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68-471: Church Street Graveyard was founded in 1819, replacing Campo Santo, located at the site of the present Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception as the city's main place of burial. The new cemetery was not officially acquired from local landowner William E. Kennedy by the city of Mobile until a year later, in 1820. Mobile's city officials divided the cemetery into three sections. The northeastern third

136-554: A volute , an ornament shaped like a scroll , at the four corners. The height-to-thickness ratio is around 9:1. Due to the more refined proportions and scroll capitals, the Ionic column is sometimes associated with academic buildings. Ionic style columns were used on the second level of the Colosseum. The Corinthian order is named for the Greek city-state of Corinth , to which it was connected in

204-467: A bronze representation of the Risen Christ above the baldachin and a large crucifix over the tabernacle . Archbishop Oscar Hugh Lipscomb led the most recent restoration effort in the 2000s. Under his direction, the cast-iron fence was restored and repaired, and the cathedral exterior was cleaned and repaired. An interior overhaul, executed by Conrad Schmitt Studios , included a coffer ceiling above

272-534: A column is a compression member . The term column applies especially to a large round support (the shaft of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal , which is made of stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called a post . Supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are usually called piers . For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering , columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of

340-428: A column is reached is called the critical or buckling load. The state of instability is reached when a slight increase of the column load causes uncontrollably growing lateral deflections leading to complete collapse. For an axially loaded straight column with any end support conditions, the equation of static equilibrium, in the form of a differential equation, can be solved for the deflected shape and critical load of

408-475: A concrete foundation, a steel column must have a base plate to spread the load over a larger area, and thereby reduce the bearing pressure. The base plate is a thick, rectangular steel plate usually welded to the bottom end of the column. The Roman author Vitruvius , relying on the writings (now lost) of Greek authors, tells us that the ancient Greeks believed that their Doric order developed from techniques for building in wood. The earlier smoothed tree-trunk

476-427: A cross section that lacks symmetry may suffer torsional buckling (sudden twisting) before, or in combination with, lateral buckling. The presence of the twisting deformations renders both theoretical analyses and practical designs rather complex. Eccentricity of the load, or imperfections such as initial crookedness, decreases column strength. If the axial load on the column is not concentric, that is, its line of action

544-482: A decorative element not needed for structural purposes; many columns are engaged , that is to say form part of a wall. A long sequence of columns joined by an entablature is known as a colonnade . All significant Iron Age civilizations of the Near East and Mediterranean made some use of columns. In ancient Egyptian architecture as early as 2600 BC, the architect Imhotep made use of stone columns whose surface

612-489: A massive bronze baldachin above the altar, supported by four marble columns. In the 1970s, Bishop John L. May made modifications to the sanctuary in compliance with the 1970 General Instruction of the Roman Missal. [1] The altar was moved forward and the altar rails were removed. The cathedra was moved to its present location on the south end of the sanctuary facing the congregation. At this time, Bishop May also added

680-468: A photograph of the completed work by Conrad Schmitt Studios. In 1962, Pope John XXIII elevated the cathedral to a minor basilica , a title bestowed, only by the pope, on churches of historical and spiritual importance. A basilica is entitled to have its own coat-of-arms. Other basilica insignia include Pope John XXIII's personal coat-of-arms installed above the cathedral entrance, the yellow and red umbracullum (umbrella) and tintinnabulum (bell) in

748-447: A sharp point where the fillets are located on Ionic and Corinthian order columns. Most classical columns arise from a basis, or base, that rests on the stylobate , or foundation , except for those of the Doric order , which usually rest directly on the stylobate. The basis may consist of several elements, beginning with a wide, square slab known as a plinth . The simplest bases consist of

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816-428: A single piece of stone. Monolithic columns are among the heaviest stones used in architecture. Other stone columns are created out of multiple sections of stone, mortared or dry-fit together. In many classical sites, sectioned columns were carved with a centre hole or depression so that they could be pegged together, using stone or metal pins. The design of most classical columns incorporates entasis (the inclusion of

884-451: A single, prominent pillar or column, often made of stone. A number of world cultures incorporated pillars into tomb structures. In the ancient Greek colony of Lycia in Anatolia , one of these edifices is located at the tomb of Xanthos . In the town of Hannassa in southern Somalia , ruins of houses with archways and courtyards have also been found along with other pillar tombs, including

952-408: A slight outward curve in the sides) plus a reduction in diameter along the height of the column, so that the top is as little as 83% of the bottom diameter. This reduction mimics the parallax effects which the eye expects to see, and tends to make columns look taller and straighter than they are while entasis adds to that effect. There are flutes and fillets that run up the shaft of columns. The flute

1020-452: A small scale, as they are easy to produce in wood by turning on a lathe (hence also the style's popularity for spindles on furniture and stairs). A Caryatid is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head. The Greek term karyatides literally means "maidens of Karyai ", an ancient town of Peloponnese . In architecture, an engaged column

1088-782: Is a cathedral serving Roman Catholics in the U.S. city of Mobile, Alabama . It is the seat of the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile . The cathedral is named for Mary, mother of Jesus , under her title, Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property to the Church Street East Historic District and Lower Dauphin Street Historic District and

1156-477: Is a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall, sometimes defined as semi or three-quarter detached. Engaged columns are rarely found in classical Greek architecture, and then only in exceptional cases, but in Roman architecture they exist in abundance, most commonly embedded in the cella walls of pseudoperipteral buildings. Pillar tombs are monumental graves, which typically feature

1224-482: Is also a simple design, the base and capital both being series of cylindrical disks of alternating diameter. The shaft is almost never fluted. The proportions vary, but are generally similar to Doric columns. Height to width ratio is about 7:1. The Ionic column is considerably more complex than the Doric or Tuscan. It usually has a base and the shaft is often fluted (it has grooves carved up its length). The capital features

1292-537: Is bounded by Dauphin Street on the north, Franklin Street on the west, and Conti Street on the south. The front of the church faces east, toward the Mobile River , and overlooks Cathedral Square . The building, laid out in an east-west axis, is 164 ft (50 m) long and 90 ft (27 m) wide. The ceiling is 60 ft (18 m) at its highest point, and its twin towers rise to 103 ft (31 m). One of

1360-470: Is equal to or more than 400 mm. Massive columns have the ability to increase in carrying strength over long time periods (even during periods of heavy load). Taking into account the fact, that possible structural loads may increase over time as well (and also the threat of progressive failure), massive columns have an advantage compared to non-massive ones. When a column is too long to be built or transported in one piece, it has to be extended or spliced at

1428-479: Is equal to the square root of (I/A), K = ratio of the longest half sine wave to the actual column length, E t = tangent modulus at the stress F cr , and KL = effective length (length of an equivalent hinged-hinged column). From Equation (2) it can be noted that the buckling strength of a column is inversely proportional to the square of its length. When the critical stress, F cr ( F cr = P cr / A , where A  = cross-sectional area of

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1496-441: Is from four to six times as tall as its diameter; it has twenty broad flutes; the capital consists simply of a banded necking swelling out into a smooth echinus, which carries a flat square abacus; the Doric entablature is also the heaviest, being about one-fourth the height column. The Greek Doric order was not used after c. 100 B.C. until its “rediscovery” in the mid-eighteenth century. The Tuscan order , also known as Roman Doric,

1564-675: Is listed on the Historic Roman Catholic Properties in Mobile Multiple Property Submission Mobile’s Cathedral Parish was established on July 20, 1703, by Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier , Bishop of Quebec . Bishop de Saint-Vallier named Father Roulleaux de La Vente, first pastor of the parish church, which was located at the French settlement of Mobile at the citadel of Fort Louis de la Louisiane . The parish

1632-412: Is not precisely coincident with the centroidal axis of the column, the column is characterized as eccentrically loaded. The eccentricity of the load, or an initial curvature, subjects the column to immediate bending. The increased stresses due to the combined axial-plus-flexural stresses result in a reduced load-carrying ability. Column elements are considered to be massive if their smallest side dimension

1700-504: Is represented in the bottom level of the Colosseum and the Parthenon , and was therefore considered to be able to hold more weight. The height-to-thickness ratio is about 8:1. The shaft of a Doric Column is almost always fluted . The Greek Doric, developed in the western Dorian region of Greece, is the heaviest and most massive of the orders. It rises from the stylobate without any base; it

1768-611: Is the first established on the Gulf Coast . When the Mobile settlement was relocated to its present site in 1711, a new parish church was built and was known as Notre Dame de la Mobile (Our Lady of Mobile). In 1781, during the Spanish occupation of Mobile, the parish took its current name, Immaculate Conception. Mobile was elevated to a diocese in 1829, and Frenchman, Michael Portier , was named its first bishop. Bishop Portier’s first “cathedral”

1836-550: Is the part of the column that is indented in with a semi circular shape. The fillet of the column is the part between each of the flutes on the Ionic order columns. The flute width changes on all tapered columns as it goes up the shaft and stays the same on all non tapered columns. This was done to the columns to add visual interest to them. The Ionic and the Corinthian are the only orders that have fillets and flutes. The Doric style has flutes but not fillets. Doric flutes are connected at

1904-755: The Assumption of Mary into Heaven , and the Coronation of Mary, Queen of Heaven . Two large windows flank the portico, one under each of the two towers. The Baptism of Jesus in the River Jordan , by John the Baptist is the subject of the window in the Reconciliation Room, under the north tower. The window under the south tower, in the stairway to the choir loft, appropriately depicts St. Cecilia , patron saint of musicians. Smaller windows are found in each of

1972-487: The Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak ( c.  1224 BC ), where 134 columns are lined up in sixteen rows, with some columns reaching heights of 24 metres. One of the most important type are the papyriform columns. The origin of these columns goes back to the 5th Dynasty . They are composed of lotus (papyrus) stems which are drawn together into a bundle decorated with bands: the capital, instead of opening out into

2040-455: The Gulf Coast in the early 19th century. The cemetery also contains early examples of wrought and cast iron work. The more notable interments include: 30°41′09″N 88°03′03″W  /  30.68583°N 88.05083°W  / 30.68583; -88.05083 Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Mobile The Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception ( French : Cathédrale de l'Immaculée-Conception de Mobile )

2108-596: The 1954 fire, Bishop Thomas Joseph Toolen had the damaged stained glass windows sent to the Franz Meyer workshops in Munich for repair. Here the craftsmen used the original drawings as a guide in their restoration efforts. He replaced the fire-damaged cathedra and pulpit with new ones made of mahogany. A replacement organ , built by the Wicks Organ Company , was installed and is in use today. At this time, Toolen added

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2176-587: The Ancient Greeks, followed by the Romans, loved to use them on the outside as well, and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most characteristic features of classical architecture, in buildings like the Parthenon . The Greeks developed the classical orders of architecture, which are most easily distinguished by the form of the column and its various elements. Their Doric , Ionic , and Corinthian orders were expanded by

2244-612: The Romans to include the Tuscan and Composite orders. Some of the most elaborate columns in the ancient world were those of the Persians , especially the massive stone columns erected in Persepolis . They included double-bull structures in their capitals . The Hall of Hundred Columns at Persepolis, measuring 70 × 70 metres, was built by the Achaemenid king Darius I (524–486 BC). Many of

2312-460: The ancient Persian columns are standing, some being more than 30 metres tall. Tall columns with bull's head capitals were used for porticoes and to support the roofs of the hypostylehall, partly inspired by the ancient Egyptian precedent. Since the columns carried timber beams rather than stone, they could be taller, slimmer and more widely spaced than Egyptian ones. Columns, or at least large structural exterior ones, became much less significant in

2380-553: The architecture of the Middle Ages . The classical forms were abandoned in both Byzantine and Romanesque architecture in favour of more flexible forms, with capitals often using various types of foliage decoration, and in the West scenes with figures carved in relief . During the Romanesque period, builders continued to reuse and imitate ancient Roman columns wherever possible; where new,

2448-415: The cathedral at the time. During World War II , a pilot-in-training, flying low, clipped one of the towers, resulting in damage. Disaster struck on March 19, 1954, when a homeless man, seeking shelter in the church, caused a fire that destroyed the sanctuary. The church still stood, but the interior suffered damage from fire, smoke , and water from the firefighters ’ attempt to control the blaze. After

2516-507: The cathedral’s finest attributes is its stained glass windows. The windows were made in Munich , Germany by Franz Mayer & Co. , and installed beginning in 1890. The last window was installed in 1910, during the time of Bishop Edward Patrick Allen . The twelve main windows, six on the south wall and six on the north wall, are approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) wide and 23 feet (7.0 m) tall. Each window depicts an event involving Mary in

2584-423: The column returns to its straight form when the lateral force is removed. If the column load is gradually increased, a condition is reached in which the straight form of equilibrium becomes so-called neutral equilibrium, and a small lateral force will produce a deflection that does not disappear and the column remains in this slightly bent form when the lateral force is removed. The load at which neutral equilibrium of

2652-415: The column), is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the column is experiencing inelastic buckling. Since at this stress the slope of the material's stress-strain curve, E t (called the tangent modulus ), is smaller than that below the proportional limit, the critical load at inelastic buckling is reduced. More complex formulas and procedures apply for such cases, but in its simplest form

2720-582: The column. With hinged, fixed or free end support conditions the deflected shape in neutral equilibrium of an initially straight column with uniform cross section throughout its length always follows a partial or composite sinusoidal curve shape, and the critical load is given by f c r ≡ π 2 E I m i n L 2 ( 1 ) {\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}{\textit {E}}I_{min}}{{L}^{2}}}\qquad (1)} where E = elastic modulus of

2788-432: The construction site. A reinforced concrete column is extended by having the steel reinforcing bars protrude a few inches or feet above the top of the concrete, then placing the next level of reinforcing bars to overlap, and pouring the concrete of the next level. A steel column is extended by welding or bolting splice plates on the flanges and webs or walls of the columns to provide a few inches or feet of load transfer from

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2856-434: The critical buckling load formula is given as Equation (3), f c r ≡ F y − F y 2 4 π 2 E ( K L r 2 ) ( 3 ) {\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {F_{y}}-{\frac {F_{y}^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}E}}\left({\frac {KL}{r^{2}}}\right)\qquad (3)} A column with

2924-575: The eight doors in the foyer, behind the cathedral’s main doors, at the church’s front entrance. These depict, from left to right, St. Augustine of Hippo , Our Lady of Mount Carmel , the Presentation of Mary at the Temple , St. Louis IX, King of France , St. Patrick , Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception , St. Agnes of Rome, Virgin & Martyr , and the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus . Above

2992-430: The emphasis was on elegance and beauty, as illustrated by twisted columns. Often they were decorated with mosaics. Renaissance architecture was keen to revive the classical vocabulary and styles, and the informed use and variation of the classical orders remained fundamental to the training of architects throughout Baroque , Rococo and Neo-classical architecture . Early columns were constructed of stone, some out of

3060-456: The famous lion-gate of Mycenae where two lions stand each side of a column. Being made of wood these early columns have not survived, but their stone bases have and through these we may see their use and arrangement in these palace buildings. The Egyptians, Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the practical purpose of holding up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to be decorated with reliefs or painting, but

3128-495: The four middle doors is the Holy Spirit window. Over the course of time, the cathedral experienced its share of disasters, including an explosion, a fire , an airplane hit, and hurricanes . On May 25, 1865, a Union Army ammunition depot exploded , killing some 300 persons, and burning much of Mobile. The windows and sashes on the north side of the cathedral were blown in by the explosion. There were no services being held in

3196-481: The least weight, and also has the slenderest ratio of thickness to height. Height to width ratio is about 10:1. The Composite order draws its name from the capital being a composite of the Ionic and Corinthian capitals. The acanthus of the Corinthian column already has a scroll-like element, so the distinction is sometimes subtle. Generally the Composite is similar to the Corinthian in proportion and employment, often in

3264-880: The life of her son, Jesus . The subjects of the south wall windows are Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception , the Presentation of Mary at the Temple , the Annunciation , the Visitation , the Nativity of Jesus , and the Holy Family . The themes of the north wall are the Finding of the Child Jesus at the Temple , the Marriage Feast of Cana , the Crucifixion of Jesus , Pentecost ,

3332-522: The main aisle. The coffers are decorated with alternating gold-leafed fleur-de-lis and shamrock , symbolically representing the Trinity , as well as the contributions of the French and Irish religious to the life of the Archdiocese. New lighting and a new color scheme brightens the interior. White marble flooring was installed in the aisles and the heart pine floors under the pews were refinished. Embedded in

3400-688: The marble floor of the main aisle are the coats-of-arms of the Mobile bishops and archbishops. A mural of the Tree of Jesse was installed above the pipe organ. After the restoration was complete, Archbishop Lipscomb traveled to Rome with the Ecclesiastical Provinces of Louisville, Mobile and New Orleans as a part of the Bishops' Ad Liminia Conference of the United States of America. At this meeting on December 3, 2004, he presented Pope John Paul II with

3468-514: The material, I min = the minimal moment of inertia of the cross section, and L = actual length of the column between its two end supports. A variant of (1) is given by f c r ≡ π 2 E T ( K L r ) 2 ( 2 ) {\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}E_{T}}{({\frac {KL}{r}})^{2}}}\qquad (2)} where r = radius of gyration of column cross-section which

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3536-438: The most famous Minoan palace of Knossos . The Minoans employed columns to create large open-plan spaces, light-wells and as a focal point for religious rituals. These traditions were continued by the later Mycenaean civilization , particularly in the megaron or hall at the heart of their palaces. The importance of columns and their reference to palaces and therefore authority is evidenced in their use in heraldic motifs such as

3604-450: The period. However, according to the architectural historian Vitruvius , the column was created by the sculptor Callimachus , probably an Athenian , who drew acanthus leaves growing around a votive basket. In fact, the oldest known Corinthian capital was found in Bassae , dated at 427 BC. It is sometimes called the feminine order because it is on the top level of the Colosseum and holding up

3672-456: The plinth alone, sometimes separated from the column by a convex circular cushion known as a torus . More elaborate bases include two toruses, separated by a concave section or channel known as a scotia or trochilus. Scotiae could also occur in pairs, separated by a convex section called an astragal , or bead, narrower than a torus. Sometimes these sections were accompanied by still narrower convex sections, known as annulets or fillets. At

3740-406: The same moldings as the base. In the case of free-standing columns, the decorative elements atop the shaft are known as a finial . Modern columns may be constructed out of steel, poured or precast concrete, or brick, left bare or clad in an architectural covering, or veneer. Used to support an arch, an impost , or pier, is the topmost member of a column. The bottom-most part of the arch, called

3808-481: The sanctuary. A gallery of photographs taken October 23, 1936, for the Historic American Buildings Survey . Note the interior as it looked before the fire of 1954. Columns A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression , the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words,

3876-440: The shape of a bellflower , swells out and then narrows again like a flower in bud. The base, which tapers to take the shape of a half-sphere like the stem of the lotus, has a continuously recurring decoration of stipules. The Minoans used whole tree-trunks, usually turned upside down in order to prevent re-growth , stood on a base set in the stylobate (floor base) and topped by a simple round capital. These were then painted as in

3944-426: The similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative features. These beautiful columns are available in a broad selection of styles and designs in round tapered, round straight, or square shaft styles. A column might also be

4012-436: The springing, rests on the impost. As the axial load on a perfectly straight slender column with elastic material properties is increased in magnitude, this ideal column passes through three states: stable equilibrium, neutral equilibrium, and instability. The straight column under load is in stable equilibrium if a lateral force, applied between the two ends of the column, produces a small lateral deflection which disappears and

4080-445: The top of the shaft is a capital , upon which the roof or other architectural elements rest. In the case of Doric columns, the capital usually consists of a round, tapering cushion, or echinus, supporting a square slab, known as an abax or abacus . Ionic capitals feature a pair of volutes , or scrolls, while Corinthian capitals are decorated with reliefs in the form of acanthus leaves. Either type of capital could be accompanied by

4148-420: The upper tiers of colonnades . Height to width ratio is about 11:1 or 12:1. A Solomonic column , sometimes called " barley sugar ", begins on a base and ends in a capital, which may be of any order, but the shaft twists in a tight spiral, producing a dramatic, serpentine effect of movement. Solomonic columns were developed in the ancient world, but remained rare there. A famous marble set, probably 2nd century,

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4216-439: The upper to the lower column section. A timber column is usually extended by the use of a steel tube or wrapped-around sheet-metal plate bolted onto the two connecting timber sections. A column that carries the load down to a foundation must have means to transfer the load without overstressing the foundation material. Reinforced concrete and masonry columns are generally built directly on top of concrete foundations. When seated on

4284-523: Was a small wooden structure located in the Old Spanish Burying Ground, site of the present cathedral. Portier soon set out to construct a "real" cathedral. The cathedral, designed in 1833, by Claude Beroujon, a former seminarian turned architect, is laid out in a Roman basilica design. Construction began in 1835, but the Panic of 1837 , caused a shortage of funds and delayed progress. The cathedral

4352-701: Was brought to Old St. Peter's Basilica by Constantine I , and placed round the saint's shrine, and was thus familiar throughout the Middle Ages, by which time they were thought to have been removed from the Temple of Jerusalem . The style was used in bronze by Bernini for his spectacular St. Peter's baldachin , actually a ciborium (which displaced Constantine's columns), and thereafter became very popular with Baroque and Rococo church architects, above all in Latin America , where they were very often used, especially on

4420-400: Was carved to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds, like papyrus , lotus and palm . In later Egyptian architecture faceted cylinders were also common. Their form is thought to derive from archaic reed-built shrines. Carved from stone, the columns were highly decorated with carved and painted hieroglyphs , texts, ritual imagery and natural motifs. Egyptian columns are famously present in

4488-511: Was consecrated for public worship in 1850, by Bishop Portier, though Beroujon’s design was not yet fully realized. The portico and towers were to come later. The classical portico , with eight massive columns of the Roman Doric order , was added in the 1870s, under the direction of Bishop John Quinlan . The two towers were completed in 1884, during the watch of Bishop Jeremiah O'Sullivan . Located on South Claiborne Street in downtown, it

4556-548: Was designated for Catholics , the southeastern third for Protestants , and the remaining western portion was a "graveyard for strangers". Masons , Odd Fellows , veterans, and the indigent incidentally came to be interred in this western section. The cemetery was closed to burial in 1898, though a few modern burials have taken place by special city resolution. Many of the gravestones at Church Street Graveyard are significant examples of stone carving work done in New England and

4624-399: Was replaced by a stone cylinder. The Doric order is the oldest and simplest of the classical orders. It is composed of a vertical cylinder that is wider at the bottom. It generally has neither a base nor a detailed capital . It is instead often topped with an inverted frustum of a shallow cone or a cylindrical band of carvings. It is often referred to as the masculine order because it

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