75-655: Chushul is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh , India . It is located in the Durbuk tehsil , in the area known as "Chushul Valley", south of the Pangong Lake and west of the Spanggur Lake . The Line of Actual Control with China runs about 5 miles east of Chushul, across the Chushul Valley. Famous as site for historical battle grounds. In August 1842 the concluding battle of
150-522: A border village, Chushul has had a rich history involvement in engagements and conflicts between India and China. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 , an airstrip was built at Leh and a motorable road was constructed up to Kargil . From Kargil onwards into Ladakh, only animal transport was possible. In 1951, soon after the Chinese annexation of Tibet , a situation developed near Chushul with
225-580: A brigade of Kazakh troops from Chinese Central Asia trying to flee via Rudok, and the Chinese PLA pursuing them. Indian intelligence detected the movements in advance, and arrangements were made to rush a company of Indian troops from Pattan to Chushul, traveling by road and animal transport. The Kazakhs fled through the Spanggur Valley and set up defensive posts 3 km east of the then prevailing border (India's claim line). Fighting erupted between them and
300-586: A humanitarian and medical training practice conducted in Gabon. For the past 10 to 20 years, the PLA has acquired some advanced weapons systems from Russia, including Sovremenny class destroyers , Sukhoi Su-27 and Sukhoi Su-30 aircraft, and Kilo-class diesel-electric submarines. It has also started to produce several new classes of destroyers and frigates including the Type 052D class guided-missile destroyer. In addition,
375-702: A major threat, and the new threats to China are seen to be a declaration of independence by Taiwan , possibly with assistance from the United States, or a confrontation over the Spratly Islands . In 1985, under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the CMC, the PLA changed from being constantly prepared to "hit early, strike hard and to fight a nuclear war" to developing
450-751: A member of the CMC. Previously, the PLA was governed by four general departments; the General Political, the General Logistics, the General Armament, and the General Staff Departments. These were abolished in 2016 under the military reforms undertaken by Xi Jinping, replaced with 15 new functional departments directly reporting to the CMC: Included among the 15 departments are three commissions. The CMC Discipline Inspection Commission
525-525: A reduced role in political affairs and limited budgets; the military was downsized to free resources for economic development . The lack of oversight, ineffective self-regulation, and Jiang Zemin 's and Hu Jintao 's lack of close personal ties to the PLA, led to systemic corruption that persisted through the late-2010s. Jiang's attempt to divest the PLA of its commercial interests was only partly successful as many were still run by close associates of PLA officers. Corruption lowered readiness and proficiency,
600-507: A result of The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Removal of Difficulties) Second Order, 2019 , Leh district claimed de jure jurisdiction over the following areas of Pakistani-administered Kashmir: Gilgit, Gilgit Wazarat, Chilas, and Tribal territory, making it only slightly smaller than the country of Tunisia. The Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh (LAHDC Leh) is the Autonomous District Council that administers
675-451: A result of its egalitarian organization, the early PLA overturned strict traditional hierarchies that governed the lives of peasants. As sociologist Alessandro Russo summarizes, the peasant composition of the PLA hierarchy was a radical break with Chinese societal norms and "overturned the strict traditional hierarchies in unprecedented forms of egalitarianism[.]" In the PRC's early years, the PLA
750-689: A rotational basis to combat the Ebola virus outbreak in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau. As of 2023, this was the PLA's largest medical assistance mission in another country. China re-organized its military from 2015 to 2016 . In 2015, the PLA formed new units including the PLA Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force and the PLA Strategic Support Force. In 2016, the CMC replaced
825-408: A single body. The only difference in membership between the two occurs for a few months every five years, during the period between a Party National Congress , when Party CMC membership changes, and the next ensuing National People's Congress, when the state CMC changes. The CMC is composed of a chairman , vice chairpersons and regular members. The chairman of the CMC is the commander-in-chief of
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#1733085764480900-535: A source of grievance between Buddhists and Muslims since the late 20th century and contributed to this division. In 2017, the district was declared a tobacco-free zone. The Directorate of Health Services Kashmir, under the National Tobacco Control Programme, began working towards the designation early in 2017 and the status was declared in August. Rehana Kousar (in-charge, NTCP, Kashmir) said that work
975-426: A total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 3 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.8/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.87%, (it was 30.15% for 1991–2001). Leh has a sex ratio of 690 females for every 1000 males (this varies with religion), and a literacy rate of 77.2%. Languages of Leh district (2011) Ladakhi is the most spoken language, and Hindi/Urdu
1050-461: Is a district in Indian -administered Ladakh in the disputed Kashmir -region. Ladakh is an Indian-administered union territory . With an area of 45,110 km , it is the second largest district in the country, second only to Kutch . It is bounded on the north by Gilgit-Baltistan 's Kharmang and Ghanche districts and Xinjiang 's Kashgar Prefecture and Hotan Prefecture , to which it connects via
1125-836: Is a union territory without a legislature, it does not currently have a legislative assembly. Leh District is administered by an elected body known as the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh . The LAHDC was established in 1995. The latest elections were held in October 2020. The BJP secured 15 seats while the INC won 9 and the Independents won 2. Leh is connected to the rest of India by two high-altitude roads both of which are subject to landslides and neither of which are passable in winter when covered by deep snows. The National Highway 1D from Srinagar via Kargil
1200-655: Is charged with rooting out corruption. The CCP maintains absolute control over the PLA. It requires the PLA to undergo political education, instilling CCP ideology in its members. Additionally, China maintains a political commissar system. Regiment-level and higher units maintain CCP committees and political commissars ( Chinese : 政治委员 or 政委 ). Additionally, battalion-level and company-level units respectively maintain political directors and political instructors. The political workers are officially equal to commanders in status. The political workers are officially responsible for
1275-467: Is generally open longer. The Leh-Manali Highway can be troublesome due to very high passes and plateaus, and the lower but landslide-prone Rohtang Pass near Manali . The third road axis is under construction. The overland approach to Ladakh from the Kashmir valley via the 434-km. National Highway 1 typically remains open for traffic from June to October/November. The most dramatic part of this road journey
1350-730: Is in the valley of Tsaka Chu (or "Chushul stream") which rises near the Tsaka La and flows north for about 30 miles before entering the Pangong Lake on its south bank near Thakung . The stream flows through a flat plain of some 10 square miles in extent, allowing for scattered growth of grass and fuelwood. Chushul itself is on the western edge of the Tsaka Chu plain, at the mouth of the Loi Yogma valley. A stream called Har Lungpa flows down from Loi Yogma, and another stream called Umlung Lungpa flows from
1425-806: Is led by the Central Military Commission (CMC) with its chairman as commander-in-chief . The PLA can trace its origins during the Republican Era to the left-wing units of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Kuomintang (KMT) when they broke away in 1927 in an uprising against the nationalist government as the Chinese Red Army , before being reintegrated into the NRA as units of New Fourth Army and Eighth Route Army during
1500-415: Is the PLA's interface with state and foreign entities and insulates the PLA from external influence. Today, the majority of military units around the country are assigned to one of five theatre commands by geographical location. The PLA is the world's largest military force (not including paramilitary or reserve forces ) and has the second largest defence budget in the world. China's military expenditure
1575-499: Is the ascent up the 3,505 m (11,500 ft.) high Zoji-la , a tortuous pass in the Great Himalayan Wall. The Jammu and Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation (JKSRTC) operates regular Deluxe and Ordinary bus services between Srinagar and Leh on this route with an overnight halt at Kargil. Taxis (cars and jeeps) are also available at Srinagar for the journey. Since 1989, the 473-km Leh-Manali Highway has been serving as
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#17330857644801650-621: Is the second-largest language, mainly spoken in Leh. Balti is found in Nubra near the boundary with Gilgit-Baltistan. Tibetan , Punjabi , Marathi and Nepali are all mainly spoken in Leh. Urdu and English are widely understood in Leh. The district falls under Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency) . The present Member of Parliament (MP) of Ladakh is Mohmad Haneefa (independent candidate). Leh district had two assembly constituencies, Nubra and Leh under Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly. Since Ladakh
1725-559: Is the third road axis to Leh. It is currently under construction. Leh's Leh Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport has flights to Delhi at least daily on Air India which also provides twice-weekly services to Jammu and a weekly flight to Srinagar . Passengers connect in Delhi for other destinations. Go First operates Delhi to Leh daily flights during peak time. There is no railway service currently in Ladakh, however, 2 railway routes are proposed-
1800-657: The Bhanupli–Leh line and Srinagar–Kargil–Leh line. People%27s Liberation Army Arms [REDACTED] General Zhang Youxia The People's Liberation Army ( PLA ) is the military of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China . It consists of four services — Ground Force , Navy , Air Force , and Rocket Force —and four arms— Aerospace Force , Cyberspace Force , Information Support Force , and Joint Logistics Support Force . It
1875-617: The Dogra–Tibetan war with subsequent signing of the Treaty of Chushul in September 1842 for border non-proliferation took place at Chushul. On 18 November 1962 Sino-Indian War , PVC Major Shaitan Singh with his five platoons of 120 men fought to the 'last man, last round' at Rezang La (Chushul), only 6 men survived the Chinese massacre. Chushul is about 10 miles south of the Pangong Lake . It
1950-483: The Indian Army , coordinate: 33°33′27″N 78°43′55″E / 33.5575°N 78.732°E / 33.5575; 78.732 Spanggur ( Chinese : 斯潘古爾 ) post of the People's Liberation Army of China , coordinate: 33°33′54″N 78°48′00″E / 33.565°N 78.80°E / 33.565; 78.80 Chushul is connected by the following roads: Leh district Leh district
2025-819: The Long March . During the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945, the CCP's military forces were nominally integrated into the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China forming two main units, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army . During this time, these two military groups primarily employed guerrilla tactics , generally avoiding large-scale battles with the Japanese, at
2100-756: The Nanjing Military Region (1954–74), Yang Dezhi in the Jinan Military Region (1958–74), Chen Xilian in the Shenyang Military Region (1959–73), and Han Xianchu in the Fuzhou Military Region (1960–74). In the early days of the Cultural Revolution, the PLA abandoned the use of the military ranks that it had adopted in 1955. The establishment of a professional military force equipped with modern weapons and doctrine
2175-581: The National Revolutionary Army rebelled under the leadership of Zhu De , He Long , Ye Jianying , Zhou Enlai , and other leftist elements of the Kuomintang (KMT), after the Shanghai massacre in 1927. They were then known as the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army , or simply the Red Army. In 1934 and 1935, the Red Army survived several campaigns led against it by Chiang Kai-Shek 's KMT and engaged in
2250-512: The Second Sino-Japanese War . The two NRA communist units were reconstituted as the PLA in 1947. Since 1949, the PLA has used nine different military strategies, which it calls "strategic guidelines". The most important came in 1956, 1980, and 1993. Politically, the PLA and the paramilitary People's Armed Police (PAP) have the largest delegation in the National People's Congress (NPC); the joint delegation currently has 281 deputies—over 9% of
2325-796: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by supporting the Afghan mujahidin and ramping up their military presence near Afghanistan in Xinjiang. China acquired military equipment from the United States to defend itself from Soviet attacks. The PLA Ground Force trained and supported the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War, moving its training camps for the mujahideen from Pakistan into China itself. Hundreds of millions of dollars worth of anti-aircraft missiles, rocket launchers, and machine guns were given to
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2400-422: The Spanggur Lake and continues to Rutog a hundred kilometers away. According to the 2011 census of India , Chushul has a population of 949 people living in 148 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 61.47%. Most of the people are dependent on the rearing of goat and yak. In the field of agriculture, barley and pea are main crops of
2475-551: The "Battle of Chushul" fought as part of Dogra–Tibetan War in 1842. Across the Tsaka Chu valley to the east of Chushul is a range of mountains that are considered part of the Kailash Range . (Map 3) The Line of Actual Control between India and China runs along this range, even though India's claim line is 20 km to the east of it. (Map 2) About 15 km southeast of Chushul, a gap in the Kailash range leads to another valley that contains
2550-531: The Chinese armed forces . A goal of the RMA is to transform the PLA into a force capable of winning what it calls "local wars under high-tech conditions" rather than a massive, numbers-dominated ground-type war. Chinese military planners call for short decisive campaigns, limited in both their geographic scope and their political goals. In contrast to the past, more attention is given to reconnaissance , mobility, and deep reach. This new vision has shifted resources towards
2625-554: The Chinese leadership with a stark realization that the PLA was an oversized, almost-obsolete force. The USA's sending of two aircraft carrier groups to the vicinity of Taiwan during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis prompted Jiang to order a ten-year PLA modernization program. The possibility of a militarized Japan has also been a continuous concern to the Chinese leadership since the late 1990s. In addition, China's military leadership has been reacting to and learning from
2700-595: The Leh district. As of July 2019, Leh district is divided into 7 sub-divisions (new sub-divisions in Leh), 12 tehsils (new tehsils in Panamik, Turtuk, Chuchot and Likir) and 18 new blocks in Sumoor and Likir ( blocks ). According to the 2011 census Leh district had a population of 133,487, roughly equal to the nation of Saint Lucia . This gives it a ranking of 609th in India (out of
2775-793: The Mujahideen by the Chinese. Chinese military advisors and army troops were also present with the Mujahideen during training. In 1981, the PLA conducted its largest military exercise in North China since the founding of the People's Republic. In the late 1980s, the central government had increasing expenditures and limited revenue. The central government encouraged its agencies and encouraged local governments to expand their services and pursue revenues. The PLA established businesses including hotels and restaurants. The PLA gained more autonomy and permission to engage in commercial activities in exchange for
2850-708: The Ninth Five Year Plan (1996–2000) the PLA was reduced by a further 500,000. The PLA had also been expected to be reduced by another 200,000 by 2005. The PLA has focused on increasing mechanization and informatization to be able to fight a high-intensity war. Former CMC chairman Jiang in 1990 called on the military to "meet political standards, be militarily competent, have a good working style, adhere strictly to discipline, and provide vigorous logistic support" ( Chinese : 政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力 ; pinyin : zhèngzhì hégé, jūnshì guòyìng, zuòfēng yōuliáng, jìlǜ yánmíng, bǎozhàng yǒulì ). The 1991 Gulf War provided
2925-497: The PAP, the reserves, and the militia . The armed forces are controlled by the CCP under the doctrine of " the Party must always control the gun ".( Chinese : 党指挥枪 ; pinyin : Dǎng zhǐhuī qiāng ) The PLA and the PAP have the largest delegation in the National People's Congress (NPC), which are elected by servicemember election committees of top-level military subdivisions, including
3000-788: The PLA operates a base in Tajikistan and a listening station in Cuba. The Espacio Lejano Station in Argentina is operated by a unit of a PLA. The PLAN has also undertaken rotational deployments of its warships at the Ream Naval Base in Cambodia. The People's Republic of China has sent the PLA to various hotspots as part of China's role as a prominent member of the United Nations. Such units usually include engineers and logistical units and members of
3075-472: The PLA troops pursuing them. After discussion, Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru agreed to grant asylum to the fleeing Kazakhs, and they were admitted into India. Indian troops stood their ground and confronted the PLA troops, who eventually withdrew. After the incident, it was decided to lay an airstrip near Chushul for defensive deployments. An initial location was selected east of Spanggur Gap in territory currently under Chinese control. However, it
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3150-399: The PLA under the name of the People's Volunteer Army intervened in the Korean War as United Nations forces under General Douglas MacArthur approached the Yalu River . Under the weight of this offensive, Chinese forces drove MacArthur's forces out of North Korea and captured Seoul , but were subsequently pushed back south of Pyongyang north of the 38th Parallel . The war also catalyzed
3225-417: The PLA's primary objectives, although the armed forces' political loyalty to the CCP has remained a leading concern. Beginning in the 1980s, the PLA tried to transform itself from a land-based power centered on a vast ground force to a smaller, more mobile, high-tech one capable of mounting operations beyond its borders. The motivation for this was that a massive land invasion by Russia was no longer seen as
3300-450: The PLA's theater commands and service branches. At the 14th National People's Congress ; the joint delegation has 281 deputies—over 9% of the total—all of whom are CCP members. The PLA is governed by the Central Military Commission (CMC); under the arrangement of " one institution with two names ", there exists a state CMC and a Party CMC, although both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function, and effectively work as
3375-409: The PLA, with the post generally held by the paramount leader of China; since 1989, the post has generally been held together with the CCP general secretary . Unlike in other countries, the Ministry of National Defense and its Minister do not have command authority, largely acting as diplomatic liaisons of the CMC, insulating the PLA from external influence. However, the Minister has always been
3450-423: The PLA. In 2004, paramount leader Hu Jintao stated the mission of the PLA as: China describes its military posture as active defense , defined in a 2015 state white paper as "We will not attack unless we are attacked, but we will surely counterattack if attacked." The CCP founded its military wing on 1 August 1927 during the Nanchang uprising , beginning the Chinese Civil War . Communist elements of
3525-569: The PLA. During the Sino-Soviet split , strained relations between China and the Soviet Union resulted in bloody border clashes and mutual backing of each other's adversaries. China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the King's rule. When the pro-Soviet Afghan Communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978, relations between China and the Afghan communists quickly turned hostile. The Afghan pro-Soviet communists supported China's enemies in Vietnam and blamed China for supporting Afghan anticommunist militants. China responded to
3600-424: The PLAAF has designed its very own Chengdu J-10 fighter aircraft and a new stealth fighter, the Chengdu J-20 . The PLA launched the new Jin class nuclear submarines on 3 December 2004 capable of launching nuclear warheads that could strike targets across the Pacific Ocean and have three aircraft carriers, with the latest, the Fujian, launched in 2022. From 2014 to 2015, the PLA deployed 524 medical staff on
3675-432: The areas up to Demchok. The Ahir regiment of 13 Kumaon stationed at the Rezang La pass (as it was then called) fought the famous last stand battle. Chushul is one of the five officially agreed Border Personnel Meeting points between the Indian Army and the People's Liberation Army of China for regular consultations and interactions between the two armies to improve relations. Moldo ( Chinese : 莫爾多 ) post of
3750-406: The armed forces. This is particularly visible in maritime territorial disputes where the navy is heavily involved in the planning, coordination and execution of operations by the PAP's China Coast Guard . The PLA's primary mission is the defense of the CCP and its interests. It is the guarantor of the party's survival and rule, and the party prioritizes maintaining control and the loyalty of
3825-467: The big anniversary it mounted its biggest parade yet and the first outside of Beijing, held in the Zhurihe Training Base in the Northern Theater Command (within the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). In December 2023, Reuters reported a military leadership purge after high-ranking generals were ousted from the National People's Congress . Prior to 2017, over sixty generals were investigated and sacked. In addition to its Support Base in Djibouti ,
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#17330857644803900-499: The construction of strategic border roads. The BRO completed the road to Leh by August 1962 (now NH-1 ), and extended it up to Chushul by September 1962. Until this time, the Chushul airstrip was the only means available for logistics. Dakotas and Ilyushin Il-14 planes from No. 12 , 42 and 43 squadrons of Indian Air Force made logistical supply flights to Chushul. The Army asked for six AMX-13 tanks to be airlifted for defence of Chushul. AN-12 transport airplanes were used for
3975-406: The control of all the forward deployments from Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) in the north to Demchok in the south. The units involved were 14 J&K Militia in the DBO sector, 5 Jat in the Galwan and Changchenmo sector, 1/8 Gorkha Rifles in the Chushul sector (holding Spanggur Gap and the surrounding areas), 13 Kumaon holding features to the south of Spanggur Gab and 1 J&K Militia holding the rest of
4050-510: The four traditional military departments with a number of new bodies. China replaced its system of seven military regions with newly established Theater Commands: Northern , Southern , Western , Eastern , and Central . In the prior system, operations were segmented by military branch and region. In contrast, each Theater Command is intended to function as a unified entity with joint operations across different military branches. The PLA on 1 August 2017 marked its 90th anniversary. Before
4125-422: The historic Karakoram Pass . Aksai Chin and Tibet are to the east, Kargil district to the west, and Lahul and Spiti to the south. The district headquarters is in Leh . It lies between 32 and 36 degree north latitude and 75 to 80 degree east longitude. All of Ladakh was under the administration of Leh until 1 July 1979, when the Kargil and Leh administrative districts were created. Religion has been
4200-427: The military in an era of peace. The PLA reoriented itself to modernization, improving its fighting ability, and becoming a world-class force. Deng Xiaoping stressed that the PLA needed to focus more on quality rather than on quantity. The decision of the Chinese government in 1985 to reduce the size of the military by one million was completed by 1987. Staffing in military leadership was cut by about 50 percent. During
4275-447: The navy and air force. The PLA is also actively preparing for space warfare and cyber-warfare . In 2002, the PLA began holding military exercises with militaries from other countries. From 2018 to 2023, more than half of these exercises have focused on military training other than war, generally antipiracy or antiterrorism exercises involving combatting non-state actors. In 2009, the PLA held its first military exercise in Africa,
4350-426: The paramilitary People's Armed Police and have been deployed as part of peacekeeping operations in Lebanon , the Republic of the Congo , Sudan , Ivory Coast , Haiti , and more recently, Mali and South Sudan . As of at least early 2024, China has not fought a war since 1979 and has only fought relatively minor conflicts since. The PLA is a component of the armed forces of China, which also includes
4425-448: The party has leadership over the armed forces and the CMC exercises supreme military command; the party and state CMCs are practically a single body by membership. Since 1989, the CCP general secretary has also been the CMC Chairman; this grants significant political power as the only member of the Politburo Standing Committee with direct responsibilities for the armed forces. The Ministry of National Defense has no command authority; it
4500-400: The purpose, after making elaborate arrangements for the transport of delicate but heavy equipment, and they were eventually delivered on 25 and 26 October 1962. Flight Lieutenant Virendera Singh Pathania of No. 23 Squadron IAF made sorties from Chushul for photo reconnaissance on a Gnat airplane. During the Sino-Indian War , the 114 Infantry Brigade was headquartered at Chushul, and it had
4575-400: The railroad forces, the communications forces, and the strategic forces, as well as other separate forces (like engineering and construction, logistics and medical services), were established later on. In this early period, the People's Liberation Army overwhelmingly consisted of peasants. Its treatment of soldiers and officers was egalitarian and formal ranks were not adopted until 1955. As
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#17330857644804650-413: The rapid modernization of the PLAAF. In 1962, the PLA ground force also fought India in the Sino-Indian War . In a series of border clashes in 1967 with Indian troops, the PLA suffered heavy numerical and tactical losses. Before the Cultural Revolution , military region commanders tended to remain in their posts for long periods. The longest-serving military region commanders were Xu Shiyou in
4725-424: The same time consolidating by recruiting KMT troops and paramilitary forces behind Japanese lines into their forces. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, the CCP continued to use the National Revolutionary Army unit structures until the decision was made in February 1947 to merge the Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army, renaming the new million-strong force the People's Liberation Army (PLA). The reorganization
4800-870: The season. During the chilly winter season, Chushul is cut off from main the capital city of Leh . During the winter season, Ice hockey is the main sport in Chushul. The youth of Chushul has a keen interest in playing ice hockey. The Chushul Ice Hockey team recently participated in the district as well as the CEC cup which was held at Leh at Karzoo and the new ice hockey ring at NDS Ground. In Chushul, various associations have played an important role in developing Chushul's economy, politics and education system. Some of these associations are Women's Alliance Chushul, Student Union of Chushul, Youth Association of Chushul, Gonpa Community of Chushul and Ex. Service Men Association of Chushul. There are five schools in Chushul: Govt. High school Chushul, Govt. Middle school Buk, Govt Middle School Tailing, Central Institute of Buddhist Studies. Being
4875-441: The second land approach to Ladakh. Open for traffic from June to late October, this high road traverses the upland desert plateaux of Rupsho whose altitude ranges from 3,660 m to 4,570 m. There are a number of high passes en route among which the highest one, known as Tanglang La , is sometimes (but incorrectly) claimed to be the world's second-highest motorable pass at an altitude of 5,325 m. (17,469 feet). This
4950-405: The southwest. Chushul is mainly watered by these two streams before their confluence with Tsaka Chu. A narrow range of mountains called Pangong Range lies between Chushul and the village of Tangtse to the northwest. (Map 1) The Loi Yogma valley, immediately to the west of Pangong Range, provides the travel route to Tangtse and the central parts of Ladakh beyond it. This valley was also the site of
5025-447: The successes and failures of the United States Armed Forces during the Kosovo War , the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan , the 2003 invasion of Iraq , and the Iraqi insurgency . All these lessons inspired China to transform the PLA from a military based on quantity to one based on quality. Chairman Jiang Zemin officially made a " revolution in military affairs " (RMA) part of the official national military strategy in 1993 to modernize
5100-418: The total—all of whom are CCP members. The PLA is not a traditional nation-state military. It is a part, and the armed wing, of the CCP and controlled by the party, not by the state. The PLA's primary mission is the defense of the party and its interests. The PLA is the guarantor of the party's survival and rule, and the party prioritizes maintaining control and the loyalty of the PLA. According to Chinese law,
5175-423: Was US$ 296 billion in 2023, accounting for 12 percent of the world's defence expenditures . It is also one of the fastest modernizing militaries in the world, and has been termed as a potential military superpower, with significant regional defence and rising global power projection capabilities. In addition to wartime arrangements, the PLA is also involved in the peacetime operations of other components of
5250-483: Was a barrier to modernization and professionalization, and eroded party control. The 2010s anti-corruption campaigns and military reforms under Xi Jinping from the early-2010s were in part executed to address these problems. Following the PLA's suppression of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre , ideological correctness was temporarily revived as the dominant theme in Chinese military affairs. Reform and modernization have today resumed their position as
5325-463: Was a dominant foreign policy institution in the country. During the 1950s, the PLA with Soviet assistance began to transform itself from a peasant army into a modern one. Since 1949, China has used nine different military strategies, which the PLA calls "strategic guidelines". The most important came in 1956, 1980, and 1993. Part of this process was the reorganization that created thirteen military regions in 1955. In November 1950, some units of
5400-732: Was completed by late 1948. The PLA eventually won the Chinese Civil War, establishing the People's Republic of China in 1949. It then underwent a drastic reorganization, with the establishment of the Air Force leadership structure in November 1949, followed by the Navy leadership structure the following April. In 1950, the leadership structures of the artillery, armored troops, air defence troops, public security forces, and worker–soldier militias were also established. The chemical warfare defence forces,
5475-530: Was considered unsuitable and a second location was selected within the Tsaka Chu valley, opposite the Spanggur Gap. The airstrip was completed by August 1952. Jawaharlal Nehru along with colleagues took the first flight into it and inaugurated it. A road link to Chushul became available only in September 1962. In 1960, the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was set up by Government of India to take over
5550-750: Was done with civil society, religious and women's groups and that a "major success was achieved by the involvement of women in the anti-tobacco campaign." In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the act that contained provisions to make Leh a district of the new union territory of Ladakh , which was formed 31 October 2019. Leh district has seven sub-divisions and twelve tehsils. The sub-divisions are: Nubra , Durbuk (Durbok), Khalatse (Khaltsi/Khalsi), Leh , Kharoo , Likir , Nyoma . The tehsils are: Sumoor ,and Diskit in Nubra Valley , Durbuk , Khalatse , Saspol , Leh , Kharoo , and Nyoma . As
5625-635: Was the last of the Four Modernizations announced by Zhou Enlai and supported by Deng Xiaoping . In keeping with Deng's mandate to reform, the PLA has demobilized millions of men and women since 1978 and has introduced modern methods in such areas as recruitment and manpower, strategy , and education and training . In 1979, the PLA fought Vietnam over a border skirmish in the Sino-Vietnamese War where both sides claimed victory. However, western analysts agree that Vietnam handily outperformed
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