, about 160 million years old, situated at

4440-549: The necessary authorisations are obtained: After more than thirty years of research, including at the Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory, Andra applied in 2023 to ASN , the French nuclear safety authority, for permission to construct the facility. The council is composed of 23 members: two representatives of the French Parliament ; six representatives of the State ; seven qualified persons; eight representatives of

4514-466: The possibility of revisiting the choice for disposal, the law on the radioactive waste programme states that disposal shall be reversible, as a means of precaution. The conditions of reversibility are not fixed a priori ; they must be discussed during the public debate. After the public debate, the Government will present a bill setting out these conditions, leading to a parliamentary debate; Only then can

SECTION 60

#1733094230198

4588-440: The principal challenge residing in the capacity of the facility to contain the radionuclides for a sufficiently long time by menas of different barriers placed between the waste and ecosystems on the surface. One of the options currently retained consists of storing the waste at a depth of 300–500 metres in vaults dug out in a geological layer that is stable, dense and as impervious as possible (e.g. granite, volcanic tuff, or clay, as

4662-418: The project varies between 15 and 36 billion Euros. The financing, theoretically the responsibility of waste producers, rests partly on the government budget . Social acceptability is one of the major parameters of the project – one billion Euros have been spent to this effect. Two departmental Public Interest Groups have been created. The Haute-Marne group is presided over by Nicolas Lacroix , president of

4736-559: The provisions contained in the bill. The condition of reversibility is nevertheless included in the law defining the scope of the Cigéo project adopted in July 2016. In the 2017 finance bill, ANDRA's budget is charged to the budgetary programme of the Ministry of Ecology, under item 174 (Energy, Climate and post-mining). In 1999, ANDRA was charged by the State with creating an underground laboratory in

4810-928: The public debate has been genuine or illusory. The activities of nuclear facilities generate fission products with very high levels of radioactivity and lifetimes in the tens of millennia. Additionally, there are actinides that are less radioactive but have lifetimes in the millions of years, such as neptunium-237 , which has a half-life of 2.1 million years, fission products with lower activity such as iodine-129 (half-life of 16 million years), and activation products such as chlorine-36 (half-life of 300 000  years ). These elements are non-reusable nuclear wastes. In nuclear reprocessing , they are separated from uranium and plutonium , which are potentially reusable. The strategy for management of long-lived HLW (whether fission products, actinides or activation products) consists of isolating them in places inaccessible to humans for long enough for their radiotoxicity to reduce,

4884-438: The realisation and operation of underground laboratories for the study of deep geological formations. Andra installed its headquarters at Châtenay-Malabry . In 2003, ANDRA decided to record certain of its archives on permanent paper in resistant ink, with the aim of guaranteeing preservation of the information for a minimum of 300 years, for the purpose of compliance with decree No. 2003-30 of 10 January 2003, which obliges

4958-489: The safety objectives of a disposal facility located in the transposition zone. Andra's work has permitted to show evidence that the properties of the Callovo-Oxfordian argilites will strongly reduce the mobility of actinides and thus the activity flux out of the host rock formation, by confining them in the near field. The ASN nevertheless underlined the necessity of taking into account the residual uncertainties regarding

5032-488: The site, and has created a public information centre at Saudron , to inform the public on the principles of geological disposal. As of August 2015, 1650 m of tunnels had been constructed. The construction of this laboratory has provoked a strong opposition among some local residents. In exchange for the use of the underground, ANDRA consecrates a budget of 5 million French Francs per year to support local communities (10 million in 1997), and promises 60 million Francs if

5106-453: The storage centre will be, with the balance to be made up by the expected return on investments. The high discount (5% and/or 3%) for long-term charges allows operators to set aside only €5 billion for the Cigeo project, whereas this project is expected to cost at least seven times more. If the cost is under-estimated or the return on investments over-estimated, the fund would be insufficient to cover

5180-462: The strategy, research programmes and results presented by the agency. The agency declares having an annual communications budget of a little over 1 million Euros at its disposal. For 2020, the agency declared to the Haute Autorité pour la transparence de la vie publique that it engaged in lobbying activities in France pour with a value not exceeding 200 000 Euros. ANDRA edits and distributes

5254-450: The summer of 2017 by the Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) on bituminous waste, which represent 16% of the volumes and 18% by number of the packages that Andra plans to store, which would present fire risks. Two solutions are therefore available to Andra with respect to bituminous wastes: treat them to make them inert, for example by a pyrolysis process, or modify

5328-413: The supervision of the ministers for research, the industry and the environment, ANDRA leads complementary industrial, research and public information missions. ANDRA's funding comes from a mixture of public and private sources, including a tax on producers of radioactive waste and commercial contracts with waste producers. ANDRA is responsible for the Cigéo deep geological repository project. ANDRA

5402-419: The total cost of Cigéo must take into account all the costs of storage over more than 100 years: studies, construction of the first structures (surface buildings, shafts, declines (sloped tunnels)), operation (staff, maintenance, energy...), the gradual construction of underground structures, then their closure, their monitoring, etc. Part of these costs/investments will be the salaries of the workforce employed in

5476-407: The waste disposal will be reversible for a minimum of 100 years. in order to allow future generations the possibility of modifying or adjusting to disposal process, for example by removal of the stored packages if another "mode of management" is planned or if the safety of the site is called into question. It is not, however, planned to make financial provision to cover some or all of the cost of such

#197802