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47-626: Born in Caen , Coin studied with Jacques Ripoche. At the Conservatoire de Paris , he studied cello with André Navarra and graduated in 1974. From 1976, he studied on a scholarship in Vienna. He was influenced by Nikolaus Harnoncourt , among others. From 1978, he studied viola da gamba with Jordi Savall at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis . He worked first mainly as a soloist. In 1984, he founded

94-497: A first villa was built near the beach. Its owner, Mr. Longpré, manufacturer of corsets in Caen, gave it the name of Belle Rive. A painter who had noticed that the sunsets on the shores of Ouistreham resembled those he had had the opportunity to admire in Italy, de Belle Rive made it Riva Bella. Little by little the dunes and swamps disappear to give way to villas and the first casino is built. At

141-613: Is CN . Ouistreham Ouistreham ( French pronunciation: [wistʁe.am] ) is a commune in the Calvados department in Normandy region in northwestern France . Ouistreham is a small port with fishing boats, leisure craft and a ferry harbour. It serves as the port of the city of Caen . The town borders the mouth of the Canal de Caen à la Mer . The name Ouistreham derives from Saxon ham , meaning 'village'. There

188-578: Is a homonym of 'Westerham' in Kent. Ouistreham has been a trading port since the Middle Ages. The harbour is now a part of "Port de Caen-Ouistreham". Since the beginning of the 20th century, it has been a bathing beach on the "Riva Bella". On 6 June 1944, No. 4 Commando landed at Ouistreham (codenamed Sword ) and fought their way to Pegasus Bridge , with the 177 Free French of the No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando given

235-482: Is in an area of high humidity. The river Orne flows through the city, as well as small rivers known as les Odons , most of which have been buried under the city to improve urban hygiene. Caen has a large flood zone, named "La prairie", located around the hippodrome, not far from the river Orne, which is regularly submerged. Caen is 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Channel . A canal ( Canal de Caen à la Mer ) parallel to

282-552: Is no clear explanation for the first part of the name. A popular etymology is based on Middle French ouistre ( Old French oystre ), meaning ' oyster '. Most linguists agree on a Saxon origin, meaning Western or West (though some other linguists have claimed that it derives from the Saxon word meaning Eastern), because of the presence of Saxon-speaking settlers from England in Viking Normandy. Following this theory, 'Ouistreham'

329-455: Is one of the largest medieval fortresses of Western Europe. It remained an essential feature of Norman strategy and policy. At Christmas 1182, a royal court celebration for Christmas in the aula of Caen Castle brought together Henry II and his sons, Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland , receiving more than a thousand knights. Caen Castle, along with all of Normandy, was handed over to

376-458: Is the prefecture of the department of Calvados . The city proper has 105,512 inhabitants (as of 2018 ), while its functional urban area has 470,000, making Caen the second largest urban area in Normandy and the 19th largest in France. It is also the third largest commune in all of Normandy after Le Havre and Rouen . It is located 200 km (120 mi) northwest of Paris, connected to

423-499: Is the home of the Baroque musical ensemble Les Arts Florissants . The organization was founded by conductor William Christie in 1979 and derives its name from the 1685 opera by Marc-Antoine Charpentier . Caen was the birthplace or origin of: Caen is twinned with: From 1947 to 2006, Caen was a stage of the Tour de France a total of 15 times. Further, Caen was one of the hosts of

470-602: The Caen Guided Light Transit ( French : TVR de Caen but known locally as the "tram"), a guided trolleybus network which operated from 2002 to 2017, which was closed due to reliability issues. The city previously had a tramway which operated from 1860 to 1937. Caen also had several main and branch railway lines linking Caen railway station ( French : Gare de Caen ) to all parts of Normandy with lines to Paris , Vire , Flers , Cabourg , Houlgate , Deauville , Saint-Lô , Bayeux and Cherbourg . Now

517-674: The Ensemble Baroque de Limoges , for performances of cantatas, oratorio and operas of the 17th and 18th century on period instruments. Since 1988, Coin has been a teacher for Baroque cello and viola da gamba at the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique in Paris and at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis. He has organised workshops on the building and playing of historic instruments. In 1991 he played as part of

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564-603: The EuroBasket 1983 . The city has a football team, SM Caen , who as of 2024 are owned by superstar footballer Kylian Mbappé . The Drakkars de Caen play ice hockey in the FFHG Division 1 . In 2014, Caen was the location of the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games . Current arms: Gules, a single-towered open castle Or, windowed and masoned sable. Under the Ancien Régime : Per fess, gules and azure, 3 fleurs de lys Or. During

611-565: The First French Empire : Gules, a single-towered castle Or, a chief of Good Imperial Cities (gules, 3 bees Or). Today, Caen has no motto, but it used to have one, which did not survive the French Revolution . As a result, its spelling is archaic and has not been updated: Un Dieu, un Roy, une Foy, une Loy. (One God, one King, one Faith, one Law.) This motto is reflected in a notable old Chant royal . Caen's home port code

658-717: The Mosaïques Ensemble and in 1987 the string quartet Quatuor Mosaïques with Erich Höbarth, Andrea Bischof and Anita Mitterer, all players members of the Concentus Musicus Wien . The quartet has performed mostly works of the classical period on period instruments, with a focus on less known works. After a 2012 concert in New York, their playing was reviewed as "balancing period instruments and historically informed performance practice with contemporary interpretive impulses like no other". Since 1991, Coin has been director of

705-668: The 177 French marines (forming an integral part of Lord Lovat's first special brigade) then reached the bridges of Bénouville (Pegasus Bridge) and Ranville and thus operated the junction with the paratroopers of the 6th DAP (British Airborne) after street fighting in Ouistreham. On 6 June 2014 Ouistreham hosted the international ceremony for the 70th anniversary of the Normandy landings and battle (5 million viewers in France alone; 1.2 billion worldwide). There were 1,800 veterans, 19 heads of state and 8,000 guests of honor and people from Ouistreham in

752-616: The A84 is a toll-free motorway. The city is encircled by the N814 ring-road (Boulevard Périphérique) that was completed in the late 1990s. The N13 connects Caen to Cherbourg and to Paris. A section of the former N13 (Caen-Paris) is now D613 (in Calvados) following road renumbering. The Boulevard Périphérique includes a viaduct called the Viaduc de Calix that goes over the canal and River Orne . The canal links

799-626: The Conqueror , who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen , heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city. The city has now preserved the memory by erecting a memorial and a museum dedicated to peace, the Mémorial de Caen . The first references to the name of Caen are found in different acts of the dukes of Normandy : Cadon 1021/1025, Cadumus 1025, Cathim 1026/1027. Year 1070 of

846-625: The Dukes of Normandy. Around 1060, William the Conqueror began construction of the Château de Caen , which became the centre of the ducal court. Duchess Matilda of Flanders also founded the Benedictine Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen around the same time, eventually being buried in the abbey. Caen succeeded Bayeux as the capital of Lower Normandy , complementing the second ducal capital of Rouen . Caen fell to Philip II of France on 21 May 1204, and

893-857: The French Crown in 1204. The castle saw several engagements during the Hundred Years' War (1346, 1417, 1450) and was in use as a barracks as late as the Second World War. Bullet holes are visible on the walls of the castle where members of the French Resistance were shot during the Second World War. Today, the castle serves as a museum that houses the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen (Museum of Fine Arts of Caen) and Musée de Normandie (Museum of Normandy) along with many periodical exhibitions about arts and history. (See "Timeline of Caen Castle" . Archived from

940-532: The Orne was built during the reign of Napoleon III to link the city to the sea at all times. The canal reaches the English Channel at Ouistreham . A lock keeps the tide out of the canal and lets large ships navigate up the canal to Caen's freshwater harbours. Caen has an oceanic climate that is somewhat ameliorated due to its slightly inland position. In spite of this, summers are still cool by French standards and

987-575: The Parker manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to Caen as Kadum , and year 1086 of the Laud manuscript gives the name as Caþum . Despite a lack of sources as to the origin of the settlements, the name Caen would seem to be of Gaulish origin, from the words catu- , referring to military activities and magos , field, hence meaning "manoeuvre field" or "battlefield". In Layamon 's Brut ,

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1034-546: The SNCF operates the Paris-Caen-Cherbourg, Caen-Rouen, Caen- Le Mans -Tours, Caen- Rennes services and some others small lines, while Railcoop will soon open new lines such as Lille-Amiens-Rouen-Caen-Rennes-Nantes and Paris-Caen-Brest making Caen railway station its north-western hub. Caen station is the second busiest in Normandy, after Rouen station. Caen - Carpiquet Airport is the biggest airport in Normandy considering

1081-496: The South of England by the Caen ( Ouistreham ) to Portsmouth ferry route through the English Channel . Situated a few miles from the coast, the landing beaches, the bustling resorts of Deauville and Cabourg , as well as Norman Switzerland and the Pays d'Auge , Caen is often considered the archetype of Normandy. Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William

1128-482: The beach area became a no man's land; 123 villas by the sea were demolished to make way for the defenses of the Atlantic Wall: 80 concrete structures and an artillery observation post overlooking the beach “the big bunker” were built. On 6 June 1944 this surveillance post became a strategic place and its capture ensured the landing point on the beach of Sword Beach. Commander Philippe Kieffer 's No. 4 commando comprising

1175-590: The church of Ponitz , Thuringia, using its 1737 Gottfried Silbermann organ. Some cantatas feature the Leipziger Concerto Vocale, some the Chœur de Chambre Accentus, all the Ensemble Baroque de Limoges and soloists Barbara Schlick , Andreas Scholl , Christoph Prégardien and Gotthold Schwarz , including Jesu, nun sei gepreiset , BWV 41 for New Year's Day . A review notes: "As the piccolo cello soloist

1222-418: The city and caused numerous French civilian casualties. After the battle, little of prewar Caen remained, and reconstruction efforts in the city continued until 1962. Postwar work included the reconstruction of complete districts of the city and the university campus. It took 14 years (1948–1962) and led to the current urbanization of Caen. Having lost many of its historic quarters and its university campus in

1269-529: The city to the sea to permit cargo ships and ferries to dock in the port of Caen . Ferries which have docked include the Quiberon and the Duc de Normandie . The agricultural and food-processing Agrial cooperative has its head office in Caen. Agrial group processes vegetables , cider apples , milk , poultry and meat with the help of its 12,000 employees and all its partners. The Théâtre de Caen (1963)

1316-444: The climate is typically maritime in terms of high precipitation, relatively modest sunshine hours and mild winters. The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Caen proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Caen absorbed the former commune of Venoix in 1952. The castle, Château de Caen , built c.  1060 by William the Conqueror, who successfully conquered England in 1066,

1363-415: The honour of spearheading the advance. The assault on Ouistreham was featured in the movie The Longest Day , although the film location for Ouistreham was at the nearby village of Port-en-Bessin . A "Roman camp" (Catillon or Castillon) was located on the left bank of the Orne near Bénouville . It has been leveled, only a small part of the northwest rampart remains. In reality, modern archeology excludes

1410-620: The hypothesis that it is a Roman camp, at least not from the High Empire, archaeologists having never unveiled a Roman camp dating from this period in the North from Gaul, apart from Arlaines at Ressons-le-Long (Aisne), and probably not from the Lower Empire either. The expression Roman Camp or Caesar's Camp generally applies to works dating from the Iron Age or the Middle Ages. The Saint-Samson church and

1457-422: The latter making crossing from March to November. The ferry terminal is 15 km (9.3 mi) from Caen with a daytime shuttle bus service for foot passengers. There is also a cyclist road from Caen to Ouistreham. Caen is connected to the rest of France by motorways to Paris ( A13 ), Brittany and Southern France ( A84 ) and to Le Mans and central France ( A88 – A28 ). The A13 and A88 are toll roads while

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1504-686: The number of passengers and flights that it serves every year. Most flights are operated by HOP! , Volotea and the French national airline Air France operates flights to the French cities of Lyon , Nice, Toulouse, Montpellier, Marseille, Biarritz, Ajaccio, Figari, Bastia and Calvi. Caen is served by the large port of Ouistreham , lying at the mouth of the Caen Canal where it meets the English Channel . A cruise/ferry service operates between Portsmouth , England, and Caen/Ouistreham running both standard roll-on-roll-off car ferries and supercat fast ferries, with

1551-505: The original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2004 . ) In repentance for marrying his cousin Mathilda of Flanders , William ordered two abbeys to be built on the Pope 's encouragement: Mayors of Caen have included: Joël Bruneau was re-elected mayor in the 2020 municipal elections . In 1952, the small commune of Venoix became part of Caen. In 1990, the agglomeration of Caen

1598-505: The poet asserts that King Arthur named the city in memory of Sir Kay , although the historicity of King Arthur is widely doubted. Caen was known in Roman times as 'Catumagos', from the Gaulish roots magos meaning 'field' and catu meaning 'combat'. It remained a minor settlement throughout the Roman period and began to see major development commence in the 10th century, under the patronage of

1645-403: The shore of the Orne from English attacks, it was decided to build three redoubts according to Vauban's plans, at Ouistreham, Colleville and Merville . These redoubts were disarmed in 1816, that of Ouistreham was sold to a private individual who transformed it into a mansion. Remains of the redoubt are still visible at the "Petit Château de la Redoute" at 38 boulevard Boivin-Champeaux. In 1866,

1692-485: The sound-track to the French film Tous les Matins du Monde . Coin has recorded some 50 CDs , both as a soloist and with ensembles. Several of them were awarded prizes. He recorded Purcell's trio sonatas and Haydn's cello concertos with Christopher Hogwood . The Quatuor Mosaïques recorded Luigi Boccherini 's quintets with Patrick Cohen playing pianoforte . Beginning in 1993, Coin conducted and played Bach's ten cantatas with violoncello piccolo within three years at

1739-475: The stands. Georges Simenon set a Maigret story in Ouistreham entitled "Le port des brumes" or "The Misty Harbour" in English. Published first in 1932, Simenon - who had a deep interest in canals and waterways - evoked the nature and atmosphere of the port at that time. The port of Ouistreham has a scheduled cross- Channel ferry service to Portsmouth , operated by Brittany Ferries . During 2017, Ouistreham became

1786-487: The supremely talented Christophe Coin plays with authority displaying exceptional control of phrasing and dynamics". In 2004, he recorded with the Quatuor Mosaiques Haydn 's six string quartets Op. 64. Caen Caen ( UK : / ˈ k ɒ̃ ˈ k ɒ n / ; French: [kɑ̃] ; Norman : Kaem ) is a commune 15 km (9.3 mi) inland from the northwestern coast of France. It

1833-476: The tithe barn make from the border of the town of Ouistreham the heart of this city. Its proximity to the sea meant that the town developed towards the shore, to the north. Ouistreham was a village of fishermen and farmers where the activity was also linked to maritime trade. Ouistreham experienced the development of its port thanks to the extraction and export of Caen and Ranville stone. There are still some typical fishermen's houses in this town. In 1779, to protect

1880-409: The very beginning of the 20th century, the seaside resort developed around these luxurious villas and leisure facilities: thalassotherapy and the Ouistreham casino. On 15 August 1891 the société anonyme des Établissements Decauville Aîné provisionally opened a narrow-gauge railway of local interest (60 cm) between Ouistreham and Luc-sur-Mer. This line, extended in 1891–1892 to Dives-sur-Mer and Caen,

1927-526: The war, Caen does not have the atmosphere of a traditional Norman town such as Honfleur , Rouen , Cabourg , Deauville or Bayeux . The Canadian Army Film and Photo Unit filmed the D-Day offensive and Orne breakout several weeks later. It returned several months later to document the city's recovery efforts. The resulting film, You Can't Kill a City , is preserved in the National Archives of Canada . Caen

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1974-438: The Île St-Jean. Only the castle of Caen held out, despite attempts to besiege it. A few days later, the English left, marching to the east and on to their victory at the Battle of Crécy . It was later captured following a siege by Henry V in 1417 and treated harshly for being the first town to put up any resistance to his invasion. In 1450 towards the end of the war, French forces recaptured Caen . During World War II , Caen

2021-443: Was a part of 9 cantons , of which it was the chief town. These cantons contained a total of 13 towns. Caen gave its name to a 10th canton, of which it was not part. Since the 2015 canton reorganization, Caen is part of the cantons of Caen-1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 . Twisto is the urban transport network of Caen, including about sixty bus lines and 3 tramway lines. The present tram network officially opened on 27 July 2019 replacing

2068-482: Was captured by German forces during the Battle of France in 1940 and placed under military occupation . In 1944, Allied forces launched Operation Overlord , invading German-occupied France and rapidly advancing through Normandy . From 6 June to 6 August 1944, the British Second Army fought the battle of Caen to dislodge German forces from the city. During the battle, Allied bombing raids heavily damaged

2115-462: Was incorporated along with the remainder of Normandy into the Kingdom of France. In 1346, King Edward III of England led his army against the city, hoping to loot it. It was expected that a siege of perhaps several weeks would be required, but the army took the city in less than a day, on 26 July 1346, storming and sacking it , killing 3,000 of its citizens, and burning much of the merchants' quarter on

2162-491: Was organized into a district, transformed in 2002 into a Communauté d'agglomération ( Grand Caen (Greater Caen), renamed Caen la Mer in 2004), gathers 29 towns and villages, including Villons-les-Buissons , Lion-sur-Mer , Hermanville-sur-Mer , which joined the Communauté d'agglomération in 2004. The population of the "communauté d'agglomération" is around 220,000 inhabitants. In the former administrative organisation, Caen

2209-628: Was taken over in 1894 by the Société anonyme des Chemins de fer du Calvados. It will remain for a long time the most profitable line of the Calvados Railways network. While the other lines were closed one after the other in the 1930s, the Luc - Ouistreham - Caen line was retained. Damaged during the landing, it closed in 1944. During the Second World War , Ouistreham was occupied by German troops. From 1942,

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