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50-525: China Mobile is the trade name of both China Mobile Limited and its ultimate controlling shareholder, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd. , is a Chinese state-owned telecommunications company. It provides mobile voice and multimedia services through its nationwide mobile telecommunications network across mainland China and Hong Kong . China Mobile is the largest wireless carrier in China , with 945.50 million subscribers as of June 2021. China Mobile

100-572: A MVNO service called CMLink. It uses Singtel networks, which is one of Singapore's largest mobile network operator. CMLink is aimed at the Chinese population living in the Singapore and Chinese visitors and students. Plans include free calls to China Mobile phones in China. China Mobile operates a GSM network, which encompasses all 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and directly administered municipalities in mainland China and includes Hong Kong, too. GPRS

150-665: A 70% market share. China Unicom and China Telecom have 20% and 10% shares, respectively. The company likely enjoys substantial protectionist benefits from China's government but also experiences frequent government intervention in its business affairs. Government control is maintained through a presumably government-owned holding company, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd. (formerly: China Mobile Communications Corporation; CMCC), that owns 100 percent ownership of China Mobile (HK) Group Limited, which in turn holds over seventy percent ownership of China Mobile–the remainder being controlled by public investors. Established in 2000, CMCC

200-518: A premium prepaid service popular with youths (Chinese: 神州行 ; pinyin: Shénzhōuxíng Rough translation: "Travel across China" (lit. "travel the holy states")): a basic prepaid mobile phone service more heavily marketed in rural areas A 3G service brand using TD-SCDMA (likely introduced post-2007) A 4G/LTE service brand using TD-LTE CMHK is a wholly owned subsidiary of China Mobile. It offers GSM , GPRS , EDGE , HSPA+ ( MVNO ), FD-LTE and TD-LTE technologies to customers in this

250-661: A public objective. For that reason, SOEs primarily operate in the domain of infrastructure (e.g., railway companies), strategic goods and services (e.g., postal services, arms manufacturing and procurement), natural resources and energy (e.g., nuclear facilities, alternative energy delivery), politically sensitive business, broadcasting, banking, demerit goods (e.g., alcoholic beverages ), and merit goods (healthcare). SOEs can also help foster industries that are "considered economically desirable and that would otherwise not be developed through private investments". When nascent or 'infant' industries have difficulty getting investments from

300-489: A regular enterprise, state-owned enterprises are typically expected to be less efficient due to political interference, but unlike profit-driven enterprises they are more likely to focus on government objectives. In Eastern Europe and Western Europe , there was a massive nationalization throughout the 20th century, especially after World War II . In the Eastern Bloc , countries adopted very similar policies and models to

350-627: A six-month long regulatory campaign to address a variety of consumer protection and unfair competition issues, including interoperability concerns, in the consumer internet sector. It held meetings with executives from major Chinese tech companies and instructed them that their companies could no longer block external links to competitors. The ministry is responsible for industrial development, policy, and standards. It also oversees industry operations monitoring, innovation, and information technology and approves fixed-asset investment projects in industry, communications, and information technology. It

400-533: Is China Mobile Ltd's current parent company as of 2019. China Mobile was one of six state-owned companies that implemented the Connecting Every Village Project, which the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology began in 2004 to promote universal access to telecommunication and internet services in rural China . The MIIT required that China Mobile and the other state-owned companies build

450-562: Is a viable argument for SOEs is debated. SOEs are also frequently employed in areas where the government wants to levy user fees , but finds it politically difficult to introduce new taxation. Next, SOEs can be used to improve efficiency of public service delivery or as a step towards (partial) privatization or hybridization. SOEs can also be a means to alleviate fiscal stress, as SOEs may not count towards states' budgets. Compared to government bureaucracy, state owned enterprises might be beneficial because they reduce politicians' influence over

500-753: Is among the state entities which contribute to the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund , which was established in an effort to decrease China's reliance on foreign semiconductor companies. The fund was established in 2014. In December 2021, China Mobile announced that its international arm would cease operations in Canada due to national security concerns by the Canadian government. In November 2020, President Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that

550-753: Is approximately 70% of total employment. State-owned enterprises are thus a major factor behind Belarus's high employment rate and a source of stable employment. In most OPEC countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. A notable example is the Saudi Arabian national oil company , Saudi Aramco , which the Saudi government bought in 1988, changing its name from Arabian American Oil Company to Saudi Arabian Oil Company. The Saudi government also owns and operates Saudi Arabian Airlines , and owns 70% of SABIC as well as many other companies. China's state-owned enterprises are owned and managed by

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600-456: Is available in all of the 4 direct-controlled municipalities and most of the 283 prefecture-level cities in China as of 2010. Marketed as " and和 ", as of 2010, China Mobile has debuted small-scale 4G demonstration networks using a variant of 3GPP 's Long Term Evolution , TD-LTE, and has plans for larger, citywide demonstration networks in the future. As of May 2012, such networks are in operation. While prior iPhone models could not use

650-469: Is contestable under what circumstances a SOE qualifies as "owned" by a state (SOEs can be fully owned or partially owned; it is difficult to determine categorically what level of state ownership would qualify an entity to be considered as state-owned since governments can also own regular stock , without implying any special interference). Finally, the term "enterprise" is challenged, as it implies statutes in private law which may not always be present, and so

700-553: Is highlighted in the predominant local terminology, with SOEs in Canada referred to as a " Crown corporation ", and in New Zealand as a " Crown entity ". The term " government-linked company " (GLC) is sometimes used, for example in Malaysia , to refer to private or public (listed on a stock exchange) corporate entities in which the government acquires a stake using a holding company . The two main definitions of GLCs are dependent on

750-472: Is the government body primarily responsible for supervising product standards. MIIT delegates much of its legislative and standard setting work to the China Academy of Information and Communication Technology. In 2006, Human Rights Watch said that the ministry is responsible for overseeing technical implementation of the censorship in China . The ministry is responsible for the current iteration of

800-712: Is the sixth-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China . It is responsible for regulation and development of the postal service, Internet, wireless, broadcasting, communications, production of electronic and information goods, software industry and the promotion of the national knowledge economy . In 2004, the MIIT began the Connecting Every Village Project to promote universal access to telecommunication and internet services in rural China . The MIIT required that six state-owned companies, including

850-490: Is utilized for data transmission. Marketed as " G3 ", the company controls 70% of the Chinese mobile market but a far smaller percentage of the 3G market. As of May 2012, its nearly 60 million 3G subscribers account for roughly 9% of its total subscriber base, which is an increase from 3% in 2010. Its 3G network, still under construction in 2010, utilizes the TD-SCDMA standard, which China Mobile helped develop. 3G service

900-606: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Zong is China Mobile's brand in Pakistan and is operated by China Mobile Pakistan (CMPak), a subsidiary. In December 2017, China Mobile launched a MVNO service in the UK called CMLink. CMLink is aimed at the Chinese population living in the UK and Chinese visitors and students. Plans include free calls to China Mobile phones in China. In June 2020, China Mobile launched

950-647: The State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau . The MIIT was historically responsible for the regulation and control of tobacco consumption, including the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control , a rather obvious case of conflict of interest. This task has since been reassigned to the National Health Commission as part of a large-scale government reform in 2018. Under the arrangement one institution with two names ,

1000-703: The State-owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) . China's state-owned enterprises generally own and operate public services, resource extraction or defense. As of 2017 , China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies. China's SOEs perform functions such as: contributing to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes, supporting urban employment, keeping key input prices low, channeling capital towards targeted industries and technologies, supporting sub-national redistribution to poorer interior and western provinces, and aiding

1050-710: The Thousand Talents Plan called Qiming . MIIT has some regulatory overlap with the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR). Although MIIT does not have authority to enforce the Anti-Monopoly Law like SAMR does, it uses its departmental guidelines to address unfair competition issues. According to the Regulations on the Main Responsibilities, Internal Organization and Staffing of

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1100-744: The ecosystems of technology companies in China . Mobile services are available in Mainland China under several brands as of 2007. As of 2013, the below brands are scheduled to be slowly phased out and replaced by an all-encompassing new brand name—And—whose logo combines an exclamation point, the Chinese character for "peace" ( 和 ; Hé ), as well as the English word "and". (Chinese: 全球通 ; pinyin: Quánqiútōng Rough translation: "Global Connect"): subscription flagship brand (Chinese: 动感地带 ; pinyin: Dònggǎndìdài Rough translation: "Dynamic Area"):

1150-667: The China Mobile network due to the chipset relying on WCDMA-based networks, talks to carry the then unreleased 4G iPhone ( iPhone 5 ) began in mid-2012. The iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s were sold through China Mobile starting in January 2014. China Mobile is developing a 5G service. As part of this development, Huawei has been awarded 52 percent of 5G contracts in 2023 (estimated at 45,426 base stations). In 2003 and again in 2007, China Mobile provided mobile services on Mount Everest . In May 2011, China Mobile announced its network now includes

1200-445: The Chinese population, and the company has since seen a sustained stream of new, rural mobile customers. It also offers services targeted at the rural market including an agricultural information service, which facilitates a variety of activities such as the sale and purchase of agricultural products, access to market prices for produce and crops, wire transfers, bank withdrawals, and payments, etc. The company branched out in 2007 with

1250-658: The MIIT reserves the external brands of the China National Space Administration and the China Atomic Energy Authority , although the level of control the ministry have over these two organizations is unclear. The MIIT oversees the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology , a government think tank that focuses on telecommunications and the digital economy. It also oversees seven universities , including top universities such as

1300-665: The Main Responsibilities of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in Local Communications Administration Bureaus" (reply of the Central Organization Office [2012] No. 17), the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has the following internal organization. Names in parentheses are alternative nameplates or subunits The ministry administers the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense , and

1350-833: The Minister of Finance II, the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of the Economic Planning Unit, the Chief Secretary to the Government, Secretary General of Treasury and the heads of each of the GLICs (the Employees Provident Fund, Khazanah Nasional Berhad , Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (the armed forces pension fund), Lembaga Tabung Haji and Permodalan Nasional Berhad . Khazanah Nasional Berhad provided

1400-566: The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology , the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology assumes the following responsibilities: According to the "Regulations on the Main Responsibilities of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, its Internal Organization and Staffing" and to the "Reply of the Office of the Central Institutional Establishment Committee on Matters Related to Further Clarifying

1450-634: The NYSE said that the delistings would proceed. In the aftermath of the delisting, the company announced its decision to raise up to US$ 8.8 billion ahead of the Shanghai stock exchange listing, according to an official Weibo post by the company. In March 2022, the Federal Communications Commission designated China Mobile's U.S. subsidiary, China Mobile International USA, a national security threat. A state-owned enterprise directly controlled by

1500-1003: The USSR. Governments in Western Europe, both left and right of centre, saw state intervention as necessary to rebuild economies shattered by war. Government control over natural monopolies like industry was the norm. Typical sectors included telephones , electric power , fossil fuels , iron ore , railways , airlines , media , postal services , banks , and water . Many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including, among many others: British Steel Corporation , Equinor , and Águas de Portugal . A state-run enterprise may operate differently from an ordinary limited liability corporation. For example, in Finland, state-run enterprises ( liikelaitos ) are governed by separate laws. Even though responsible for their own finances, they cannot be declared bankrupt ;

1550-563: The United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included China Mobile. On 31 December 2020, the New York Stock Exchange announced that it would suspend trading in China Mobile, China Telecom, and China Unicom from 7 to 11 January 2021 and start the delisting process, causing stock values to drop. On 4 January the decision to delist was suddenly reversed; two days later,

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1600-428: The communications infrastructure and assist in financing the project. As of December 2019, 135 million rural households had used broadband internet. The program successfully extended internet infrastructure throughout rural China and promoted development of the internet. China Mobile has historically held a greater share of the rural market than competitors. By 2006, its network had expanded to provide reception to 97% of

1650-414: The controversial Spratly Islands . Government-owned corporation The terminology around the term state-owned enterprise is murky. All three words in the term are challenged and subject to interpretation. First, it is debatable what the term "state" implies (e.g., it is unclear whether municipally owned corporations and enterprises held by regional public bodies are considered state-owned). Next, it

1700-500: The form of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). The Malaysian government launched a GLC Transformation Programme for its linked companies and linked investment companies ("GLICs") on 29 July 2005, aiming over a ten-year period to transform these businesses "into high-performing entities". The Putrajaya Committee on GLC High Performance ("PCG"), which oversaw this programme, was chaired by the Prime Minister , and membership included

1750-621: The government of the People's Republic of China and also a public company which is listed on the NYSE and the Hong Kong stock exchanges, China Mobile has dominated Chinese mobile services since its inception for civilian and military purposes. According to the United States Department of Defense , the company has links to the People's Liberation Army . As of 2010, China Mobile controls the vast majority of its domestic mobile services market with

1800-456: The internet. The State Council announced during the 1st session of the 11th National People's Congress that the MIIT would supersede the Ministry of Information Industry (MII). In 2013, the ministry's Made in China 2025 plan was approved by the State Council . It took over two years to draft by a working group of one hundred and fifty people. The plan's aim was to improve production efficiency and quality. In summer 2021, MIIT began

1850-412: The leading application of the incomplete contract theory to the issue of state-owned enterprises. These authors compare a situation in which the government is in control of a firm to a situation in which a private manager is in control. The manager can invest to come up with cost-reducing and quality-enhancing innovations. The government and the manager bargain over the implementation of the innovations. If

1900-583: The main telecommunications and internet providers China Mobile , China Unicom , and China Telecom , build the communications infrastructure and assist in financing the project. Beginning in late 2009, the program began building rural telecenters each of which had at least one telephone, computer, and internet connectivity. Approximately 90,000 rural telecenters were built by 2011. As of December 2019, 135 million rural households had used broadband internet. The program successfully extended internet infrastructure throughout rural China and promoted development of

1950-592: The negotiations fail, the owner can decide about the implementation. It turns out that when cost-reducing innovations do not harm quality significantly, then private firms are to be preferred. Yet, when cost-reductions may strongly reduce quality, state-owned enterprises are superior. Hoppe and Schmitz (2010) have extended this theory in order to allow for a richer set of governance structures, including different forms of public-private partnerships . SOEs are common with natural monopolies , because they allow capturing economies of scale while they can simultaneously achieve

2000-399: The private sector (perhaps because the good that is being produced requires very risky investments, when patenting is difficult, or when spillover effects exist), the government can help these industries get on the market with positive economic effects. However, the government cannot necessarily predict which industries would qualify as such 'infant industries', and so the extent to which this

2050-428: The proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. One definition purports that a company is classified as a GLC if a government owns an effective controlling interest (more than 50%), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a GLC. The act of turning a part of government bureaucracy into a SOE is called corporatization . In economic theory ,

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2100-480: The purchase of Paktel in Pakistan launching the Zong brand there a year later. In 2013, China Mobile eyed expansion into Myanmar expressing interest in bidding for one of two licences on offer in a partnership with Vodafone although this plan ultimately fell through. In 2023, China Mobile's digital wallet users were able to make payments by scanning WeChat QR codes as part of a program to remove barriers between

2150-451: The question of whether a firm should be owned by the state or by the private sector is studied in the theory of incomplete contracts developed by Oliver Hart and his co-authors. In a world in which complete contracts were feasible, ownership would not matter because the same incentive structure that prevails under one ownership structure could be replicated under the other ownership structure. Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny (1997) have developed

2200-556: The secretariat to the PCG and managed the implementation of the programme, which was completed in 2015. As of 2024, Philippines Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) is the most profitable state-owned enterprise in the Philippines. It is the third largest contributor to government revenues, following taxes and customs. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ( MIIT )

2250-469: The service. Conversely, they might be detrimental because they reduce oversight and increase transaction costs (such as monitoring costs, i.e., it is more difficult and costly to govern and regulate an autonomous SOE than it is the public bureaucracy). Evidence suggests that existing SOEs are typically more efficient than government bureaucracy, but that this benefit diminishes as services get more technical and have less overt public objectives. Compared to

2300-465: The state answers for the liabilities. Stocks of the corporation are not sold and loans have to be government-approved, as they are government liabilities. State-owned enterprises are a major component of the economy of Belarus . The Belarusian state-owned economy includes enterprises that are fully state-owned, as well as others which are joint-stock companies with partial ownership by the state. Employment in state-owned or state-controlled enterprises

2350-493: The state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability. China's SOEs are at the forefront of global seaport-building, and most new ports constructed by them are done within the auspices of the Belt and Road Initiative . As of at least 2024, an Ethiopian SOE is Africa's largest and most profitable airline, as well as Ethiopia's largest earner of foreign exchange. In India , government enterprises exist in

2400-542: The term "corporations" is frequently used instead. Thus, SOEs are known under many other terms: state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, government-owned company, government controlled company, government controlled enterprise, government-owned corporation, government-sponsored enterprise , commercial government agency, state-privatised industry public sector undertaking, or parastatal, among others. In some Commonwealth realms , ownership by The Crown

2450-459: Was born from the 1999 break-up of China Telecommunications Corporation . This company continues to provide mobile services, however. In May 2008, the company took over China Tietong , a fixed-line telecom and the then third-largest broadband ISP in China adding Internet services to its core business of mobile services. In October 2014, Nokia and China Mobile signed a $ 970 million framework deal for delivery between 2014 and 2015. China Mobile

2500-602: Was ranked #25 in Forbes' Global 2000 in 2023. China Mobile Limited is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange . It is the world's largest mobile network operator by total number of subscribers, and the world's largest telecommunications company by revenue. As of 31 October 2020, China Mobile Limited's total market value stood at HK$ 965 billion, which is the largest red chip company. Incorporated in 1997 as China Telecom (Hong Kong) Limited, China Mobile

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