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119-575: Its main production activities are headquartered in the Chinese Province of Shandong plus a new development in Yunnan Province . The company's founder and former chairman, Zhang Shiping , was ranked 27th on the 2017 Forbes China Rich List with a net worth of $ 4.8 billion. His son, Zhang Bo, is the current chairman and chief executive officer of China Hongqiao. From a family base of textile production, expansion into aluminium commenced in 2001 and

238-516: A $ 120 million declaration of intent to acquire an unspecified company in the construction industry in Guinea . China Hongqiao Group, in conjunction with China Yantai Port Group, Singapore Weili Group and Guinea UMS Company, formed the winning alliance SMB WINNING CONSORTIUM, registered in Guinea to set up a joint development with a local company primarily engaged in bauxite mining with a $ 200 million investment in

357-439: A bulk material or electrons of negative charge), heat can be carried in either direction with respect to voltage. Semiconductors of n-type and p-type are often combined in series as they have opposite directions for heat transport, as specified by the sign of their Seebeck coefficients . The Seebeck effect is the electromotive force (emf) that develops across two points of an electrically conducting material when there

476-590: A cleaner power source than coal for the energy-intensive aluminium smelting process. Hongqiao's relocation of aluminium smelting capacity to Yunnan province is also part of China's bid to begin cutting back on carbon emissions by the end of the decade. In 2020 China Hongqiao partnered with German-based Scholz Recycling Group to establish a recycling JV with focus on end-of-life vehicle recycling technologies and processing. In 2021 China Hongqiao Group Co., Ltd. joined The Aluminium Stewardship Initiative as new Production and Transformation member. In late June 2022, during

595-423: A cold sink to replenish with heat energy. This rapid reversing heating and cooling effect is used by many modern thermal cyclers , laboratory devices used to amplify DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR requires the cyclic heating and cooling of samples to specified temperatures. The inclusion of many thermocouples in a small space enables many samples to be amplified in parallel. For certain materials,

714-639: A company's report in 2021, the Group accelerated construction of the Yunnan green aluminium innovation industrial park initiating partial production in September 2020, which will help the Group effectively reduce its carbon emissions and create a more eco-friendly production environment through more use of hydropower clean energy. In 2013, China Hongqiao Group and Indonesia's Khaleda Group, Weili Investment (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd. jointly established Hongfa Weili Alumina Co., Ltd with

833-412: A complicated system. If the material is not in a steady state, a complete description needs to include dynamic effects such as relating to electrical capacitance , inductance and heat capacity . The thermoelectric effects lie beyond the scope of equilibrium thermodynamics. They necessarily involve continuing flows of energy. At least, they involve three bodies or thermodynamic subsystems, arranged in

952-528: A current is driven. Some of the junctions lose heat due to the Peltier effect, while others gain heat. Thermoelectric heat pumps exploit this phenomenon, as do thermoelectric cooling devices found in refrigerators. The Peltier effect can be used to create a heat pump . Notably, the Peltier thermoelectric cooler is a refrigerator that is compact and has no circulating fluid or moving parts. Such refrigerators are useful in applications where their advantages outweigh

1071-573: A current is made to flow through a junction between two conductors, A and B, heat may be generated or removed at the junction. The Peltier heat generated at the junction per unit time is Q ˙ = ( Π A − Π B ) I , {\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}=(\Pi _{\text{A}}-\Pi _{\text{B}})I,} where Π A {\displaystyle \Pi _{\text{A}}} and Π B {\displaystyle \Pi _{\text{B}}} are

1190-402: A distinct arrangement of surroundings. But in the case of continuous variation in the media, heat transfer and thermodynamic work cannot be uniquely distinguished. This is more complicated than the often considered thermodynamic processes, in which just two respectively homogeneous subsystems are connected. In 1854, Lord Kelvin found relationships between the three coefficients, implying that

1309-552: A joint investment of 1 billion U.S. dollars to build an annual output of 2 million tons of aluminium production in Indonesia's West Kalimantan Province. As part of a joint venture with PT Well Harvest Winning Alumina Refinery, China Hongqiao Group announced in December 2012 an investment of $ 1.5 billion for the creation of a company mining aluminium bauxite at Borneo with an expected annual production capacity of 2 million tonnes. In 2016,

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1428-477: A junction, the associated heat flow will develop a discontinuity if Π A {\displaystyle \Pi _{\text{A}}} and Π B {\displaystyle \Pi _{\text{B}}} are different. The Peltier effect can be considered as the back-action counterpart to the Seebeck effect (analogous to the back-EMF in magnetic induction): if a simple thermoelectric circuit

1547-562: A lightweight testing base in Shandong's province to create a production base for lightweight automobile parts and high-end uses of aluminium. According to the company's 2021 report, the lightweight base has been completed and put into production. The Group's main production facilities in China are located in Binzhou , Shandong province. The Group further extended its international cooperation and improved

1666-410: A localized hot or cold spot in a single homogeneous conducting material, since the overall emfs from the increasing and decreasing temperature gradients will perfectly cancel out. Attaching an electrode to the hotspot in an attempt to measure the locally shifted voltage will only partly succeed: it means another temperature gradient will appear inside of the electrode, and so the overall emf will depend on

1785-603: A metal broker based in Chicago, this will lead to a 1% to 2% drop in aluminium prices. The overcapacity in the Chinese industry results from intended government policies, such as cheap loans and government subsidies that were meant to reduce the production costs of companies. In the case of Hongqiao, the company's growth can be explained by the inclusion of loans worth more than US$ 2.1 billion in 2015. In August 2016, Hongqiao chief executive officer Zhang Bo dismissed fears of overcapacity in

1904-482: A new consortium with the port of Yantai and the bauxite mine in Boke, thereby boosting 10 million tons of bauxite to the year 2017. In November 2015, 170 000 tonnes of bauxite were shipped from Yantai to China. In March 2016, China Hongqiao Group announced that it would export approximately 15 million tons of bauxite for 2016 as a whole. For the year 2017, 30 million tons are targeted. In 2020, China Hongqiao Group, as part of

2023-455: A particular way, along with a special arrangement of the surroundings. The three bodies are the two different metals and their junction region. The junction region is an inhomogeneous body, assumed to be stable, not suffering amalgamation by diffusion of matter. The surroundings are arranged to maintain two temperature reservoirs and two electric reservoirs. For an imagined, but not actually possible, thermodynamic equilibrium, heat transfer from

2142-460: A price of $ 7.20 per share. The goal was to raise $ 2.2 billion of new capital. In the meantime, the company's annual production capacity reached 1.1 million tonnes per year which reached up to 4 million tonnes in 2014. In March 2016, Hongqiao reached 5.2 million tonnes. In 2018 China Hongqiao further increased its investment in environmental protection by with upgrading and renovating its electrolytic aluminium and alumina production process. In 2020

2261-514: A rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands; Laizhou Bay , the southernmost of the 3 bays of the Bohai Sea , is bordering the northern coast between Dongying and Penglai ; Jiaozhou Bay , which is much smaller, is surrounded by Qingdao . The Miaodao Islands extends northwards from the northernmost coast of the peninsula, separating the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea . With Jinan serving as

2380-533: A temperature gradient. If a current density J {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} } is passed through a homogeneous conductor, the Thomson effect predicts a heat production rate per unit volume. q ˙ = − K J ⋅ ∇ T , {\displaystyle {\dot {q}}=-{\mathcal {K}}\mathbf {J} \cdot \nabla T,} where ∇ T {\displaystyle \nabla T}

2499-570: A thermocouple but involves an unknown material instead of an unknown temperature: a metallic probe of known composition is kept at a constant known temperature and held in contact with the unknown sample that is locally heated to the probe temperature, thereby providing an approximate measurement of the unknown Seebeck coefficient S {\displaystyle S} . This can help distinguish between different metals and alloys. Thermopiles are formed from many thermocouples in series, zig-zagging back and forth between hot and cold. This multiplies

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2618-460: Is Π = T S . {\displaystyle \Pi =TS.} This relation expresses a subtle and fundamental connection between the Peltier and Seebeck effects. It was not satisfactorily proven until the advent of the Onsager relations , and it is worth noting that this second Thomson relation is only guaranteed for a time-reversal symmetric material; if the material is placed in

2737-625: Is 550 to 950 mm (22 to 37 in), the vast majority of which occurs during summer, due to monsoonal influences. Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of the North China craton . Beginning in the Mesozoic , Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for a craton and that has reduced the thickness of the crust from 200 km (120 mi) to as little as 80 km (50 mi). Shandong has hence experienced extensive volcanism in

2856-716: Is Weihai Port, and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport. Weihai Export & Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up by the approval of the State Council on April 27, 2000. Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone with programmed area of 2.6 km (1.0 sq mi). Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export & processing zone. The EPZ is located 30 km (19 mi) to Weihai Airport, 3 km (1.9 mi) to Weihai railway station and 4 km (2.5 mi) to Weihai Harbor. Thermoelectricity The thermoelectric effect

2975-480: Is a temperature difference between them. The emf is called the Seebeck emf (or thermo/thermal/thermoelectric emf). The ratio between the emf and temperature difference is the Seebeck coefficient. A thermocouple measures the difference in potential across a hot and cold end for two dissimilar materials. This potential difference is proportional to the temperature difference between the hot and cold ends. First discovered in 1794 by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta , it

3094-415: Is also close to Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal . At present, more than 40 foreign-invested enterprises have moved in, and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade, and taxation in China. The State Council approved Qingdao High-Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992. The zone

3213-476: Is an extension of the Peltier–Seebeck model and is credited to Lord Kelvin . Joule heating , the heat that is generated whenever a current is passed through a conductive material, is not generally termed a thermoelectric effect. The Peltier–Seebeck and Thomson effects are thermodynamically reversible , whereas Joule heating is not. At the atomic scale, a temperature gradient causes charge carriers in

3332-578: Is around the national average. Shandong is one of China's leading provinces in education and research. It has 153 higher education institutions , ranking second in East China after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese first-level divisions after Jiangsu, Guangdong and Henan . As of 2023 , the Nature Index ranked Jinan ranked 32nd and Qingdao 43rd in the top 50 cities in the world by scientific research output. Shandong's name literally means 'east of

3451-454: Is closed, then the Seebeck effect will drive a current, which in turn (by the Peltier effect) will always transfer heat from the hot to the cold junction. The close relationship between Peltier and Seebeck effects can be seen in the direct connection between their coefficients: Π = T S {\displaystyle \Pi =TS} (see below ). A typical Peltier heat pump involves multiple junctions in series, through which

3570-485: Is located close to Qingdao Liuting Airport and Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science & technology, national defense technology. Established in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by

3689-455: Is named after the Russian born, Baltic German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck who rediscovered it in 1821. Seebeck observed what he called "thermomagnetic effect" wherein a magnetic compass needle would be deflected by a closed loop formed by two different metals joined in two places, with an applied temperature difference between the joints. Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted noted that

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3808-580: Is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou ( 青州 ) in the north and Yanzhou ( 兗州 ) in the south. During the Three Kingdoms period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of Cao Wei , which ruled over northern China. After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over

3927-622: Is the Seebeck coefficient (also known as thermopower), a property of the local material, and ∇ T {\displaystyle \nabla T} is the temperature gradient. The Seebeck coefficients generally vary as function of temperature and depend strongly on the composition of the conductor. For ordinary materials at room temperature, the Seebeck coefficient may range in value from −100 μV/K to +1,000 μV/K (see Seebeck coefficient article for more information). In practice, thermoelectric effects are essentially unobservable for

4046-709: Is the thermal conductivity . The first term is the Fourier's heat conduction law , and the second term shows the energy carried by currents. The third term, q ˙ ext {\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{\text{ext}}} , is the heat added from an external source (if applicable). If the material has reached a steady state, the charge and temperature distributions are stable, so e ˙ = 0 {\displaystyle {\dot {e}}=0} and ∇ ⋅ J = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {J} =0} . Using these facts and

4165-467: Is the world's sixth-most populous subnational entity , and China's second-most populous province . The economy of Shandong is China's third-largest provincial economy with a GDP of CN¥8.3 trillion (US$ 1.3 trillion) in 2021, equivalent to the GDP of Mexico. If considered among sovereign states, Shandong would rank as the 15th-largest economy and the 15th-most populous as of 2021 . Its GDP per capita

4284-482: Is the Joule heating, and the last term includes both Peltier ( ∇ S {\displaystyle \nabla S} at junction) and Thomson ( ∇ S {\displaystyle \nabla S} in thermal gradient) effects. Combined with the Seebeck equation for J {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} } , this can be used to solve for the steady-state voltage and temperature profiles in

4403-427: Is the absolute temperature, K {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}} is the Thomson coefficient, Π {\displaystyle \Pi } is the Peltier coefficient, and S {\displaystyle S} is the Seebeck coefficient. This relationship is easily shown given that the Thomson effect is a continuous version of the Peltier effect. The second Thomson relation

4522-600: Is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from South Korean and Japanese investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries. The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula , where the city of Qingdao is home to three of the most well-known brand names of China: Tsingtao Beer , Haier and Hisense . Besides, Dongying 's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite

4641-422: Is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple . A thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a different temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it, heat is transferred from one side to the other, creating a temperature difference. This effect can be used to generate electricity , measure temperature or change

4760-610: Is the highest organ of state power in Shandong province and Shandong's provincial legislature. Its standing committee exercises the majority of the power of The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The current chairman of the standing committee is Li Ganjie . The Shandong Provincial People's Government is the State Administration in Shandong province. Its main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People's Congress and State Council of

4879-495: Is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; Miaodao Archipaelago to the north of Shandong Peninsula is the border of Bohai Sea (west) and Yellow Sea (east). The highest peak of Shandong is Jade Emperor Peak , with a height of 1,545 metres (5,069 ft), which is also the highest peak in the Mount Tai Ranges. The Yellow River passes through Shandong's western areas, since 1855, it has always been entering

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4998-406: Is the local voltage , and σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is the local conductivity . In general, the Seebeck effect is described locally by the creation of an electromotive field E emf = − S ∇ T , {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{\text{emf}}=-S\nabla T,} where S {\displaystyle S}

5117-410: Is the temperature gradient, and K {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}} is the Thomson coefficient. The Thomson effect is a manifestation of the direction of flow of electrical carriers with respect to a temperature gradient within a conductor. These absorb energy (heat) flowing in a direction opposite to a thermal gradient, increasing their potential energy, and, when flowing in

5236-646: Is the world's largest single bauxite importer. In Guinea , China Hongqiao set up a joint-venture mining company and a river port company, concentrating primarily on bauxite mining . The company built an industrial chain with the construction of a river port wharf and sea transfer system. In its alumina production, China Hongqiao utilizes the Bayer process , which involves six main production processes: processing of raw materials, dissolution, sedimentation, decomposition, evaporation and roasting. In its primary production of aluminium, China Hongqiao utilized prebaked anode cells,

5355-426: Is very energy intensive. Accordingly, Hongqiao's aluminium factories are heavily dependent on coal-generated electricity. Due to the high energy consumption, Hongqiao's Chinese production plants cause CO 2 emissions of more than 100,000 kt per year. In 2012, Chinese journalists reported about the deteriorating living conditions of people near the factories. The main reasons were air and water pollution. That same year,

5474-487: Is ¥60.6 billion, which increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global Fortune 500 in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening-up, Haier , Hisense , Aucma, Sinopec , CSIC , CNOOC , CIMC etc. are all located in the zone. The State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992. The zone is 60 km (37 mi) away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It

5593-643: The Great Chinese Famine . In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the People's Republic of China's richest provinces. Shandong is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River , and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula . Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the north, Hebei to

5712-537: The South China Morning Post reported that Hongqiao's aluminium smelter capacity in Binzhou was threatened after the city ordered a production stop of the local production lines with an annual total capacity of 3.61 million tonnes. In addition to financial penalties, the company must also expect the closure of other sites because of "disregard for environmental protection permits before construction and operation of

5831-450: The Tertiary . Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils. For example, Zhucheng in southeastern Shandong has been the site of discovering many dinosaur fossils. In 2008, about 7,600 dinosaur bones from Tyrannosaurus , Ankylosaurus , and other genera were found, likely the largest collection ever discovered at one location. The Shandong Provincial People's Congress

5950-520: The Thomson effect (the Seebeck coefficient varies with temperature). The Seebeck and Peltier effects are different manifestations of the same physical process; textbooks may refer to this process as the Peltier–Seebeck effect (the separation derives from the independent discoveries by French physicist Jean Charles Athanase Peltier and Baltic German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck ). The Thomson effect

6069-564: The circuits (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north. The Song dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel Water Margin was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996,

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6188-593: The root systems. Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway(both are in Yantai ). The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production. Main varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet Gernischt , Merlot , Riesling and Chardonnay are all at 20 years of age, considered to be

6307-584: The state of Lu based in Qufu . Lu is famous for being the home of Confucius ; however, it was comparatively small, eventually being annexed by the neighboring state of Chu to its south. Meanwhile, Qi was a significant power throughout the entire period, and ruled cities including Linzi , Jimo (near modern Qingdao ) and Ju . The Qin dynasty conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The Han dynasty that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions ( 刺史部 ) in what

6426-547: The "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong Province. Time dubbed him China's "basest warlord". He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition . He was succeeded by Han Fuju , who was loyal to the warlord Feng Yuxiang but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by Chiang Kai-shek . Han Fuju also ousted the warlord Liu Zhennian , nicknamed

6545-746: The "King of Shandong East", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule. In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China proper in the Second Sino-Japanese War , which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed

6664-536: The 19th century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence; Shandong, a coastal province under the dukedom of Xiong, was significantly affected. Qingdao was leased to Germany in 1897 and Weihai to Britain in 1898. As a result of foreign pressure from the Russian Empire , which had annexed Outer Manchuria by 1860, the Qing encouraged settlement of Shandong people to what remained of Manchuria . Shandong

6783-653: The Certification, the company is mainly engaged in the research and development, production and sales of aluminum sheets, strips and foils. The companies have an annual production capacity of 200,000 tonnes of roll-casting plate, 200,000 tonnes of cold rolled plate and 120,000 tonnes of foils. Over the years, China Hongqiao group has integrated sustainability , energy conservation and Green production into its overall strategy. In 2019 Hongqiao announced its plan to move around 2 million tonnes of its annual capacity from Shandong in eastern China to Yunnan to allow easier access to

6902-525: The Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan , on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from India . The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang dynasty (618–907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit , one of

7021-419: The GDP of Mexico. Its GDP per capita is around the national average . Compared to a country, it would be the 15th-largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021. Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including cotton , wheat , and garlic as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds . It also has one of the biggest sapphire deposits in

7140-688: The Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world-class harbor facilities including berths , heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines. As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized German holdings in Qingdao and Shandong. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over

7259-571: The Group now has 6.46 million tonnes of licensed primary aluminium capacity, around 16 million tonnes of alumina capacity and is growing its newly established aluminium recycling business, along with downstream aluminium processing and lightweight innovation projects. The company owns subsidiaries, including Shandong Weiqiao Aluminium Power Co., Ltd., Huimin Huihong New Aluminium Profiles Co., Ltd. and Hongqiao Investment (Hong Kong) Limited. The company's predecessor Shandong Hongqiao

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7378-529: The Group's hit net profit record of 8.14 billion yuan for the first half of the year. In 2021 China Hongqiao's net profit increased by over 50%. Total profit reached 30.453 billion yuan, an increase of 57.3% over the same period in 2021. Its aluminium output reached 5.633 million tons In December 2022, China Hongqiao Group achieved ASI Performance Standard V2 (2017) Certification for its subsidiary operation Shandong Hongchuang Aluminum Industry Holding Co., Ltd., along with its three wholly-owned subsidiaries. As per

7497-526: The Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India. The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone, and to

7616-700: The Peltier and Thomson effects, we must consider the flow of energy. If temperature and charge change with time, the full thermoelectric equation for the energy accumulation, e ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {e}}} , is e ˙ = ∇ ⋅ ( κ ∇ T ) − ∇ ⋅ ( V + Π ) J + q ˙ ext , {\displaystyle {\dot {e}}=\nabla \cdot (\kappa \nabla T)-\nabla \cdot (V+\Pi )\mathbf {J} +{\dot {q}}_{\text{ext}},} where κ {\displaystyle \kappa }

7735-422: The Peltier coefficients of conductors A and B, and I {\displaystyle I} is the electric current (from A to B). The total heat generated is not determined by the Peltier effect alone, as it may also be influenced by Joule heating and thermal-gradient effects (see below). The Peltier coefficients represent how much heat is carried per unit charge. Since charge current must be continuous across

7854-411: The People's Republic of China . The current Governor of Shandong is Zhou Naixiang . As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading to Guangzhou to exchange clothing and fabrics. The economy of Shandong is China's third largest provincial economy with a GDP of CNY ¥8.3 trillion in 2021 or USD $ 1.3 trillion in (nominal), which is equivalent to

7973-558: The Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco-Industry Park. Weihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21, 1992. The administrative area has an area of 194 km (75 sq mi), including the programmed area of 36 km (14 sq mi) and an initial area of 11.88 km (4.59 sq mi). Its nearest port

8092-429: The Seebeck coefficient is not constant in temperature, and so a spatial gradient in temperature can result in a gradient in the Seebeck coefficient. If a current is driven through this gradient, then a continuous version of the Peltier effect will occur. This Thomson effect was predicted and later observed in 1851 by Lord Kelvin (William Thomson). It describes the heating or cooling of a current-carrying conductor with

8211-466: The State Council. Covering an area of 677 km (261 sq mi), BEDA has a population of 100,000. BEDA possesses a large state-owned industrial land for use with an area of 400 km (150 sq mi). The land can be transacted conveniently, guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating

8330-395: The Thomson, Peltier, and Seebeck effects are different manifestations of one effect (uniquely characterized by the Seebeck coefficient). The first Thomson relation is K ≡ d Π d T − S , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}\equiv {\frac {d\Pi }{dT}}-S,} where T {\displaystyle T}

8449-829: The United States' mediation during the Washington Naval Conference . Weihai followed in 1930. Shandong's return of control fell into the Warlord Era of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the Zhili clique of warlords, but after the Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924, the northeast China-based Fengtian clique took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang , nicknamed

8568-631: The Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter. During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one of the provinces where the scorched-earth Three Alls policy ("kill all", "burn all", and "loot all") was implemented by Japanese general Yasuji Okamura . This lasted until Japan's surrender in 1945, killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China. By 1945, communist Chinese Red Army forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over

8687-619: The above effects is involved in the operation of a real thermoelectric device. The Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect can be gathered together in a consistent and rigorous way, described here; this also includes the effects of Joule heating and ordinary heat conduction. As stated above, the Seebeck effect generates an electromotive force, leading to the current equation J = σ ( − ∇ V − S ∇ T ) . {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\sigma (-{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}V-S\nabla T).} To describe

8806-479: The advantage of not having any moving parts. When an electric current is passed through a circuit of a thermocouple , heat is generated at one junction and absorbed at the other junction. This is known as the Peltier effect : the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors. The effect is named after French physicist Jean Charles Athanase Peltier , who discovered it in 1834. When

8925-515: The aluminium industry, emphasizing instead the industry's stability. Since its stock market listing in 2011, the company has experienced record growth. The production capacity of 1.1 million tonnes has been increased to 5.2 million tonnes since the IPO (March 2016). In August 2017, the company announced a cut of 2 million tonnes of outdated aluminium production capacity, amid a renewed governmental crackdown on illegal production. The production of aluminium

9044-647: The area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the Shandong Problem , led to the vehement student protests in the May Fourth Movement . Among the reservations to the Treaty that the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations approved was "to give Shantung to China", the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after

9163-477: The atmosphere. In 2016, Hongqiao was charged with operating unlicensed mills with a capacity of 2,000kt, as well as environmental fraud by ignoring Chinese emissions standards. After the Chinese Communist Party passed stricter environmental requirements, Hongqiao began to make the transition to renewable energies and stopped operating the smallest and most polluting electricity works. In October 2016,

9282-447: The beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River . It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism , Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism . Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest histories of continuous religious worship in the world. The Buddhist temples in the mountains south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among

9401-507: The company announced it would use coal ash for aluminium production, however, satellite images of the factory in Shandong showed large amounts of red mud , a toxic waste product of the bauxite production process. Since the production of aluminium from coal ash is very expensive, the company opted instead for bauxite. Toxic waste was then stored in the vicinity of agricultural areas, which led to fears that alkaline substances such as iron oxide, silicon oxide and titanium oxide could be released into

9520-684: The company opened its first production facility in Indonesia with an output of 1 million tons per year. Hongqiao is the majority shareholder with a stake of 56% in PT Well Harvest Alumina. This was both the first Chinese investment in an alumina refining plant and the first aluminium factory built in Indonesia. Consisting of a power plant and a seaport in Ktapang in the Kalimantan region, the factory converts bauxite into alumina. Sun Xiushun, president of

9639-509: The consortium that includes, among others, Societe Miniere de Boké, Yantai Port Group Co. Ltd. Won the bid to develop a US$ 14 billion Simandou iron ore mine. Despite the efforts of the Chinese government to reduce the production surplus in the domestic bauxite industry through reforms, Hongqiao announced in March that production would be increased by 16% to 6 million tonnes by the end of 2016. According to Peter Thomas, vice president of Zaner Group LLC,

9758-709: The development of a circular economy by joining hands with Germany's Scholz China GmbH to build the Sino-German Hongqiao Scholz Circular Economy Science & Technology Project, which focuses on secondary aluminium, scrapped vehicle and research and development of recycling technology, and practically contributes to the circular economy. In 2019 China Hongqiao announced its plan to move its smelting capacity to Yunnan Province in South China, rich in hydropower, to swap coal for cleaner hydropower In September 2020, after starting construction of

9877-526: The difference in Seebeck coefficients between the electrode and the conductor it is attached to. Thermocouples involve two wires, each of a different material, that are electrically joined in a region of unknown temperature. The loose ends are measured in an open-circuit state (without any current, J = 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =0} ). Although the materials' Seebeck coefficients S {\displaystyle S} are nonlinearly temperature dependent and different for

9996-455: The disadvantage of their very low efficiency. Other heat pump applications such as dehumidifiers may also use Peltier heat pumps. Thermoelectric coolers are trivially reversible, in that they can be used as heaters by simply reversing the current. Unlike ordinary resistive electrical heating ( Joule heating ) that varies with the square of current, the thermoelectric heating effect is linear in current (at least for small currents) but requires

10115-519: The discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong 's repression of Buddhism (he favored Taoism ). The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1142. Shandong was administered by Jin as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit  –

10234-530: The environmental protection equipment of the factories was removed in order to reduce production costs. Hongqiao denied the repeated reproaches of the government. In 2015, the company switched off their smaller electricity plants to demonstrate its commitment to clean aluminium production. Shandong Shandong is a coastal province in East China . Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since

10353-467: The environmental requirements. This organizational model is now widely used in the Chinese aluminium industry. CCP media outlets reported in 2012 that the company was infringing on the legal regulations regarding electricity generation by producing cheap electricity independent of the national electricity grid. The State Commission for Development and Reform indicated that the electricity produced by Hongqiao contributes significantly to air pollution, since

10472-431: The exact geometry of the wires. This direct relationship allows the thermocouple arrangement to be used as a straightforward uncalibrated thermometer, provided knowledge of the difference in S {\displaystyle S} -vs- T {\displaystyle T} curves of the two materials, and of the reference temperature at the measured loose wire ends. Thermoelectric sorting functions similarly to

10591-509: The first phase of the project. The main focus of the China Hongqiao Group was access to new bauxite reserves to meet growing demand in China. In March 2015, the company confirmed that it had reached an agreement on various mining and port investments of US$ 120 million to promote the development and export of bauxite. According to Hongqiao chief executive officer Bo Zhang, further investments worth US$ 200 million would be flowing as part of

10710-608: The first use of its current name. The modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming dynasty , where it had a more expansive territory, including the agricultural part of Liaoning . After the Ming–Qing Transition in 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders. On 25 July 1668, an  earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 and an  epicenter  just northeast of Linyi devastated Shandong, and killed between 43,000 and 50,000 people. During

10829-492: The foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu was the birthplace of Confucius , and later became the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient and modern north–south and east–west trading routes has helped establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship beginning in the late 19th century, Shandong has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. Home to over 100 million inhabitants, Shandong

10948-732: The golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%. Major producers Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council . The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of 83 km (32 sq mi) that is divided into a central area covering 33 km (13 sq mi), an export processing district of 10 km (3.9 sq mi), and an eastern extension area of 40 km (15 sq mi). Since its foundation,

11067-744: The home of Confucius , and its cultural influence came to eclipse that of Qi. The cultural legacy of Lu is reflected in the province's official abbreviation of Lǔ ( 鲁 ; 魯 ). With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain , Shandong was home to a succession of Neolithic cultures for millennia, including the Houli ( c.  6500–5500 BC ), Beixin ( c.  5300–4100 BC ), Dawenkou ( c.  4100–2600 BC ), Longshan ( c.  3000–2000 BC ), and Yueshi cultures ( c.  1900–1500 BC ). The Shang and Zhou dynasties exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong

11186-425: The hot reservoir to the cold reservoir would need to be prevented by a specifically matching voltage difference maintained by the electric reservoirs, and the electric current would need to be zero. For a steady state, there must be at least some heat transfer or some non-zero electric current. The two modes of energy transfer, as heat and by electric current, can be distinguished when there are three distinct bodies and

11305-401: The material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side. This is due to charge carrier particles having higher mean velocities (and thus kinetic energy ) at higher temperatures, leading them to migrate on average towards the colder side, in the process carrying heat across the material. Depending on the material properties and nature of the charge carriers (whether they are positive holes in

11424-522: The mountains', from 'mountain' ( 山 ) and 'east' ( 东 ). The name refers to the province's location to the east of the Taihang Mountains . A common nickname for Shandong is Qilu ( 齐鲁 ; 齊魯 ), from the states of Qi and Lu that existed in the area during the Spring and Autumn period . Whereas Qi was a major political power, Lu played only a minor political role but became renowned as

11543-625: The new plant in December 2019, China Hongqiao initiated the first phase of greener production in Wenshan prefecture, Yunnan Province After having to postpone the move because of power in mid 2021, China Hongqiao moved 2 million tons -60% of its 6.46 million licensed capacity- from Shandong province to Yunnan by the end of 2021. Once Yunnan project reaches full production, it will have more than 31.4% renewable power aluminium capacity. Leveraging Yunnan's low hydro power tariff, we think CHQ's overall electricity costs advantages can be enhanced. According to

11662-668: The next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the Later Zhao , then Former Yan , then Former Qin , then Later Yan , then Southern Yan , then the Liu Song dynasty , and finally the Northern Wei dynasty , the first of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period. In 412 AD,

11781-658: The next four years of the Chinese Civil War , they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the Kuomintang (government of the Republic of China ) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan by June 1949, including a noble of the Xiong ( 熊 ) family who held the governorship, previously a dukedom during the imperial era, and an ancient viscountcy originating in Chu. The People's Republic of China

11900-612: The north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are 9 and 18 km (5.6 and 11.2 mi) respectively. Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of 12.5 km (4.8 sq mi). In 2004 the local GDP was ¥27.51 billion, which increased by 28.9%; the total industrial output value

12019-408: The northwest, Henan to the west, Jiangsu to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the northeast, east and southeast. It shares a short border with Anhui between Henan and Jiangsu. The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain . The province's center is more mountainous, with Mount Tai being the most prominent. The east of the province

12138-532: The plants". At the same time, the construction of an aluminium hut with an annual production capacity of 1.32 million tonnes was stopped because no environmental impact assessment was carried out again. Hongqiao did not publish an official press release, but stated that the accusations of the government were understood and noted. China Hongqiao Group was one of the first companies to adopt the so-called " Weiqiao model" in which aluminium plants are supported by self-built, coal-fueled power plants, which often do not meet

12257-464: The primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China. The production of wine is the second largest industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture. Geographically, the coastal areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and rich in minerals and organic matter that enable full development of

12376-844: The province's economic and cultural center, the province's economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at Qingdao , Weihai , and Yantai . Shandong has a temperate climate : humid continental (Köppen Dwa ); it is bordering humid subtropical (C wa under the Köppen climate classification ) in the south. Generally, summers are hot (typical max 35 °C) and rainy (except for eastern parts of Jiaodong Peninsula (typical max 28 °C) and Mount Tai (typical max 20 °C)), while winters are cold and dry. Average temperatures are −9 to 1 °C (16 to 34 °F) in January and 18 to 28 °C (64 to 82 °F) in July. Annual precipitation

12495-448: The same direction as a thermal gradient, they liberate heat, decreasing their potential energy. The Thomson coefficient is related to the Seebeck coefficient as K = T d S d T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}=T{\tfrac {dS}{dT}}} (see below ). This equation, however, neglects Joule heating and ordinary thermal conductivity (see full equations below). Often, more than one of

12614-554: The sea to Shandong's northern coast; in Shandong, it flows on a levee , higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and the Huai River watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest. Weishan Lake is the largest lake in the province. Shandong's coastline is 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) long. Shandong Peninsula has

12733-565: The second Thomson relation (see below), the heat equation can be simplified to − q ˙ ext = ∇ ⋅ ( κ ∇ T ) + J ⋅ ( σ − 1 J ) − T J ⋅ ∇ S . {\displaystyle -{\dot {q}}_{\text{ext}}=\nabla \cdot (\kappa \nabla T)+\mathbf {J} \cdot \left(\sigma ^{-1}\mathbf {J} \right)-T\mathbf {J} \cdot \nabla S.} The middle term

12852-575: The shipping company Winning International Group and shareholder of the joint venture, explained that the treated alumina would mainly be used to meet the demand for raw materials from local Indonesian aluminium huts. The remaining aluminium oxide is primarily exported to China, the Middle East and other regions. In December 2021, the third production line of the second phase of the project was successfully put into production In June 2014, China Hongqiao Group Logistics Company Ltd. announced that it had signed

12971-498: The strength of which exceeds 400kA. In December 2014, the world's first extra-large pre-baked anode cell with a current strength of 600kA was placed into service. The ultra-low emission level has been achieved in China Hongqiao's thermoelectricity production process. Hongqiao Group has been transitioning to a more sustainable energy system, depending increasingly on hydropower and solar energy . China Hongqiao has established

13090-640: The temperature difference was in fact driving an electric current, with the generation of magnetic field being an indirect consequence, and so coined the more accurate term "thermoelectricity". The Seebeck effect is a classic example of an electromotive force (EMF) and leads to measurable currents or voltages in the same way as any other EMF. The local current density is given by J = σ ( − ∇ V + E emf ) , {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\sigma (-\nabla V+\mathbf {E} _{\text{emf}}),} where V {\displaystyle V}

13209-403: The temperature of objects. Because the direction of heating and cooling is affected by the applied voltage, thermoelectric devices can be used as temperature controllers. The term "thermoelectric effect" encompasses three separately identified effects: the Seebeck effect (temperature differences cause electromotive forces), the Peltier effect (thermocouples create temperature differences), and

13328-475: The third Qingdao Multinationals Summit. China Hongqiao Group announced its climate goals to reach net-zero emissions before 2055 with the short-term goal to peak carbon emissions before 2025 China Hongqiao is the world's largest aluminium producer and has a diversified product portfolio. The production mainly covers the following areas: bauxite, alumina, primary aluminium, aluminium deep processing and energy. With more than 40 million annual inputs, China Hongqiao

13447-401: The two materials, the open-circuit condition means that ∇ V = − S ∇ T {\displaystyle \nabla V=-S\nabla T} everywhere. Therefore (see the thermocouple article for more details) the voltage measured at the loose ends of the wires is directly dependent on the unknown temperature, and yet totally independent of other details such as

13566-408: The voltage output. Thermoelectric generators are like a thermocouple/thermopile but instead draw some current from the generated voltage in order to extract power from heat differentials. They are optimized differently from thermocouples, using high quality thermoelectric materials in a thermopile arrangement, to maximize the extracted power. Though not particularly efficient, these generators have

13685-615: The world. Other important crops include sorghum and maize . Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially the Shengli Oil Field (lit. Victory Oilfield) in the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta. Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China. Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong

13804-525: Was founded in 1994 to produce and distribute jeans and yarn-dyed denim. Shandong Hongqiao was later renamed China Hongqiao Group. The company acquired a thermal energy provider aluminium & Power in June 2006, and reoriented to aluminium production a few months later. The company's annual production capacity reached 301,513 tonnes of aluminium in 2007. In 2011, Hongqiao was listed on the Hong Kong stock exchange at

13923-557: Was inhabited by Dongyi peoples, who were considered barbarians by the inhabitants of the Central Plain . Following the annexation of Lai  [ zh ] by the state of Qi in 567 BC, the Dongyi gradually became sinicized . During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods , power was accumulated by regional states; Shandong was home to the state of Qi based in Linzi , and

14042-461: Was one of the first places where the Boxer Rebellion broke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general Yuan Shikai was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years. Germany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing Jiaozhou Bay and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for

14161-476: Was proclaimed in October of that year. Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short-lived Pingyuan Province , but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the Xuzhou and Lianyungang areas from Jiangsu province, but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today. About six million people starved to death in Shandong during

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