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67-544: Foreign advisor and naturalized Chinese citizen Israel Epstein was editor-in-chief of China Today from 1948, and later returned to China at the request of Soong Ching-ling. The magazine was renamed China Today in 1990. China Today is usually published the first week of the month. The editors usually showcase what they characterize as the growing modernization and development which has happened in China since 1949. The novelist, playwright and translator Gao Xingjian , who received

134-565: A Trotskyite . The Lattimores spent two weeks on the Trans-Siberian Railroad with their five-year-old son before arriving in Moscow for a two-week stay toward the end of March 1936. Soviet officials coldly demanded that the IPR and its journal support collective security arrangements against Japan. Lattimore responded that Pacific Affairs had the obligation to serve all the national councils, even

201-412: A British import/export related business. This gave him the opportunity to travel extensively in China and time to study Chinese with an old-fashioned Confucian scholar. His commercial travels also gave him a feel for the realities of life and the economy. A turning point was negotiating the passage of a trainload of wool through the lines of two battling warlords early in 1925, an experience which led him

268-515: A balance, but writing in another journal in the spring of 1940 he urged that "Above all, while we want to get Japan out of China, we do not want to let Russia in. Nor do we want to 'drive Japan into the arms of Russia.'" He continued: "the savagery of the Japanese assault is doing more to spread Communism than the teaching of the Chinese Communists themselves or the influences of Russia. It supplies

335-574: A college degree, in the 1930s he was editor of Pacific Affairs , a journal published by the Institute of Pacific Relations , and taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1938 to 1963. He was director of the Walter Hines Page School of International Relations from 1939 to 1953. During World War II, he was an advisor to Chiang Kai-shek and the American government and contributed extensively to

402-695: A combination of the Hudson's Bay Company and the Tennessee Valley Authority , remarking on how strong and well-fed the inmates were and ascribing to camp commandant Ivan Nikishov "a trained and sensitive interest in art and music and also a deep sense of civic responsibility". In a letter written to the New Statesman in 1968, Lattimore justified himself by arguing his role had not been one to "snoop on his hosts." (In contrast, camp commander Naftaly Frenkel explained: "We have to squeeze everything out of

469-600: A consultant of the U.S. State Department and eventually to his academic career. He died in 1989 in Providence, Rhode Island , having resided in his later years in Pawtucket . Lattimore's "lifetime intellectual project", notes one recent scholar , was to "develop a 'scientific' model of the way human societies form, evolve, grow, decline, mutate and interact with one another along 'frontiers'." He eclectically absorbed and often abandoned influential theories of his day that dealt with

536-541: A decoy for the Japanese who were trying to arrest him. The misinformation even found its way into a short item printed in The New York Times . After being assigned to review one of the books of Edgar Snow , Epstein and Snow came to know each other personally and Snow showed him his classic work Red Star Over China before it was published. He was deeply influenced by the progressivism of Snow and became involved with

603-567: A half years. Lattimore advocated on behalf of the ethnic minorities in China , arguing that China should adopt a cultural autonomy policy based on the Soviet Union's minority policy, which he regarded as "one of the most successful Soviet policies." His advice was mostly disregarded by Chiang's officials, as defense secretary Wang Ch'ung-hui suspected Lattimore of understating Soviet interference in Xinjiang and Outer Mongolia . In 1944, Lattimore

670-501: A jury would be unlikely to convict on matters of political judgment. In his book Ordeal by Slander , Lattimore gives his own account of these events up until 1950. In his 1979 memoir, former FBI agent William C. Sullivan said that, despite Hoover's relentless efforts, the FBI never found "anything substantial" and that the accusations against Lattimore were "ridiculous." In 1963, he was recruited from Johns Hopkins University to establish

737-610: A lifelong dedication to establishing research centres to further the study of Mongolian history and culture. In 1979 he became the first Westerner to be awarded the Order of the Polar Star , the highest award that the Mongolian state gives to foreigners. The State Museum in Ulaanbaatar named a newly discovered dinosaur after him in 1986. The American Centre for Mongolian Studies, together with

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804-469: A magazine connected with culture is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about magazines . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . Israel Epstein Israel Epstein (20 April 1915 – 26 May 2005) was a Polish -born Chinese journalist and author. He was one of the few foreign-born Chinese citizens of non-Chinese origin to become

871-566: A mammoth feat in the first half of the 20th century. In the event, the plans were disrupted and she had to travel alone by horse-drawn sled for 400 miles (640 km) in February to find him. She described her journey in Turkestan Reunion (1934), he in The Desert Road to Turkestan (1928) and High Tartary (1930). This trip laid the ground for his lifelong interest in all matters related to

938-526: A member of the Chinese Communist Party . Israel Epstein was born on 20 April 1915 in Warsaw to Jewish parents; Warsaw was then part of Congress Poland , which was under Imperial Russian control. His father had been imprisoned by the authorities of czarist Russia for leading a labor uprising and his mother had been exiled to Siberia . Epstein's father was sent by his company to Japan after

1005-574: A member of the Sorge spy ring , mentioned in his memoirs that Lattimore placed a request for a Chinese assistant through Comintern channels. Chen’s superiors dispatched him to the United States in 1936 to serve as Lattimore’s coeditor at Pacific Affairs, a position Chen used to carry out espionage activities in New York, with the help of another agent, Rao Shu-shi. The controversy put an end to Lattimore's role as

1072-470: A prisoner in the first three months – after that we don't need him anymore." The system of hard labor and minimal or no food reduced most prisoners to helpless "goners" ( dokhodyaga , in Russian). Conditions varied depending on the state of the country.) During the 1940s, Lattimore came into increasing conflict with another member of the IPR's board, Alfred Kohlberg , a manufacturer with long experience in

1139-400: A smile, it was a "non-Communist smile". Wittfogel and Taylor charged that Lattimore had done "great harm to the free world " in disregarding the need to defeat world Communism as a first priority. John K. Fairbank , in his memoirs, suggests that Wittfogel may have said this because he had been made to leave Germany for having views unacceptable to the powers that be, and he did not want to make

1206-402: A sympathetic biographer, called "the most serious error of his career." Lattimore published an article by a pro-Soviet writer, whom Lattimore did not know, praising Stalin's purge trials because they strengthened the Soviet Union for the coming battle against Germany and Japan. Lattimore famously stated that the show trials "sound to me like democracy". Lattimore's misjudgment of the purge trials

1273-479: A wide range of perspectives and made the journal a forum for new ideas, especially from the social sciences and social philosophy. Scholars and writers of all persuasions were contributors, including Pearl S. Buck , some Chinese literary figures, and dedicated Marxists. IPR secretary Edward Carter was eager to solicit the participation of Soviet scholars, and insisted that Lattimore meet him in Moscow on his way back to

1340-862: The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation . He was awarded the Patron's Medal by the British Royal Geographical Society in 1942 for his travels in Central Asia. In 1943, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society . In 1934, on the recommendation of treaty port journalist H.G.E. Woodhead , Lattimore was appointed editor of Pacific Affairs , published by the Institute of Pacific Relations , which he edited from Beijing. Rather than have bland official statements, he made it his policy to make

1407-702: The Mongols and other peoples of the Silk Road . Upon his return to America in 1928, he received a fellowship from the Social Science Research Council for further travel in Manchuria , then for the academic year 1928/1929 as a student at Harvard University . He did not, however, enroll in a doctoral program, but returned to China 1930–1933 with fellowships from the Harvard–Yenching Institute and

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1474-575: The Nobel Prize in Literature in 2000, worked in the magazine as the chief of its French edition from 1975 to 1977. The actor, translator and politician Ying Ruocheng briefly worked for the English edition of the magazine in the 1970s. He went on to serve as China's vice minister of culture in the 1980s and played a supporting role in the 1987 Oscar-winning film The Last Emperor . This article relating to

1541-831: The Peking and Tientsin Times , an English-language newspaper based in Tianjin. He also covered the Japanese Invasion of China for the United Press and other Western news agencies . In the autumn of 1938, he joined the China Defense League , which had been established by Soong Ching-ling , Sun Yat-sen 's widow, for the purpose of publicizing and enlisting international support for the Chinese cause. In 1941, he faked news about his own death as

1608-469: The University of Washington , George Taylor . Wittfogel, a former Communist, said that at the time Lattimore edited the journal Pacific Affairs , Lattimore knew of his Communist background; even though they had not exchanged words on the matter, Lattimore had given Wittfogel a "knowing smile." Lattimore acknowledged that Wittfogel's thought had been tremendously influential but said that if there had been

1675-517: The 1930s, a conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy ," and that on "at least five separate matters," Lattimore had not told the whole truth. One example: "The evidence... shows conclusively that Lattimore knew Frederick V. Field to be a Communist; that he collaborated with Field after he possessed this knowledge; and that he did not tell the truth before the subcommittee about this association with Field...." On December 16, 1952, Lattimore

1742-404: The 1930s. Within three years, federal judge Luther Youngdahl dismissed the perjury charges on technical grounds. United States v. Lattimore, 127 F. Supp. 405 (D.D.C. 1955). Four of the charges were dismissed as insubstantial and not judicable; denying that he was sympathetic to communism was too vague to be fairly answered; and the other counts were matters of little concern, those for which

1809-536: The China trade whose visit to China in 1943 convinced him that stories of Chiang Kai-shek's corruption were false. He accused Lattimore of being hostile to Chiang and too sympathetic towards the Chinese Communist Party . In 1944, relations between Kohlberg and Lattimore became so bad that Kohlberg left the IPR and founded a new journal, Plain Talk , in which he attempted to rebut the claims made in Pacific Affairs . By

1876-594: The Chinese Communist Party in 1964. In 1955, 1965 and 1976 Epstein visited Tibet , and based on these three visits in 1983 published the book Tibet Transformed . Epstein was imprisoned twice, separately by the Empire of Japan and later by the People's Republic of China . He was placed in a concentration camp by Imperial Japanese authorities following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. He escaped along with some of

1943-661: The Department of Chinese Studies (now East Asian Studies) at the University of Leeds . In addition to setting up Chinese Studies, he promoted Mongolian Studies, building good relations between Leeds and Mongolia and establishing a programme in Mongolian Studies in 1968. He remained at Leeds until he retired as Emeritus Professor in 1970. In 1984 the University of Leeds conferred the degree of Doctor of Letters (DLitt) on Emeritus Professor Lattimore honoris causa . Lattimore had

2010-596: The International Association of Mongolian Studies and the National University of Mongolia School of Foreign Service, organized a conference entitled "Owen Lattimore: The Past, Present, and Future of Inner Asian Studies" in Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia , on August 20 and 21, 2008. Prominent figures in the anti-Communist American political left offered mixed evaluations of Lattimore's legacy in foreign policy. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. thought that while Lattimore

2077-581: The Japanese would suffer a massive crushing defeat at the hands of the Muslims. In 1940, the Japanese were crushed and routed by the Muslims at the Battle of West Suiyuan . The Japanese planned to invade Ningxia from Suiyuan in 1939 and create a Hui Muslim puppet state . The following year in 1940, the Japanese were defeated militarily by the Kuomintang Muslim General Ma Hongbin , who caused

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2144-795: The Japanese, and could not take political sides. Lattimore's request to visit the Mongolian People's Republic was denied on the grounds that "Mongolia now is constantly ready for war and conditions are very unstable." And in the end, Soviet scholars sent only one article to Pacific Affairs . After sojourns in New York and London, the Lattimores returned to Beijing in 1937. Owen visited the Communist headquarters at Yan'an to act as translator for T. A. Bisson and Philip Jaffé , who were gathering material for Amerasia , an activist journal of political commentary. There he met Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai . He

2211-451: The SISS had seized all of the records of the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR). The twelve days of testimony were marked by shouting matches, which pitted McCarran and McCarthy on one side against Lattimore on the other. Lattimore took three days to deliver his opening statement: the delays were caused by frequent interruptions as McCarran challenged Lattimore point by point. McCarran then used

2278-670: The Soviet Embassy in Athens , Greece, advised Federal Bureau of Investigation agents that Soviet GRU Director Yan Karlovich Berzin had informed him prior to Barmine's 1937 defection that Lattimore was a Soviet agent, an allegation Barmine would repeat under oath before the Senate McCarran Committee in 1951. In March 1950, in executive session of the Tydings Committee , Senator Joseph McCarthy accused Lattimore of being

2345-744: The State Department" was the "'architect' of our Far Eastern policy" and asked whether Lattimore's "aims are American aims or whether they coincide with the aims of Soviet Russia." At the time, Lattimore was in Kabul , Afghanistan , on a cultural mission for the United Nations . Lattimore dismissed the charges against him as "moonshine" and hurried back to the United States to testify before the Tydings Committee. McCarthy, who had no evidence of specific acts of espionage and only weak evidence that Lattimore

2412-521: The States. Lattimore had never been to the Soviet Union, having been denied a visa, and felt eager to obtain contributions from Soviet scholars, who had a distinguished tradition in Central Asian studies. But he was also wary because of the attacks Soviet scholars had made on him – Lattimore's "scholasticism is similar to Hamlet 's madness" – and for publishing an article by Harold Isaacs , who they considered

2479-565: The U.S. Office of War Information. The trip had been arranged by Lauchlin Currie , who recommended to FDR that Lattimore accompany Wallace. During this visit, which overlapped the D-Day landings, Wallace and his delegates stayed 25 days in Siberia and were given a tour of the Soviet Union's Magadan Gulag camp at Kolyma . In a travelogue for National Geographic , Lattimore described what little he saw as

2546-517: The United States." The accusations led to years of Congressional hearings that did not substantiate the charge that Lattimore had been a spy. Soviet Venona cables, decoded during WWII and declassified decades later, did not refer to Lattimore as one of the Soviet agents active in the US . The hearings did document Lattimore's sympathetic statements about Stalin and the Soviet Union, however. In 1988 Chen Han-shen,

2613-548: The democratic movement in China, becoming an editor for Snow's magazine, Democracy . In 1934, Epstein married Edith Bihovsky Epstein, later Ballin, from whom he was divorced in the early 1940s. In 1944, Epstein first visited Britain and afterwards went to live in the United States with his second wife Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley for five years. After escaping from an Imperial Japanese concentration camp, he worked for Allied Labor News, becoming editor-in-chief. He published his book The Unfinished Revolution in China in 1947. His book

2680-553: The emphasis in support of Soviet policy in non-Soviet language." The majority report of the Tydings committee cleared Lattimore of all charges against him; the minority report accepted Budenz's charges. In February 1952, Lattimore was called to testify before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS), headed by McCarthy's ally, Senator Pat McCarran . Before Lattimore was called as witness, investigators for

2747-430: The great themes of history. These included the ecological determinism of Ellsworth Huntington ; biological racism , though only to the extent of seeing characteristics which grew out of ecology ; the economic geography and location theory ; and some aspects of Marxist modes of production and stages of history, especially through the influence of Karl August Wittfogel . The most important and lasting influence, however,

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2814-519: The journal a "forum of controversy". As he later recalled, he was "continually in hot water, especially with the Japan Council, which thought I was too anti-imperialist, and the Soviet Council, which thought that its own anti-imperialist line was the only permissible one...." As explained below, others later accused him of motives which were less scholarly than political. Lattimore sought articles from

2881-470: The late 1940s, Lattimore had become a particular target of Kohlberg and other members of the China Lobby . Kohlberg was later to become an advisor to Senator Joseph McCarthy , and it is possible that McCarthy first learned of Lattimore's communist tendencies through Kohlberg. Meanwhile, accusations were made, which later became public. On 14 December 1948, Alexander Barmine , former chargé d'affaires at

2948-454: The magazine China Reconstructs (Zhongguo Jianshe) , which was later renamed China Today . Epstein also worked on the translation of the Selected Works of Mao Zedong (Mao Zedong Xuanji) . He remained editor-in-chief of China Today until his retirement at age 70, and stayed on as editor emeritus . During his tenure at China Today , he became a Chinese citizen in 1957 and a member of

3015-575: The next year to follow the caravans across Inner Mongolia to the end of the line in Xinjiang . The managers of his firm saw no advantage in subsidizing his travels but did send him to spend a final year of employment with them in Beijing as government liaison. During this year in Beijing before departing on his expedition, he met his wife, Eleanor Holgate. For their honeymoon they planned to travel from Beijing to India, he overland, she by rail across Siberia ,

3082-529: The other prisoners. During the Cultural Revolution , on charges of plotting against Zhou Enlai , he was imprisoned in 1968 in the north of Beijing in Qincheng Prison , where he was subjected to solitary confinement. In 1973, he was released, and Zhou apologized. His privileges were restored. Despite his 5 years imprisonment, he remained loyal to the ideals of Communism until his death. Israel Epstein

3149-554: The other. Born in the United States, Lattimore was raised in Tianjin , China, where his parents, David and Margaret Lattimore, were English teachers at a Chinese university. (His brother was the poet and classics scholar and translator Richmond Lattimore . One of his sisters was author Eleanor Frances Lattimore .) After being schooled at home by his mother, he left China at the age of twelve and attended Collège Classique Cantonal near Lausanne , Switzerland. After war broke out in 1914, he

3216-577: The outbreak of the World War I ; when the German Army approached Warsaw, his mother and Epstein fled and joined him in Asia. With his family experiencing anti-Jewish sentiment in several places, in 1917, Epstein came to China with his parents at the age of two and they settled in Tianjin (formerly Tientsin ) in 1920. Epstein was raised there. Israel Epstein began to work in journalism at age 15, when he wrote for

3283-491: The plan to collapse. Ma Hongbin's Hui Muslim troops launched further attacks against Japan in the Battle of West Suiyuan. In Suiyuan 300 Mongol collaborators serving the Japanese were fought off by a single Muslim who held the rank of Major at the Battle of Wulan Obo in 1939 April. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Lattimore to serve as US advisor to Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek for one and

3350-453: The pressure under which the detonative ideas can work. At the same time it destroys Chinese wealth of every kind – capital, trade, revenue from agricultural rent – thus weakening that side of Chinese society which is most antagonistic to Communism." The Middlesboro Daily News ran an article by Owen Lattimore which reported on Japan's planned offensive into a Hui Muslim region of China in 1938, which predicted that

3417-461: The public debate on U.S. policy toward Asia. From 1963 to 1970, Lattimore was the first Professor of Chinese Studies at the University of Leeds in England. In the early post-war period of McCarthyism and the Red Scare , American wartime " China Hands " were accused of being agents of the Soviet Union or under the influence of Marxism . In 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy accused Lattimore in particular of being "the top Russian espionage agent in

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3484-522: The records from the IPR to ask questions that often taxed Lattimore's memory. Budenz again testified, but this time claimed that Lattimore was both a Communist and a Soviet agent. The subcommittee also summoned scholars. Nicholas Poppe , a Russian émigré and a scholar of Mongolia and Tibet , resisted the committee's invitation to label Lattimore a Communist but found some of his writings superficial and uncritical. The most damaging testimony came from Karl August Wittfogel , supported by his colleague from

3551-457: The same mistake twice. They also asserted that the influence of Marxism on Lattimore was shown by his use of the word " feudal ." Lattimore replied that he did not think that Marxists had a "patent" on that word. In 1952, after 17 months of study and hearing, involving 66 witnesses and thousands of documents, the McCarran Committee issued its 226-page, unanimous final report. This report stated that "Owen Lattimore was, from some time beginning in

3618-476: The top Soviet agent, either in the US, in the State Department, or both. The committee, chaired by Senator Millard Tydings , was investigating McCarthy's claims of widespread Soviet infiltration of the State Department. When the accusation was leaked to the press, McCarthy backed off from the charge that Lattimore was a spy but continued the attack in public session of the committee and in speeches. Lattimore, he said, "in view of his position of tremendous power at

3685-429: The world as a contributor to one of the most widely used Chinese-English dictionaries published in the PRC. After Fairfax-Cholmeley's death in 1984, Epstein married his third wife, Huang Huanbi. In 1951, Soong Ching-ling invited him to return to China with his wife Fairfax-Cholmeley. There, Epstein served as an advisor to People's China (Renmin Zhongguo) , the forerunner of Peking Review . With Soong, he started

3752-462: Was Arnold J. Toynbee and his treatment of the great civilizations as organic wholes which were born, matured, grew old, and died. Lattimore's most influential book, The Inner Asian Frontiers of China (1940), used these theories to explain the history of East Asia not as the history of China and its influence on its neighbors, but as the interaction between two types of civilizations, settled farming and pastoral, each of which had its role in changing

3819-416: Was a Communist and had also told his editor at Collier's magazine in 1949 that Lattimore had never "acted as a Communist in any way." Now, however, Budenz testified that Lattimore was a secret Communist but not a Soviet agent; he was a person of influence who often assisted Soviet foreign policy. Budenz said his party superiors had told him that Lattimore's "great value lay in the fact that he could bring

3886-463: Was a concealed Communist, in April 1950 persuaded Louis F. Budenz , the now- anticommunist former editor of the Communist Party organ Daily Worker , to testify. Budenz had no first-hand knowledge of Lattimore's Communist allegiance and had never previously identified him as a Communist in his extensive FBI interviews. In addition, Budenz had in 1947 told a State Department investigator that he "did not recall any instances" that suggested that Lattimore

3953-441: Was attended by many officials, among then President Hu Jintao, Premier Wen Jiabao , as well as Politburo Standing Committee members Jia Qinglin and Li Changchun . After the service, his body was cremated . Owen Lattimore Owen Lattimore (July 29, 1900 – May 31, 1989) was an American Orientalist and writer. He was an influential scholar of China and Central Asia , especially Mongolia . Although he never earned

4020-458: Was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference , an advisory body, in 1983. During his life, Israel Epstein was honored by Chinese political leaders Zhou Enlai , Mao Zedong , Deng Xiaoping , Jiang Zemin , and Hu Jintao . His funeral was held at the Babaoshan Cemetery for Revolutionaries , in Shijingshan District , Beijing on 3 June 2005 at 09:30. The ceremony

4087-437: Was enthusiastically reviewed in The New York Times by Owen Lattimore of Johns Hopkins University. In 1951 Communist defector Elizabeth Bentley testified to the U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, "Israel Epstein had been a member of the Russian secret police for many years in China." Many years later, his wife, Fairfax-Cholmeley, would become known to a generation of Chinese-language students in China and around

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4154-446: Was impressed with their candor, but had a less favorable experience on his visit to the party school for national minorities. When he spoke to the Mongols in Mongolian , his Chinese hosts broke off the session. The Lattimores left China in 1938. Owen spent six months in Berkeley, California , writing a draft of the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and continuing as editor of Pacific Affairs . As editor, he then made what Robert Newman,

4221-413: Was indicted for perjury on seven counts. Six of the counts related to various discrepancies between Lattimore's testimony and the IPR records; the seventh accused Lattimore of seeking to deliberately deceive the SISS. Lattimore's defenders, such as his lawyer Abe Fortas , claimed that the discrepancies were caused by McCarran deliberately asking questions about arcane and obscure matters that took place in

4288-413: Was not a Soviet spy, he may have been a fellow traveler who was deeply committed to communist ideals, and Sidney Hook similarly proclaimed Latimore "a devious and skillful follower of the Communist Party line on Asian affairs”. Historian Peter Perdue wrote that "Modern historians, anthropologists, and archaeologists have revised many of Lattimore's arguments, but they still rely on his insights. All of

4355-444: Was placed in charge of the Pacific area for the Office of War Information . By this time, Lattimore's political activities and associations had been under scrutiny for the last two years by the FBI, which recommended Lattimore be put under "Custodial Detention in case of National Emergency". At President Roosevelt's request, he accompanied U.S. Vice-President Henry A. Wallace on a mission to Siberia , China, and Mongolia in 1944 for

4422-401: Was sent to England, where he was enrolled at St Bees School , Cumbria , England (1915–1919). He pursued literary interests, especially poetry, and briefly converted to Catholicism. He did well on the entrance exams for Oxford University , but returned to China in 1919 when it turned out that he would not have enough funds for attending university. He worked first for a newspaper and then for

4489-418: Was undoubtedly influenced by his generally favorable evaluation of Soviet foreign policy, which emphasized international cooperation against Japan and Germany and his judgment that the Soviets had been supportive of Mongol autonomy. He was "nonetheless wrong," Newman concluded. He also soon wrote prominently against allowing Soviet expansion into China. As editor of Pacific Affairs he was expected to maintain

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