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85-546: Chevy Commons is a park along the Flint River between Kettering University and downtown Flint, Michigan . Formerly the site of a Chevrolet factory widely known as "Chevy in the Hole", it has been redeveloped and revitalized since 2015 as event space and recreational areas with restored grasslands , meadows , wetlands , and woodlands . It also features green spaces, low-maintenance native plants , and walking trails . In total,

170-574: A greenbelt . In some countries, especially the United Kingdom, country parks are areas designated for recreation, and managed by local authorities . They are often located near urban populations, but they provide recreational facilities typical of the countryside rather than the town. In 2021, following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , a Military Trophy Park was opened in Azerbaijan 's capital Baku , showcasing seized military equipment, as well as

255-513: A mixed-use path that is dominated by fast-moving cyclists or horses. Different landscaping and infrastructure may even affect children's rates of park usage according to gender. Redesigns of two parks in Vienna suggested that the creation of multiple semi-enclosed play areas in a park could encourage equal use by boys and girls. Parks are part of the urban infrastructure: for physical activity, for families and communities to gather and socialize, or for

340-500: A park ranger . Large parks may have areas for canoeing and hiking in the warmer months and, in some northern hemisphere countries, cross-country skiing and snowshoeing in colder months. There are also amusement parks that have live shows, fairground rides, refreshments, and games of chance or skill. English deer parks were used by the aristocracy in medieval times for game hunting. They had walls or thick hedges around them to keep game animals (e.g., stags) in and people out. It

425-460: A sawmill and a paper mill before becoming the home of Flint Wagon Works in the 1880s. It is better known as the site of a former Chevrolet factory called Chevrolet Flint Manufacturing but widely known as "Chevy in the Hole". Automotive manufacturing at the factory began in 1904, and it employed 14,000 workers at its zenith. It was also the location of the Flint sit-down strike . The last buildings on

510-502: A "clear manifestation of fascism", saying that it is a "proof of Azerbaijani genocidal policy and state supported Armenophobia ". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan stated that such museums are a widely accepted international practice, and the country has a right to commemorate its victory through parades, parks, museums and other means. Azerbaijani authorities claimed that the helmets were left behind by retreating Armenian soldiers. When Azerbaijani historian Altay Goyushov, one of

595-432: A "destination park". On April 10, 2014, approximately 70 people expressed strong support for the project at a public meeting. While the plans for Chevy Commons are outlined in the city's master plan, they also interface with Kettering's master plan, as well as its redevelopment of Atwood Stadium . In March 2015, the 60-acre (24 ha) site began a redevelopment and revitalization process that ultimately transformed it into

680-476: A $ 315,000 grant from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality will be used to start work on the fifth and final phase. The fifth phase will feature additional walking trails, a parking lot, and possibly also a sledding hill. In 2021, the state announced plans to develop the site as the county's first state park. Chevy Commons is part of a broader, $ 36.8-million project to change the landscape of

765-586: A beach or boat dock area. Urban parks often have benches for sitting and may contain picnic tables and barbecue grills. The largest parks can be vast natural areas of hundreds of thousands of square kilometers (or square miles), with abundant wildlife and natural features such as mountains and rivers. In many large parks, camping in tents is allowed with a permit. Many natural parks are protected by law, and users may have to follow restrictions (e.g. rules against open fires or bringing in glass bottles). Large national and sub-national parks are typically overseen by

850-509: A difference. Regular park maintenance, as well as programming and community involvement, can also contribute to a feeling of safety. While Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) has been widely used in facility design, the use of CPTED in parks has not been. Iqbal and Ceccato performed a study in Stockholm, Sweden to determine if it would be useful to apply to parks. Their study indicated that while CPTED could be useful, due to

935-400: A flat, clean surface. This includes use as a base or "sub-slab" for a larger structural slab. On uneven or steep surfaces, this preparatory measure is necessary to provide a flat surface on which to install rebar and waterproofing membranes. In this application, a mud slab also prevents the plastic bar chairs from sinking into soft topsoil which can cause spalling due to incomplete coverage of

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1020-465: A half-mile of a park indicated that in addition to safety park facilities also played a significant role in park use and that increasing facilities instead of creating an image of a safe park would increase use of the park. There are a number of features that contribute to whether a park feels safe. Elements in the physical design of a park, such as an open and welcoming entry, good visibility (sight lines), and appropriate lighting and signage can all make

1105-403: A layer of insulation such as expanded polystyrene , and the slab may contain underfloor heating pipes. However, there are still uses for a slab that is not insulated, for example in outbuildings which are not heated or cooled to room temperature ( see § Mud slabs ). In these cases, casting the slab directly onto a substrate of aggregate will maintain the slab near the temperature of

1190-529: A long time to respond to changes in ambient temperature. This is a disadvantage when rooms are heated intermittently and require a quick response, as it takes longer to warm the entire building, including the slab. However, the high thermal mass is an advantage in climates with large daily temperature swings, where the slab acts as a regulator, keeping the building cool by day and warm by night. Typically concrete slabs perform better than implied by their R-value . The R-value does not consider thermal mass, since it

1275-438: A park, starting with the removal of wire fencing and work on sewer lines. On April 17, the city officially celebrated the start of work on Chevy Commons with a groundbreaking ceremony. The former brownfield was redeveloped into restored grasslands , meadows , and woodlands while walking trails were created on the site. Its design features green spaces, low-maintenance native plants , and wetlands that are intended to control

1360-446: A portion of the park's area eliminates or reduces the burden of managing active recreation facilities and developed infrastructure. Passive recreation amenities require routine upkeep and maintenance to prevent degradation of the environment. The general principle of how parks and greenspaces assist in the conservation of biodiversity is by creating natural environments for animals in urban areas. Biological diversity, or biodiversity ,

1445-482: A simple respite. Research reveals that people who exercise outdoors in green-space derive greater mental health benefits. Providing activities for all ages, abilities and income levels is important for the physical and mental well-being of the public. Parks can also benefit pollinators , and some parks (such as Saltdean Oval in East Sussex ) have been redesigned to accommodate them better. Some organizations, such as

1530-506: A thermal buffer in industrial freezers. Thermal conductivity of a concrete slab indicates the rate of heat transfer through the solid mass by conduction , usually in regard to heat transfer to or from the ground. The coefficient of thermal conductivity, k , is proportional to density of the concrete, among other factors. The primary influences on conductivity are moisture content, type of aggregate , type of cement , constituent proportions, and temperature. These various factors complicate

1615-628: A two-way non-reinforced slab, depending on the type of load. The calculation of reinforcement requirements for a one-way slab can be extremely tedious and time-consuming, and one can never be completely certain of the best design. Even minor changes to the project can necessitate recalculation of the reinforcement requirements. There are many factors to consider during the structural structure design of one-way slabs, including: A two-way slab has moment resisting reinforcement in both directions. This may be implemented due to application requirements such as heavy loading, vibration resistance, clearance below

1700-473: Is a reserve of land, usually, but not always declared and owned by a national government , protected from most human development and pollution. Although this may be so, it is not likely that the government of a specific area owns it, rather the community itself. National parks are a protected area of International Union for Conservation of Nature Category II . This implies that they are wilderness areas, but unlike pure nature reserves, they are established with

1785-435: Is acceptable to use an unreinforced slab if it is adequately engineered ( see below ). For a suspended slab, there are a number of designs to improve the strength-to-weight ratio. In all cases the top surface remains flat, and the underside is modulated: Unreinforced or "plain" slabs are becoming rare and have limited practical applications, with one exception being the mud slab ( see below ). They were once common in

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1870-452: Is also related to thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and insulation. Concrete has low thermal diffusivity, high heat capacity, and its thermal mass is negatively affected by insulation (e.g. carpet). Without insulation, concrete slabs cast directly on the ground can cause a significant amount of extraneous energy transfer by conduction, resulting in either lost heat or unwanted heat. In modern construction, concrete slabs are usually cast above

1955-441: Is an area of open space provided for recreational use, usually owned and maintained by a local government. Parks commonly resemble savannas or open woodlands , the types of landscape that human beings find most relaxing. Grass is typically kept short to discourage insect pests and to allow for the enjoyment of picnics and sporting activities. Trees are chosen for their beauty and to provide shade . Some early parks include

2040-403: Is an economical and quick construction method for sites that have non-reactive soil and little slope. For ground-bearing slabs, it is important to design the slab around the type of soil, since some soils such as clay are too dynamic to support a slab consistently across its entire area. This results in cracking and deformation, potentially leading to structural failure of any members attached to

2125-446: Is influenced by the intended purpose and audience, as well as by the available land features. A park intended to provide recreation for children may include a playground . A park primarily intended for adults may feature walking paths and decorative landscaping. Specific features, such as riding trails, may be included to support specific activities. The design of a park may determine who is willing to use it. Walkers might feel unsafe on

2210-465: Is necessary to obtain adequate strength. Since these slabs are inevitably poured on-site (rather than precast as some suspended slabs are), it can be difficult to control conditions to optimize the curing process. This is usually aided by a membrane, either plastic (temporary) or a liquid compound (permanent). Ground-bearing slabs are usually supplemented with some form of reinforcement, often steel rebar . However, in some cases such as concrete roads, it

2295-423: Is rarely applied, but remains relevant for theoretical use. Subsequently, Valore (1980) developed another formula in terms of overall density. However, this study concerned hollow concrete blocks and its results are unverified for concrete slabs. The actual value of k varies significantly in practice, and is usually between 0.8 and 2.0 W m K . This is relatively high when compared to other materials, for example

2380-643: Is relatively very weak in tension, it is important to consider the effects of tensile stress caused by reactive soil, wind uplift, thermal expansion, and cracking. One of the most common applications for unreinforced slabs is in concrete roads. Mud slabs, also known as rat slabs , are thinner than the more common suspended or ground-bearing slabs (usually 50 to 150 mm), and usually contain no reinforcement. This makes them economical and easy to install for temporary or low-usage purposes such as subfloors, crawlspaces, pathways, paving, and levelling surfaces. In general, they may be used for any application which requires

2465-444: Is tested under constant temperature conditions. Thus, when a concrete slab is subjected to fluctuating temperatures, it will respond more slowly to these changes and in many cases increase the efficiency of a building. In reality, there are many factors which contribute to the effect of thermal mass, including the depth and composition of the slab, as well as other properties of the building such as orientation and windows. Thermal mass

2550-402: Is the long dimension, then moment in both directions should be considered in design. In other words, if the axial ratio is greater than two, a two-way slab is required. A non-reinforced slab is two-way if it is supported in both horizontal axes. A concrete slab may be prefabricated ( precast ), or constructed on site. Prefabricated concrete slabs are built in a factory and transported to

2635-485: Is the variety of life on Earth in all its forms. Fauna and flora are principal biotic components. They include all living species, which consist of plants, animals, and bacteria. Around half of the greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere get absorbed by the floral components of the biodiversity , providing nature-based aid in the fight against the climate change and habitat for the fauna . When processes such as

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2720-617: The Xerces Society are also promoting this idea. City parks play a role in improving cities and improving the futures for residents and visitors - for example, Millennium Park in Chicago, Illinois or the Mill River Park and Green way in Stamford, CT. One group that is a strong proponent of parks for cities is The American Society of Landscape Architects. They argue that parks are important to

2805-608: The la Alameda de Hércules , in Seville , a promenaded public mall, urban garden and park built in 1574, within the historic center of Seville; the City Park , in Budapest, Hungary, which was property of the Batthyány family and was later made public. An early purpose built public park was Derby Arboretum which was opened in 1840 by Joseph Strutt for the mill workers and people of the city. This

2890-539: The trailhead for the Genesee Valley Trail that was constructed to connect it with Flint Township . Also that month, Chevy Commons entered phase two of its construction, as work on building the green cap continued. On September 24, 2016, Chevy Commons hosted its first event as a finished park: a children's biking event called Cycling Circles. In May 2017, a pedestrian bridge linking Chevy Commons with Carriage Town and connecting two already-existing segments of

2975-399: The 18th century have often been landscaped for aesthetic effect. They are usually a mixture of open grassland with scattered trees and sections of woodland, and are often enclosed by a high wall. The area immediately around the house is the garden. In some cases this will also feature sweeping lawns and scattered trees; the basic difference between a country house's park and its garden is that

3060-592: The Flint River in Downtown Flint that also includes removing the Hamilton Dam, greening Riverbank Park, and naturalizing the river by softening it with native plants and rocks. Led by Genesee County Parks and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources , the project began in summer 2017 and is tentatively expected to be complete by 2019. An additional 20-acre (8.1 ha) brownfield that was previously part of Chevy in

3145-440: The Hole into a park . Genesee County Historical Society president Dave White noted this represents the first time in almost 200 years that the site is not being used for manufacturing or commercial purposes. According to Walling, Chevy Commons was conceived to provide event space and recreational areas as well as recognize the site's automotive and Native American history . He conceived it as "an interesting, natural space right in

3230-488: The Hole is being redeveloped into automotive proving grounds , including for autonomous vehicles , by Kettering University and General Motors . Park A park is an area of natural, semi-natural or planted space set aside for human enjoyment and recreation or for the protection of wildlife or natural habitats. Urban parks are green spaces set aside for recreation inside towns and cities. National parks and country parks are green spaces used for recreation in

3315-462: The US, but the economic value of reinforced ground-bearing slabs has become more appealing for many engineers. Without reinforcement, the entire load on these slabs is supported by the strength of the concrete, which becomes a vital factor. As a result, any stress induced by a load, static or dynamic, must be within the limit of the concrete's flexural strength to prevent cracking. Since unreinforced concrete

3400-407: The animals co-existing together in a regulated environment generates a natural cycle of life where decaying bodies assist in the fertilization of the ground. [1] Alongside the preservation of native species parks with exotic fauna and flora drive diversity in natural ecosystems , aiding in the adaptation to urban environment. Richness of a park’s nature is associated with its age and size, with

3485-550: The appearance of London's West End. With the establishment of Princes Park in 1842, Joseph Paxton did something similar for the benefit of a provincial town, albeit one of international stature by virtue of its flourishing mercantile contingent. Liverpool had a burgeoning presence on the scene of global maritime trade before 1800 and during the Victorian era its wealth rivaled that of London itself. The form and layout of Paxton's ornamental grounds, structured about an informal lake within

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3570-469: The concrete has set the wood may be removed. Formwork can also be permanent, and remain in situ post concrete pour. For large slabs or paths that are poured in sections, this permanent formwork can then also act as isolation joints within concrete slabs to reduce the potential for cracking due to concrete expansion or movement. In some cases formwork is not necessary - for instance, a ground slab surrounded by dense soil, brick or block foundation walls, where

3655-416: The conductivity of wood may be as low as 0.04 W m K . One way of mitigating the effects of thermal conduction is to introduce insulation ( see § Insulation ). The second consideration is the high thermal mass of concrete slabs, which applies similarly to walls and floors, or wherever concrete is used within the thermal envelope . Concrete has a relatively high thermal mass, meaning that it takes

3740-411: The confines of a serpentine carriageway, put in place the essential elements of his much imitated design for Birkenhead Park . The latter was commenced in 1843 with the help of public finance and deployed the ideas he pioneered at Princes Park on a more expansive scale. Frederick Law Olmsted visited Birkenhead Park in 1850 and praised its qualities. Indeed, Paxton is widely credited as having been one of

3825-446: The cost of stormwater management . The site is being redeveloped in phases, starting with the first phase: planting shrubs, building walking paths, and creating car parking on the southwestern end of the site. The second phase concentrated on connecting the site to county and regional trails, enhancing views of the Flint River, and improving access for fishing. By 2015, millions of dollars had been spent on cleaning up industrial waste on

3910-564: The countryside. State parks and provincial parks are administered by sub-national government states and agencies. Parks may consist of grassy areas, rocks, soil and trees, but may also contain buildings and other artifacts such as monuments , fountains or playground structures. Many parks have fields for playing sports such as baseball and football , and paved areas for games such as basketball . Many parks have trails for walking , biking and other activities. Some parks are built adjacent to bodies of water or watercourses and may comprise

3995-408: The creation of Chevy Commons is expected to cost approximately $ 17.3 million, and it is part of a broader, $ 36.8-million project to change the landscape of the Flint River in Downtown Flint. The state of Michigan has committed to developing the site as a state park . Between downtown and Kettering University along the Flint River in Flint, Michigan , what is now Chevy Commons was the site of

4080-465: The decay of wood, winter dieback or succession are allowed to happen the natural cycle helps with biodiversity conservation. The amount of habitat can be increased more vegetation to parks – wildflowers , long grass areas, shrubs , and trees. In parks located in urban areas the conservation of native vegetation is tied to preservation of insects and mammals in the area. Tall trees and bushes create shadow for bodies of water with fish. Having all

4165-470: The expectation of a certain degree of human visitation and supporting infrastructure. While this type of national park had been proposed previously, the United States established the first "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people", Yellowstone National Park , in 1872, although Yellowstone was not gazetted as a national park. The first officially designated national park

4250-546: The fabric of the community on an individual scale and broader scales such as entire neighborhoods, city districts or city park systems. Parks need to feel safe for people to use them. Research shows that perception of safety can be more significant in influencing human behavior than actual crime statistics. If citizens perceive a park as unsafe, they might not make use of it at all. A study done in four cities; Albuquerque, NM, Chapel Hill/Durham, NC, Columbus, OH, and Philadelphia, PA, with 3815 survey participants who lived within

4335-411: The floor, such as wall studs. Levelling the site before pouring concrete is an important step, as sloping ground will cause the concrete to cure unevenly and will result in differential expansion. In some cases, a naturally sloping site may be levelled simply by removing soil from the uphill site. If a site has a more significant grade, it may be a candidate for the "cut and fill" method, where soil from

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4420-431: The ground. For a suspended slab, the formwork is shaped like a tray, often supported by a temporary scaffold until the concrete sets. The formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and boards, plastic, or steel. On commercial building sites, plastic and steel are gaining popularity as they save labour. On low-budget or small-scale jobs, for instance when laying a concrete garden path, wooden planks are very common. After

4505-542: The heart of the city". Christina Kelly, of the Genesee County Land Bank , noted that the project was dependent on federal funds, and that redevelopment of the site planned to focus on capping the ground and building up soil on top of it instead of concentrating primarily on decontamination . Prior to the first EPA grant, however, thousands of trees had been planted on the site to help decontaminate it naturally. The city and Land Bank conceive of Chevy Commons as

4590-431: The helmets and wax mannequins of Armenian troops. The helmets were reported by international media to belong to dead Armenian soldiers. Several international journalists have called the park "barbaric". Armenia strongly condemned it, accusing Baku of "dishonoring the memory of victims of the war, missing persons and prisoners of war and violating the rights and dignity of their families". Armenia's ombudsman called it

4675-555: The higher ground is removed, and the lower ground is built up with fill . In addition to filling the downhill side, this area of the slab may be supported on concrete piers which extend into the ground. In this case, the fill material is less important structurally as the dead weight of the slab is supported by the piers. However, the fill material is still necessary to support the curing concrete and its reinforcement. There are two common methods of filling - controlled fill and rolled fill . Proper curing of ground-bearing concrete

4760-556: The leaders of liberal democratic opposition, criticized the helmets corridor, he was rebuffed by local journalists and bloggers who justified demonstrating the helmets, one of them going as far as inviting "all who does not feel well looking at them to go and drown in Caspian sea". Private parks are owned by individuals or businesses and are used at the discretion of the owner. There are a few types of private parks, and some which once were privately maintained and used have now been made open to

4845-640: The nature of a park, increasing the look of safety can also have unintended consequences on the aesthetics of the park. Creating secure areas with bars and locks lowers the beauty of the park, as well as the nature of who is in charge of observing the public space and the feeling of being observed. Parks can be divided into active and passive recreation areas. Active recreation is that which has an urban character and requires intensive development. It often involves cooperative or team activity, including playgrounds , ball fields, swimming pools, gymnasiums, and skateparks . Active recreation such as team sports, due to

4930-586: The need to provide substantial space to congregate, typically involves intensive management, maintenance, and high costs. Passive recreation, also called "low-intensity recreation" is that which emphasizes the open-space aspect of a park and allows for the preservation of natural habitat. It usually involves a low level of development, such as rustic picnic areas, benches, and trails. Many smaller neighborhood parks are receiving increased attention and valuation as significant community assets and places of refuge in heavily populated urban areas. Neighborhood groups around

5015-405: The older ones having a larder variety of breeds and greenery. Vegetation in parks can indirectly reduce air temperature and directly reduce levels of carbon dioxide by storing it as a biomass and due to the trees’ ability to absorb over 95% of ultraviolet radiation the aid in the reduction of skin cancer is a factor that is largely considered when new greenspaces are build. A national park

5100-405: The park is grazed by animals, but they are excluded from the garden. Concrete slab In many domestic and industrial buildings, a thick concrete slab supported on foundations or directly on the subsoil , is used to construct the ground floor. These slabs are generally classified as ground-bearing or suspended . A slab is ground-bearing if it rests directly on the foundation, otherwise

5185-613: The past hundred and seventy years, but these authorities have no statutory duty to fund or maintain these public parks. In 2016 the Heritage Lottery Fund 's State of UK Public Parks reported that "92 per cent of park managers report their maintenance budgets have reduced in the past three years and 95 per cent expect their funding will continue to reduce". Another early public park is the Peel Park, Salford , England opened on August 22, 1846. Another possible claimant for status as

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5270-402: The prevalence of concrete slabs calls for careful consideration of its thermal properties in order to minimise wasted energy. Concrete has similar thermal properties to masonry products, in that it has a relatively high thermal mass and is a good conductor of heat. In some special cases, the thermal properties of concrete have been employed, for example as a heatsink in nuclear power plants or

5355-468: The principal influences on Olmsted and Calvert's design for New York's Central Park of 1857. There are around an estimated 27,000 public parks in the United Kingdom , with around 2.6 billion visits to parks each year. Many are of cultural and historical interest, with 300 registered by Historic England as of national importance. Most public parks have been provided and run by local authorities over

5440-480: The public. Hunting parks were originally areas maintained as open space where residences, industry and farming were not allowed, often originally so that nobility might have a place to hunt – see medieval deer park . These were known for instance, as deer parks (deer being originally a term meaning any wild animal). Many country houses in Great Britain and Ireland still have parks of this sort, which since

5525-435: The reality). A linear park is a park that has a much greater length than width. A typical example of a linear park is a section of a former railway that has been converted into a park called a rail trail or greenway (i.e. the tracks removed, vegetation allowed to grow back). Parks are sometimes made out of oddly shaped areas of land, much like the vacant lots that often become city neighborhood parks. Linked parks may form

5610-695: The safe confines of villages and towns. The most famous US example of a city park that evolved from this practice is the Boston Common in Boston, Massachusetts (1634). With the Industrial Revolution parks took on a new meaning as areas set aside to preserve a sense of nature in the cities and towns. Sporting activity came to be a major use for these urban parks. Areas of outstanding natural beauty were also set aside as national parks to prevent them from being spoiled by uncontrolled development. Park design

5695-507: The site were demolished in 2004 by automotive parts supplier Delphi , leaving it as a brownfield . For numerous years before the idea of Chevy Commons took form in 2014, blight elimination at Chevy in the Hole was considered. In 2014, Mayor Dayne Walling announced two separate grants (of $ 1.6 million and $ 1.9 million, respectively) from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop city-owned Chevy in

5780-401: The site, and the next phase of the project commenced: covering the concrete slabs of the site with 2 feet (0.61 m) to 10 feet (3.0 m) of topsoil , a total of 50,000 yards (46,000 m). Folliowing this, grass and trees were planted, and walking trails created. By June 2015, the first phase of construction of Chevy Commons was well underway. By "fortunate coincidence", it also became

5865-404: The site, ready to be lowered into place between steel or concrete beams. They may be pre-stressed (in the factory), post-stressed (on site), or unstressed. It is vital that the wall supporting structure is built to the correct dimensions, or the slabs may not fit. On-site concrete slabs are built on the building site using formwork - a type of boxing into which the wet concrete is poured. If

5950-465: The slab is suspended. For multi-story buildings, there are several common slab designs ( see § Design for more types ): On technical drawings, reinforced concrete slabs are often abbreviated to "r.c.c. slab" or simply "r.c.". Calculations and drawings are often done by structural engineers in CAD software. Energy efficiency has become a primary concern for the construction of new buildings, and

6035-449: The slab is to be reinforced , the rebars , or metal bars, are positioned within the formwork before the concrete is poured in. Plastic-tipped metal or plastic bar chairs, are used to hold the rebar away from the bottom and sides of the form-work, so that when the concrete sets it completely envelops the reinforcement. This concept is known as concrete cover . For a ground-bearing slab, the formwork may consist only of side walls pushed into

6120-416: The slab, or other factors. However, an important characteristic governing the requirement of a two-way slab is the ratio of the two horizontal lengths. If l x : l y < 2 {\displaystyle l_{x}:l_{y}<2} where l x {\displaystyle l_{x}} is the short dimension and l y {\displaystyle l_{y}}

6205-472: The statewide Iron Belle Trail was planned. By that point, both the first and second phases of the project had been completed, with additional third and fourth phases planned as part of the broader Riverfront Restoration Project, which endeavors to naturalize the Flint River and make it more accessible, safer, and easier to use for recreation. The third phase concerns 9 acres (3.6 ha) of land along Kearsley Street (between Swartz Creek and Stevenson Street) and

6290-536: The steel. Sometimes a mud slab may be a substitute for coarse aggregate . Mud slabs typically have a moderately rough surface, finished with a float . A one-way slab has moment-resisting reinforcement only in its short axis, and is used when the moment in the long axis is negligible. Such designs include corrugated slabs and ribbed slabs. Non-reinforced slabs may also be considered one-way if they are supported on only two opposite sides (i.e. they are supported in one axis). A one-way reinforced slab may be stronger than

6375-617: The sub-national levels of government. In Brazil , the United States , and some states in Mexico , as well as in the Australian state of Victoria , these are known as state parks, whereas in Argentina , Canada and South Korea , they are known as provincial or territorial parks. In the United States, it is also common for individual counties to run parks, these are known as county parks . A park

6460-546: The substrate throughout the year, and can prevent both freezing and overheating. A common type of insulated slab is the beam and block system (mentioned above) which is modified by replacing concrete blocks with expanded polystyrene blocks. This not only allows for better insulation but decreases the weight of slab which has a positive effect on load bearing walls and foundations. Ground-bearing slabs, also known as "on-ground" or "slab-on-grade", are commonly used for ground floors on domestic and some commercial applications. It

6545-425: The theoretical evaluation of a k -value, since each component has a different conductivity when isolated, and the position and proportion of each components affects the overall conductivity. To simplify this, particles of aggregate may be considered to be suspended in the homogeneous cement. Campbell-Allen and Thorne (1963) derived a formula for the theoretical thermal conductivity of concrete. In practice this formula

6630-546: The world are joining to support local parks that have suffered from urban decay and government neglect. Passive recreation typically requires less management which can be provided at lower costs than active recreation. Some open space managers provide trails for physical activity in the form of walking, running, horse riding, mountain biking, snowshoeing, or cross-country skiing; or activities such as observing nature, bird watching, painting, photography, or picnicking. Limiting park or open space use to passive recreation over all or

6715-466: The world's first public park is Boston Common (Boston, Massachusetts, US), set aside in 1634, whose first recreational promenade, Tremont Mall, dates from 1728. True park status for the entire common seems to have emerged no later than 1830, when the grazing of cows was ended and renaming the Common as Washington Park was proposed (renaming the bordering Sentry Street to Park Street in 1808 already acknowledged

6800-474: Was Mackinac Island , gazetted in 1875. Australia 's Royal National Park , established in 1879, was the world's second officially established national park. The largest national park in the world is the Northeast Greenland National Park , which was established in 1974 and currently protects 972,001 km (375,000 sq mi). In some Federal systems , many parks are managed by

6885-519: Was closely followed by Princes Park in the Liverpool suburb of Toxteth , laid out to the designs of Joseph Paxton from 1842 and opened in 1843. The land on which the Princes park was built was purchased by Richard Vaughan Yates, an iron merchant and philanthropist, in 1841 for £50,000. The creation of Princes Park showed great foresight and introduced a number of highly influential ideas. First and foremost

6970-436: Was enhanced by landscape architects such as Capability Brown and Humphry Repton . The French formal garden such as designed by André Le Nôtre at Versailles is an earlier and elaborate example. As cities became crowded, private hunting grounds became places for the public. Early opportunities for the creation of urban parks in both Europe and the United States grew out of medieval practice to secure pasture lands within

7055-455: Was expected to be completed by the end of 2017; the fourth phase deals with greening the area along the river on both sides of Stevenson Street in 2018. In total, the creation of Chevy Commons is expected to cost approximately $ 17.3 million. By July 2018, the third phase was complete, and the first three phases were open to the public. At that time, the fourth phase was expected to be complete by October 2018, at which point leftover funds and

7140-400: Was strictly forbidden for commoners to hunt animals in these deer parks. These game preserves evolved into landscaped parks set around mansions and country houses from the sixteenth century onwards. These may have served as hunting grounds but they also proclaimed the owner's wealth and status. An aesthetic of landscape design began in these stately home parks where the natural landscape

7225-503: Was the provision of open space for the benefit of townspeople and local residents within an area that was being rapidly built up. Secondly it took the concept of the designed landscape as a setting for the suburban domicile, an idea pioneered by John Nash at Regent's Park , and re-fashioned it for the provincial town in a most original way. Nash's remodeling of St James's Park from 1827 and the sequence of processional routes he created to link The Mall with Regent's Park completely transformed

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