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11-615: Chintang (Chintang: छिन्ताङ् Chintāṅ / Chhintang ) is an eastern Kirati language spoken by 5,000 to 6,000 people in Chhintang VDC and Ahale VDC in Dhankuta District , Province No. 1 , Nepal . The language has two dialects, Mulgaun and Sambhugaon. Most speakers of Chintang are also fluent speakers of the Indo-European Nepali language , which is the lingua franca of Nepal and the sole language of instruction in school, and

22-662: A Khambu subgroup that consists of three languages, Kulung , Nachiring , and Sampang . Camling may also be a Khambu language. Sound changes defining each subgroup (Gerber & Grollmann 2018): Independent branches (formerly part of "Western Kiranti") that are unclassified within Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan): The Khambu branch is defined by the following sound changes. Research on proto-Kiranti includes work on phonology and comparative morphology by George van Driem , reconstructions by Michailovsky (1991) and Sergei Starostin 1994. Michailovsky and Starostin differ by

33-580: A coherent group, but rather a paraphyletic one due to lack of shared innovations . Gerber & Grollmann (2018) presented additional evidence supporting the paraphyletic nature of Kiranti. A Central-Eastern Kiranti group is considered to be valid by Gerber & Grollmann (2018), but they consider "Western Kiranti" unclassified within Trans-Himalayan languages . Independent branches (formerly part of "Western Kiranti") that are unclassified within Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan): Grollmann (2023) identifies

44-574: Is a French linguist who specializes in the study of Sino-Tibetan languages : Old Chinese , Tangut , Tibetan , Gyalrongic and Kiranti languages. He also performs research on the Algonquian and Siouan language families and publishes about languages of other families such as Breton . His case studies in historical phonology are set in the framework of panchronic phonology , aiming to formulate generalizations about sound change that are independent of any particular language or language group. Jacques

55-621: Is one of the main contributors to the Pangloss Collection , an open archive of endangered-language data. Guillaume Jacques was awarded the CNRS Bronze Medal in 2015. Guillaume Jacques studied linguistics at the University of Amsterdam and Paris Diderot University . He obtained his doctorate in 2004 with a dissertation on the phonology and morphology of the Japhug language (one of

66-600: The Gyalrongic languages ), which was based on fieldwork carried out in Sichuan , China in 2002–2003. He taught at Paris Descartes University for four years before taking up a permanent research position at the Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale (CRLAO) . Guillaume Jacques is one of the Editors of the linguistics journal Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale . He is

77-576: The Kiranti languages were part of a Mahakiranti family, although specialists are not completely certain of either the existence of a Kiranti subgroup or its precise membership. LaPolla (2003), though, proposes that Kiranti may be part of a larger " Rung " group. There are about two dozen Kiranti languages. Among the better known are Limbu , Sunuwar , Bantawa , Chamling , Khaling , Bahing , Yakkha , Wayu , Dungmali , Lohorung , and Kulung . Kiranti verbs are not easily segmentable, due in large part to

88-604: The Sino-Tibetan Bantawa language , which is closely related to Chintang. The UNESCO World Atlas of Languages classifies the language as definitely endangered . Bickel, Balthasar, G. Banjade, M. Gaenszle, E. Lieven, N. P. Paudyal (2007). Free prefix ordering in Chintang. Language , 83 (1), 43–73. This Sino-Tibetan languages -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kirati languages George van Driem had formerly proposed that

99-422: The number of stop series reconstructed (three vs four) and the interpretation of the correspondences. Opgenort introduces the reconstruction of preglottalized resonants; his reconstruction is generally based on Starostin's four series system. More recently, Jacques proposed a reconstruction of proto-Kiranti verb roots based on Michailovsky's system, and analyzes the other initial correspondences (in particular,

110-513: The presence of portmanteau morphemes , crowded affix strings, and extensive (and often nonintuitive) allomorphy . Thus their relationship to each other has been a subject of debate. Overall, Kiranti languages are classified: Ethnologue adds Tilung language to Western Kiranti, based on Opgenort (2011). Opgenort (2005) classifies the Kiranti languages as follows, and recognizes a basic east-west division within Kiranti. Historical linguists , as early as 2012, do not consider Kiranti to be

121-422: The series reconstructed as non-aspirated unvoiced stops by Starostin) as due to morphological alternations and inter-Kiranti borrowing. In addition, he presents a preliminary discussion of the reconstruction of stem alternation and stress patterns on the basis of Khaling and Dumi . Reconstructions Guillaume Jacques Guillaume Jacques ( Chinese : 向柏霖 ; pinyin : Xiàng Bólín , born 1979 )

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