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86-665: In 1928, during hydrographic observations, the Norwegian polar explorer Harald Sverdrup discovered that the sea lying between Point Barrow and Wrangel Island was very different from the sea between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island and therefore should be separated from the East Siberian Sea . It was decided to call the newly separated sea by the name of the people living on the Chukotka Peninsula . This name

172-404: A South American deposit dating back 23 million years. An unknown species of right whale, the so-called "Swedenborg whale", which was proposed by Emanuel Swedenborg in the 18th century, was once thought to be a North Atlantic right whale. Based on later DNA analysis, those fossil bones claimed to be from Swedenborg whales were confirmed to be from bowhead whales. The bowhead whale has

258-410: A bed, as cysts must be in oxic conditions to enter their more active life stage in which reproduction is possible. At bottom water temperatures of approximately 3 °C, A. catenella cysts take approximately 28 days to germinate, and at bottom water temperatures of 8°, the germination time is shortened to 10 days. In situ blooms in 2018 and 2019 have been attributed to these cyst beds and occurred in

344-623: A few miles of ice-blocked sea lay between them and the open waters. The following year, two days after Vega was released, she passed the Bering Strait and steamed towards the Pacific Ocean. In 1913, Karluk , abandoned by expedition leader Vilhjalmur Stefansson , drifted in the ice along the northern expanses of the Chukchi Sea and sank, crushed by ice near Herald Island . The survivors made it to Wrangel Island, where they found themselves in

430-569: A hopeless situation. Then Captain Robert Bartlett walked hundreds of kilometers with Kataktovik , an Inuit man, on the ice of the Chukchi Sea in order to look for help. They reached Cape Vankarem on the Chukotka coast, on April 15, 1914. Twelve survivors of the ill-fated expedition were found on Wrangel island nine months later by the King & Winge , a newly built Arctic fishing schooner. In 1933,

516-471: A large, robust, dark-coloured body and a white chin. It has a massive triangular skull , which it uses to break through the Arctic ice to breathe. Inuit hunters have reported bowheads surfacing through 60 cm (24 in) of ice. It also possesses a strongly bowed lower jaw and a narrow upper jaw. Its baleen is the longest of that of any whale, at 3 m (9.8 ft), and is used to strain tiny prey from

602-1034: A large, upturning lip on the lower jaw that helps to reinforce and hold the baleen plates within the mouth. This also prevents buckling or breakage of the plates from the pressure of the water passing through them as the whale advances. To feed, water is filtered through the fine hairs of keratin of the baleen plates, trapping the prey inside near the tongue where it is then swallowed. The diet consists of mostly zooplankton , which includes krill , copepods , mysids , amphipods , and many other crustaceans . About 1.8 t (2 short tons) of food are consumed each day. While foraging, bowheads are solitary or occur in groups of two to 10 or more. Bowhead whales are highly vocal and use low frequency (<1000 Hz) sounds to communicate while travelling, feeding, and socialising. Intense calls for communication and navigation are produced especially during migration season. During breeding season, bowheads make long, complex, variable songs for mating calls. Many tens of distinct songs are sung by

688-482: A new estimate of 14,400 animals (range 4,800–43,000). These larger numbers correspond to prewhaling estimates, indicating the population has fully recovered. However, if climate change substantially shrinks sea ice, these whales could be threatened by increased shipping traffic. The status of other populations is less well known. About 1,200 were off West Greenland in 2006, while the Svalbard population may only number in

774-479: A population in a single season. From 2010 through to 2014, near Greenland , 184 distinct songs were recorded from a population of around 300 animals. Sexual activity occurs between pairs and in boisterous groups of several males and one or two females. Breeding season is observed from March through August; conception is believed to occur primarily in March when song activity is at its highest. Reproduction can begin when

860-404: A single dive is usually limited to 9–18 minutes. The bowhead is not thought to be a deep diver, but can reach a depth down to 150 m (500 ft). It is a slow swimmer, normally travelling around 2–5 km/h (0.56–1.39 m/s; 1.2–3.1 mph). When fleeing from danger, it can travel at a speed of 10 km/h (2.8 m/s; 6.2 mph). During periods of feeding, the average swim speed

946-400: A single species, collectively known as the "right whale", and given the binomial name Balaena mysticetus . Today, the bowhead whale occupies a monotypic genus , separate from the right whales , as proposed by the work of John Edward Gray in 1821. For the next 180 years, the family Balaenidae was the subject of great taxonometric debate. Authorities have repeatedly recategorized

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1032-459: A well-defined area of 3,700 km (1,100  sq nmi ) north of Igloolik Island to Fury and Hecla Strait and Kapuiviit and Gifford Fiord , and into Gulf of Boothia and Prince Regent Inlet . Northward migrating along western Foxe Basin to eastern side of the basin also occurs in spring. Not much is known about the endangered Sea of Okhotsk population. To learn more about the population, these mammals have been regularly observed near

1118-504: A whale is 10 to 15 years old. The gestation period is 13–14 months with females producing a calf once every three to four years. Lactation typically lasts about a year. To survive in the cold water immediately after birth, calves are born with a thick layer of blubber . Within 30 minutes of birth, bowhead calves are able to swim on their own. A newborn calf is typically 4–4.5 m (13–15 ft) long, weighs roughly 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), and grows to 8.2 m (27 ft) within

1204-448: Is 268 years based on genetic analysis. A greater number of cells present in an organism was once believed to result in greater chances of mutations that cause age-related diseases and cancer . Although the bowhead whale has thousands of times more cells than other mammals, it has a much higher resistance to cancer and aging. In 2015, scientists from the US and UK were able to successfully map

1290-510: Is a species of baleen whale belonging to the family Balaenidae and is the only living representative of the genus Balaena . It is the only baleen whale endemic to the Arctic and subarctic waters, and is named after its characteristic massive triangular skull, which it uses to break through Arctic ice. Other common names of the species included the Greenland right whale , Arctic whale , steeple-top , and polar whale . Bowheads have

1376-503: Is an important habitat for whales that were observed to be relatively active and to interact with humans positively, or to rest on sea floors. These whales belong to Davis Strait stock. Isabella Bay in Niginganiq National Wildlife Area is the first wildlife sanctuary in the world to be designed specially for bowhead whales. However, moultings have not been recorded in this area due to environmental factors. In 1978

1462-406: Is increased to 1.1–2.5 m/s (4.0–9.0 km/h; 2.5–5.6 mph). The head of the bowhead whale comprises a third of its body length, creating an enormous feeding apparatus. The bowhead whale is a filter feeder , and feeds by swimming forward with its mouth wide open. It has hundreds of overlapping baleen plates consisting of keratin hanging from each side of the upper jaw. The mouth has

1548-480: Is mostly restricted to the northwestern part along with Wager Bay , Repulse Bay , Southampton Island (one of two main known summering areas), Frozen Strait , northern Foxe Basin, and north of Igloolik in summer. Satellite tracking indicates that some portions of the group within the bay do not venture further south than Whale Cove and areas south of Coats and Mansel Islands . Cow – calf pairs and juveniles up to 13.5 m (44 ft) in length make up

1634-472: Is much smaller than the total population size of this group, but reports from local indigenous people indicate that this population is increasing over decades. Larger portions of the bay are used for summering, while wintering is on a smaller scale. Some animals winter in Hudson Strait , most notably north of Igloolik Island and north eastern Hudson Bay. Distribution patterns in these regions are affected by

1720-733: Is named after Harald Sverdrup. 1 Sverdrup is a volume flux of one million cubic meters per second (1 Sv = 10 m per second). The Sverdrup Gold Medal Award was named in his honor by the American Meteorological Society . The Norwegian research vessel MS  H.U. Sverdrup II is named in his honor. In 1977, the UK-APC named a series of peaks in Palmer Land , Antarctica the Sverdrup Nunataks after him. Bowhead whale The bowhead whale ( Balaena mysticetus )

1806-570: Is possibly functioning as the most important habitat for this population. It is unclear whether this population is a remnant of the historic Svalbard group, recolonized individuals from other stocks, or if a mixing of these two or more stocks has taken place. In 2015, discoveries of the refuge along eastern Greenland where whaling ships could not reach due to ice floes and largest numbers of whales (80–100 individuals) ever sighted between Spitsbergen and Greenland indicate that more whales than previously considered survived whaling periods, and flows from

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1892-651: The Maud from 1918 to 1925. His measurements of bottom depths, tidal currents, and tidal elevations on the vast shelf areas off the East Siberian Sea correctly described the propagation of tides as Poincare waves . Upon his return from this long expedition exploring the shelf seas to the north of Siberia, he became the chair in meteorology at the University of Bergen . He was made director of California's Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1936, initially for three years but

1978-524: The Bering Sea .] Common usage is that the southern extent is further south, at the narrowest part of the Bering Strait which is on the 66th parallel north . The Chukchi Sea Shelf is the westernmost part of the continental shelf of the United States and the easternmost part of the continental shelf of Russia . Within this shelf, the 50-mile (80 km) Chukchi Corridor acts as a passageway for one of

2064-470: The Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory published findings describing the discovery of the largest-known oceanic phytoplankton algal bloom in the world. The findings were unexpected as it was previously believed that the plankton grows only after the seasonal ice melt, yet some algae was discovered under several metres of intact sea ice. Anderson et al 2021 documents two cyst beds of

2150-772: The Davis Strait , and by the first quarter of the 19th century, Baffin Bay . In the North Pacific, the first bowheads were taken off the eastern coast of Kamchatka by the Danish whaleship Neptun , Captain Thomas Sodring, in 1845. In 1847, the first bowheads were caught in the Sea of Okhotsk, and the following year, Captain Thomas Welcome Roys , in the bark Superior , of Sag Harbor , caught

2236-598: The International Whaling Commission (IWC) introduced a hunting strike quota for the Bering - Chukchi - Beaufort Sea (BCB) bowhead. The quota has remained at 67 strikes per year since 1998 and represents about 0.5 percent of BCB population. The population of bowheads in West Greenland and Canada is estimated to be 6,000 and rising, and hunts in this are minimal (<0.001 percent). Both stocks are rising, and

2322-847: The Kukpowruk , the Kukpuk , the Noatak , the Utukok , the Pitmegea , and the Wulik , among others. Of rivers flowing in from its Siberian side, the Amguyema, Ioniveyem , and the Chegitun are the most important. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Chuckchi Sea" [ sic ] as follows: On the West. The Eastern limit of East Siberian Sea [From

2408-515: The Norwegian Polar Institute . He was born at Sogndal in Sogn og Fjordane , Norway. He was the son of Lutheran theologian Edvard Sverdrup (1861–1923) and Maria Vollan (1865–1891). His sister Mimi Sverdrup Lunden (1894–1955) was an educator and author. His brother Leif Sverdrup (1898–1976) was a General with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . His brother Einar Sverdrup (1895–1942)

2494-483: The Shantar Islands , very close to the shore, such as at Ongachan Bay . Several companies provide whale-watching services, which are mostly land-based. According to Russian scientists, this total population likely does not exceed 400 animals. Scientific research on this population was seldom done before 2009, when researchers studying belugas noticed concentrations of bowheads in the study area. Thus, bowheads in

2580-500: The Sverdrup balance . This balance describes wind-driven ocean gyres away from continental margins at western boundaries. After leaving Scripps, he became director of the Norwegian Polar Institute in Oslo and continued to contribute to oceanography, ocean biology, and polar research. In biological oceanography, his critical depth hypothesis (published in 1953) was a significant milestone in

2666-564: The White Sea region, where few or no animals currently migrate, such as the Kola and Kanin Peninsula . Today, the number of sightings elsewhere is very small, but with increasing regularities with whales having strong regional connections. Whales have also started approaching townships and inhabited areas such as around Longyearbyen . The waters around the marine mammal sanctuary of Franz Josef Land

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2752-680: The 2000s finally provided clear evidence that the three living right whale species comprise a phylogenetic lineage, distinct from the bowhead, and that the bowhead and the right whales are rightly classified into two separate genera. The right whales were thus confirmed to be in a separate genus, Eubalaena . The relationship is shown in the cladogram below:   E. glacialis   (North Atlantic right whale)   E. japonica   (North Pacific right whale)   E. australis   (Southern right whale)   B. mysticetus   (bowhead whale) The earlier fossil record shows no related cetacean after Morenocetus , found in

2838-560: The Arctic. Wrangel Island lies at the north-western limit of the sea, and Herald Island is located off Wrangel Island's Waring Point , near the northern limit of the sea. A few small islands lie along the Siberian and Alaskan coasts. The sea is named after the Chukchi people , who reside on its shores and on the Chukotka Peninsula . The coastal Chukchi traditionally engaged in fishing, whaling and

2924-531: The Basques killed them as they migrated south through the Strait of Belle Isle in the fall and early winter. In 1611, the first whaling expedition sailed to Spitsbergen . The whaling settlement Smeerenburg was founded on Spitsbergen in 1619. By midcentury, the population(s) there had practically been wiped out, forcing whalers to voyage into the "West Ice"—the pack ice off Greenland 's east coast. By 1719, they had reached

3010-476: The Chukchi Sea at the margin of the Arctic Ocean. The name of the station was Severny Polyus-38 and it was home to 15 researchers for a year. They conducted polar studies and gathered scientific evidence to reinforce Russia's claims to the Arctic. The polar bears living on the pack ice of the Chukchi Sea are one of the five genetically distinct Eurasian populations of the species. In 2012, scientists from

3096-600: The Northernmost point of Wrangel Island through this island to Blossom Point thence to Cape Yakan on the mainland (176°40′E)]. On the North. A line from Point Barrow , Alaska ( 71°20′N 156°20′W  /  71.333°N 156.333°W  / 71.333; -156.333 ) to the Northernmost point of Wrangel Island (179°30'W). On the South. The Arctic Circle [66°33′46″N] between Siberia and Alaska. [The northern limit of

3182-669: The Pleistocene were far more southerly as fossils have been excavated from Italy and North Carolina , thus could have overlapped between those of Eubalaena based on those locations. Generally, five stocks of bowhead whales are recognized: 1) the Western Arctic stock in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas, 2) the Hudson Bay and Foxe Basin stock, 3) the Baffin Bay and Davis Strait stock, 4)

3268-403: The Sea (ICES). His many publications include his magnum opus The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology by Sverdrup, Martin W. Johnson and Richard H. Fleming (1942, new edition 1970) which formed the basic curriculum of oceanography for the next 40 years around the world. In 1928, he married Gudrun (Vaumund) Bronn (1893–1983) and adopted her daughter Anna Margrethe. He

3354-554: The Sea of Okhotsk stock, and 5) the Svalbard-Barents Sea stock. However, recent evidence suggests that the Hudson Bay and Foxe Basin stock and the Baffin Bay and Davis Strait stock should be considered one stock based on genetics and movements of tagged whales. The Western Arctic bowhead population, also known as the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort population, has recovered since the commercial harvest of this stock ceased in

3440-628: The Sea of Okhotsk were once called "forgotten whales" by researchers. The WWF welcomed the creation of a nature sanctuary in the region Possibly, vagrants from this population occasionally reach into Asian nations such as off Japan or the Korean Peninsula (although this record might be of a right whale ). The first documented report of the species in Japanese waters was of a strayed infant (7 m (23 ft)) caught in Osaka Bay on 23 June 1969, and

3526-488: The Western Arctic bowhead stock may be near its precommercial whaling level. Migration patterns of this population are being affected by climate change . Alaskan Natives continue to hunt small numbers of bowhead whales for subsistence purposes. The Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission co-manages the bowhead subsistence harvest with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Alaskan villages that participate in

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3612-488: The area, and on 6 February 2008, the U.S. government announced the successful bidders would pay US$ 2.6 billion for extraction rights. The auction drew considerable criticism from environmentalists. In May 2015, the Obama administration 's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management gave a conditional approval for Shell Oil to drill in shallow (140 ft [43 m] deep) Chukchi Sea waters. In September 2015, Shell announced that it

3698-434: The bowhead subsistence harvest include Barrow, Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainwright, Nuiqsut, Kaktovik, Gambell, Savoonga, Kivalina, Wales, and Little Diomede. The annual subsistence harvest of the Western Arctic stock has ranged from 14 to 72, amounting to an estimated 0.1-0.5% of the population. In March 2008, Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans stated the previous estimates in the eastern Arctic had undercounted, with

3784-541: The bowhead whale has a vestigial pelvis that is not connected to the spine. Bowhead whales are comparable in size to the three species of right whales . According to whaling captain William Scoresby Jr., the longest bowhead he measured was 17.7 m (58 ft) long, while the longest measurement he had ever heard of was of a 20.4 m (67 ft) whale caught at Godhavn , Greenland, in early 1813. He also spoke of one, caught near Spitsbergen around 1800, that

3870-419: The corpus cavernosum maxillaris, extends along the centre of the hard plate, forming two large lobes at the rostral palate. The tissue is histologically similar to that of the corpus cavernosum of the mammalian penis . This organ is thought to provide a mechanism of cooling for the whale (which is normally protected from the cold Arctic waters by 40 cm (16 in) or more of fat). During physical exertion,

3956-560: The dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella in Ledyard Bay and Barrow Canyon within the Chukchi sea. Although the cyst beds consist of A. catenella in a dormant state, if environmental conditions are right, they can germinate and create harmful algal blooms . In its active state, A. catenella produces saxitoxin , a potent neurotoxin that is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) if consumed. The toxin can bioaccumulate through

4042-399: The early 1900s. A 2019 study estimated that the Western Arctic population was 12,505; although it was lower than the 2011 value of 16,820, the surveyors believed there was no significant decline in 2011–2019 due to the unusual conditions of whale migration and observation in 2019. The yearly growth rate of the Western Arctic bowhead population was 3.7% from 1978 to 2011. These data suggest that

4128-853: The explanation of spring blooms of phytoplankton . Sverdrup was a member of both the United States National Academy of Sciences , the Norwegian Academies of Science , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and the American Philosophical Society . He served as President of the International Association of Physical Oceanography and of the International Council for the Exploration of

4214-484: The first bowheads in the Bering Strait region. By 1849, 50 ships were hunting bowheads in each area; in the Bering Strait, 500 whales were killed that year, and that number jumped to more than 2000 in 1850. By 1852, 220 ships were cruising around the Bering Strait region, which killed over 2,600 whales. Between 1854 and 1857, the fleet shifted to the Sea of Okhotsk, where 100–160 ships cruised annually. During 1858–1860,

4300-642: The first live sighting was of a 10 m (33 ft) juvenile around Shiretoko Peninsula (the southernmost of ice floe range in the Northern Hemisphere) on 21 to 23 June 2015. Fossils have been excavated on Hokkaido , but it is unclear whether the northern coasts of Japan were once included in seasonal or occasional migration ranges. Genetic studies suggest Okhotsk population share common ancestry with whales in Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Seas, and repeated mixings had occurred between whales in

4386-452: The first year. Bowhead whales are considered to be the longest-living mammals , living for over 200 years. In May 2007, a 15 m (49 ft) specimen caught off the Alaskan coast was discovered with the 89 mm (3.5 in) head of an explosive bomb lance of a model manufactured between 1879 and 1885, so the whale was probably bomb lanced sometime between those years, and its age at

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4472-590: The five stocks of bowhead populations, three are listed as " endangered ", one as " vulnerable ", and one as "lower risk, conservation dependent" according to the IUCN Red List . The global population is assessed as of least concern . Carl Linnaeus named this species in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae (1758). It was seemingly identical to its relatives in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans , and as such they were all thought to be

4558-409: The food-chain and poses a threat to local communities that rely on the marine food web for sustenance. The total area of the cyst beds is 145,600 km, comparable to the area of the state of Iowa. These beds are six times larger than previously reported beds in other areas, and cyst concentration in the sediment is among the highest globally. Germination can only occur in the upper few millimeters of

4644-416: The forming/melting of ice. Historically, bowhead whales' range may have been broader and more southerly than currently thought. Bowheads were abundant around Labrador, Newfoundland ( Strait of Belle Isle ) and the northern Gulf of St Lawrence until at least the 16th and 17th centuries. It is unclear whether this was due to the colder climate during these periods. The distribution of Balaena spp. during

4730-484: The gene UCP1 , a gene involved in thermoregulation , can explain differences in the metabolic rates in cells. The bowhead whale is the only baleen whale to spend its entire life in the Arctic and subarctic waters. The Alaskan population spends the winter months in the southwestern Bering Sea . The group migrates northward in the spring, following openings in the ice, into the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. The whale's range varies depending on climate changes and on

4816-546: The hunting of walrus in this cold sea. In Siberia places along the coast are: Cape Billings , Cape Schmidt , Amguyema River , Cape Vankarem , the large Kolyuchinskaya Bay , Neskynpil'gyn Lagoon , Cape Serdtse-Kamen , Enurmino , Chegitun River , Inchoun , Uelen and Cape Dezhnev . In Alaska, the rivers flowing into the Chukchi Sea are the Kivalina , the Kobuk , the Kokolik ,

4902-614: The indigenous hunts seem to be self-sustaining. Orca are also known predators. There is no consensus on the number of deaths by orca. Bowheads seek the ice and shallow waters' safety when threatened by orca. The Inuit have a traditional word for this behavior to give historical context that this is not a new phenomenon. Global warming is increasing the frequency that orca are observed in the far north. A once-rare event, orca are now seen more frequently. There are no reports of attacks on bowheads by sharks. The bowhead whale has been hunted for blubber , meat, oil , bones, and baleen. Like

4988-473: The intervention of World War II meant he held the post until 1948. During 33 expeditions with the research vessel E. W. Scripps between 1938 and 1941, he produced a detailed oceanographic dataset off the coast of California. He also developed a simple theory of the general ocean circulation postulating a dynamical vorticity balance between the wind-stress curl and the meridional gradient of the Coriolis parameter,

5074-660: The largest marine mammal migrations in the world. Species that have been documented migrating through this corridor include the bowhead whale , beluga whale , Pacific walrus , and bearded seals In 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov sailed from the Kolyma River on the Arctic to the Anadyr River on the Pacific, but his route was not practical and was not used for the next 200 years. In 1728, Vitus Bering and in 1779, Captain James Cook entered

5160-410: The largest mouth of any animal representing almost one-third of the length of the body, the longest baleen plates with a maximum length of 4 m (13 ft), and may be the longest-lived mammals, with the ability to reach an age of more than 200 years. The bowhead was an early whaling target. Their population was severely reduced before a 1966 moratorium was passed to protect the species. Of

5246-545: The majority of summering aggregation in the northern Foxe Basin, while matured males and noncalving females may use the northwestern part of Hudson Bay. Fewer whales also migrate to the west coast of Hudson Bay and Mansel and Ottawa Islands . Bowhead ranges within Hudson Bay are usually considered not to cover southern parts, but at least some whales migrate to locations further south such as Sanikiluaq and Churchill river mouth . Congregation within Foxe Basin occurs in

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5332-450: The months of July and August. With warmer summer water temperatures and increasingly destabilized oceanic currents associated with climate change, bloom initiation has been advanced by three weeks over the last two decades, and the time window for harmful surface blooms has been extended. The Chukchi shelf is believed to hold oil and gas reserves as high as 30 billion barrels (4.8 × 10 m). Several oil companies have competed for leases on

5418-457: The one claimed in 1850) may weigh up to 100 t (110 short tons; 98 long tons). Analysis of hundreds of DNA samples from living whales and from baleen used in vessels, toys, and housing material has shown that Arctic bowhead whales have lost a significant portion of their genetic diversity in the past 500 years. Bowheads originally crossed ice-covered inlets and straits to exchange genes between Atlantic and Pacific populations. This conclusion

5504-422: The other populations are possible. During expeditions by a tour operator 'Arctic Kingdom', a large group of bowheads seemingly involved in courtship activities was discovered in very shallow bays south of Qikiqtarjuaq in 2012. Floating skins and rubbing behaviours at sea bottom indicated possible moulting had taken place. Moulting behaviours had never or seldom been documented for this species before. This area

5590-455: The pack ice in the northeastern Sea of Okhotsk, then in Tausk Bay and Northeast Gulf ( Shelikhov Gulf ). Soon, ships expanded to the west, catching them around Iony Island and then around the Shantar Islands . In the Western Arctic, they mainly caught them in the Anadyr Gulf , the Bering Strait, and around St. Lawrence Island . They later spread to the western Beaufort Sea (1854) and the Mackenzie River delta (1889). Commercial whaling,

5676-531: The presence of orca , and bowheads can disappear from normal ranges in the presence of atypical numbers of orca. Increased mortality caused by orca attack is a possible outcome of climate change , as reduced ice coverage is expected to result in fewer areas that the bowheads can use for shelter from attack. Whaling grounds in the 19th century stretched from Marble Island to Roes Welcome Sound and to Lyon Inlet and Fisher Strait , and whales still migrate through most of these areas. Distribution within Hudson Bay

5762-489: The principal cause of the population decline, is over. Bowhead whales are now hunted on a subsistence level by native peoples of North America . In 2024, the Inuit hunters of Aklavik , Northwest Territories were permitted to hunt and kill one bowhead whale with the whale meat , an important part of Inuit cuisine , to be distributed to Inuvialuit and Gwich'in communities in the region. Some Alaska Natives continue by tradition to hunt bowhead and beluga whales on

5848-406: The right whale, it swims slowly, and floats after death, making it ideal for whaling. Before commercial whaling, they were estimated to number 50,000. Paleo-Eskimo sites indicate bowhead whales were eaten in sites from perhaps 4000 BC. Inuit people near the Pacific developed specific hunting tools, with the whales providing food and fuel. Commercial bowhead whaling began in the 16th century when

5934-403: The sea from the Pacific. On 28 September 1878, during Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 's expedition that made the whole length of the Northeast passage for the first time in history, the steamship Vega got stuck in fast ice in the Chukchi Sea. Since further progress for that year was impossible, the ship was secured in winter quarters. Even so, members of the expedition and the crew were aware only

6020-435: The ship's superstructure were recovered by divers and were sent to the ship's builders, Burmeister & Wain of Copenhagen , for identification. In July 2009, a large mass of organic material was found floating in the sea off the northwest Alaskan coast. Analysis by the U.S. Coast Guard has identified it as a large body of algal bloom . On 15 October 2010, Russian scientists opened a floating polar research station in

6106-439: The ships shifted back to the Bering Strait region, where the majority of the fleet cruised during the summer until the early 20th century. An estimated 18,600 bowheads were killed in the Bering Strait region between 1848 and 1914, with 60% of the total being reached within the first two decades. An estimated 18,000 bowheads were killed in the Sea of Okhotsk during 1847–1867, 80% in the first decade. Bowheads were first taken along

6192-537: The steamer Chelyuskin sailed from Murmansk , east bound to attempt a transit of the Northern Sea Route to the Pacific, in order to demonstrate such a transit could be achieved in one season. The vessel became beset in heavy ice in the Chukchi Sea, and after drifting with the ice for over two months, was crushed and sank on 13 February 1934 near Kolyuchin Island . Apart from one fatality, her entire complement of 104

6278-480: The tens. However, the numbers have been increasing in recent years. The Hudson Bay – Foxe Basin population is distinct from the Baffin Bay  –  Davis Strait group. The original population size of this local group is unclear, but possibly about 500 to 600 whales annually summered in the northwestern part of the bay in the 1860s. It is likely that the number of whales that actually inhabit Hudson Bay

6364-531: The three populations of right whale plus the bowhead whale, as one, two, three or four species, either in a single genus or in two separate genera. Eventually, it was recognized that bowheads and right whales were different, but there was still no strong consensus as to whether they shared a single genus or two. As recently as 1998, Dale Rice listed just two species – B. glacialis (the right whales) and B. mysticetus (the bowheads) – in his comprehensive and otherwise authoritative classification. Studies in

6450-483: The time of death was estimated at between 115 and 130 years. Spurred by this discovery, scientists measured the ages of other bowhead whales; one specimen was estimated to be 211 years old. Other bowhead whales were estimated to be between 135 and 172 years old. This discovery showed the longevity of the bowhead whale is much greater than originally thought. Researchers at CSIRO , Australia's national science agency, estimated that bowhead whales' maximum natural lifespan

6536-804: The two seas. The most endangered but historically largest of all bowhead populations is the Svalbard/Spitsbergen population. Occurring normally in Fram Strait , Barents Sea and Severnaya Zemlya along Kara Sea to Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea regions, these whales were seen in entire coastal regions in European and Russian Arctic, even reaching to Icelandic and Scandinavian coasts and Jan Mayen in Greenland Sea , and west of Cape Farewell and western Greenland coasts. Also, bowheads in this stock were possibly once abundant in areas adjacent to

6622-412: The water. The bowhead whale has paired blowholes at the highest point of the head, which can spout a blow 6.1 m (20 ft) high. The bowhead's blubber is the thickest of any animal's, with a maximum of 43–50 cm (17–20 in). Unlike most cetaceans, the bowhead does not have a dorsal fin —an adaptation for spending much time under sea-surface ice. Like the sperm whale and other cetaceans,

6708-420: The whale must cool itself to prevent hyperthermia (and ultimately brain damage). This organ becomes engorged with blood, and as the whale opens its mouth cold seawater flows over the organ, thus cooling the blood. The bowhead whale is not a social animal, typically travelling alone or in small pods of up to six. It is able to dive and remain submerged under water for up to an hour. The time spent under water in

6794-750: The whale's genome . Through comparative analysis, two alleles that could be responsible for the whale's longevity were identified. These two specific gene mutations linked to the bowhead whale's ability to live longer are the ERCC1 gene and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA ) gene. ERCC1 is linked to DNA repair and increased cancer resistance. PCNA is also important in DNA repair. These mutations enable bowhead whales to better repair DNA damage, allowing for greater resistance to cancer. The whale's genome may also reveal physiological adaptations such as having low metabolic rates compared to other mammals. Changes in

6880-548: Was CEO of Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani . Sverdrup was a student at Bergen Cathedral School in 1901 before graduating in 1906 at Kongsgård School in Stavanger . He graduated cand. real. in 1914 from University of Oslo . He studied under Vilhelm Bjerknes and earned his Dr. Philos. at the University of Leipzig in 1917. He was the scientific director of the North Polar expedition of Roald Amundsen aboard

6966-459: Was able to establish a camp on the sea ice. The Soviet government organized an impressive aerial evacuation, under which all were rescued. Captain Vladimir Voronin and expedition leader Otto Schmidt became heroes. Following several unsuccessful attempts, the wreck was located on the bed of the Chukchi Sea by a Russian expedition, Chelyuskin-70, in mid-September 2006. Two small components of

7052-639: Was allegedly nearly 21.3 m (70 ft) long. In 1850, an American vessel claimed to have caught a 24.54 m ( 80 + 1 ⁄ 2  ft) individual in the Western Arctic. Whether these lengths were actually measured is questionable. The longest reliably measured were a male of 16.2 m (53 ft) and a female of 18 m (59 ft), both landed in Alaska. On average, female bowheads are larger than males. The adults would have likely measured 19 m (62 ft) in length and 80 t (88 short tons; 79 long tons) in body mass, but larger individuals (like

7138-993: Was awarded the William Bowie Medal by the American Geophysical Union , the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the National Academy of Sciences , the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society , the Vega Medal by the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography and the Swedish Order of the Polar Star . The Sverdrup , a unit describing the volume of water transport in ocean currents ,

7224-465: Was derived from analyzing maternal lineage using mitochondrial DNA . Whaling and climatic cooling during the Little Ice Age , from the 16th century to the 19th, is supposed to have reduced the whales' summer habitats, which explains the loss of genetic diversity. A 2013 discovery has clarified the function of the bowhead's large palatal retial organ. The bulbous ridge of highly vascularized tissue,

7310-486: Was ending its oil exploration in the region, citing tremendous cost and declining oil prices. Shell vowed to return, but eventually gave up all but one of the corporation's leases in the Arctic. Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer) Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (15 November 1888 – 21 August 1957) was a Norwegian oceanographer and meteorologist . He served as director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and

7396-524: Was officially approved in 1935. The sea has an approximate area of 595,000 square kilometres (230,000 sq mi) and is only navigable about four months of the year. The main geological feature of the Chukchi Sea bottom is the 700-kilometer-long (430 mi) Hope Basin , which is bound to the northeast by the Herald Arch. Depths less than 50 meters (160 ft) occupy 56% of the total area. The Chukchi Sea has very few islands compared to other seas of

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