118-413: The following is an overview of public housing estates on Tsing Yi , Hong Kong including Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) , Private Sector Participation Scheme (PSPS) , Flat-for-Sale Scheme (FFSS) , Tenant Purchase Scheme (TPS) and Subsidised Sale Flats Project (SSFP) estates. At early 1970s, the residents of Tsing Yi Island were largely villagers and fishermen. Later, the government decided to extend
236-415: A Barriada or a Caserío (and more recently a Residencial Publico ), where all exterior grounds are shared areas. Increasingly, however, public housing developments are being built that consist of other than the traditional multi-family dwellings with all exterior grounds consisting of shared outside area, for example, public housing may consist of single family garden apartments units. Finally,
354-505: A cha chaan teng are there. It is next to the bus terminus. Moreover, a Wellcome Supermarket is situated there as well. Under the shopping centre, there is a market. Both the shopping centre and market serve residents of Cheung Hang Estate, Cheung Wang Estate and Mount Haven . A community hall is situated in the middle of the estate. Cheung Hong Estate ( Chinese: 長康邨) is composed of 13 residential blocks, with two commercial centres. Two primary schools and two secondary schools are also in
472-534: A combination thereof. The details, terminology, definitions of poverty , and other criteria for allocation may vary within different contexts, but the right to rent such a home is generally rationed through some form of means-testing or through administrative measures of housing needs. One can regard social housing as a potential remedy for housing inequality . Within the OECD , social housing represents an average of 7% of national housing stock (2020), ranging from ~34% in
590-561: A condominium is a housing unit located in a high-rise building. It is popularly called an apartamento (English: 'apartment'), whether or not its resident owns the unit or lives in it as a renter.) Public housing, on the other hand, are housing units built with government funding, primarily through programs of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). These have traditionally been multi-family dwellings in housing complexes called
708-467: A home that is located in neither an urbanizacion nor of a public housing development is said to be located in (and to be a part of) a barrio . In Puerto Rico, a barrio also has a second and very different meaning official meaning: the geographical area into which a municipios is divided for official administrative purposes. In this sense, urbanizaciones as well as public housing developments (as well as one or several barrios in
826-501: A monthly income of HK$ 40,000 or less and they were priced from HK$ 5,841 to HK$ 7,402 per sq ft in terms of saleable area - a 30 per cent market discount. It completed in 2015. Serene Garden ( Chinese: 海悅花園) is a HOS and PSPS court in Tsing Yi, located at the reclaimed land of Tsing Yi Bay . It is near Tsing Yi Park , Tsing Yi Pier , Greenfield Garden and Tivoli Garden. It has three blocks built in 1992. Tivoli Garden ( Chinese: 宏福花園)
944-520: A move toward the integration of public housing with market housing and other uses. Revitalization plans for properties such as in the notorious Downtown Eastside of Vancouver , Regent Park , in Toronto, and Rochester Heights in Ottawa , aim to provide better accommodations for low-income residents, and connect them to the greater community. The aim of the reconstruction plans are often to better integrate it into
1062-623: A new impetus, when the poor physical health and condition of many urban recruits to the British Army was noted with alarm. In 1916, 41% of conscripts were unfit to serve. This led to a campaign known as Homes fit for heroes and in 1919 the Government first compelled councils to provide housing, helping them to do so through the provision of subsidies , under the Housing Act 1919 . Public housing projects were tried out in some European countries and
1180-661: A porkless cuisine now preserved by Hui restaurants throughout the country. Yunnan cuisine is unique in China for its cheeses like Rubing and Rushan cheese made by the Bai people , and its yogurt, the yogurt may have been due to a combination of Mongolian influence during the Yuan dynasty, the Central Asian settlement in Yunnan, and the proximity and influence of India and Tibet on Yunnan. As part of
1298-596: A strong effect on the locally available ingredients, considering that the climate of China varies from tropical in the south to subarctic in the northeast. Imperial royal and noble preferences also play a role in the change of Chinese cuisine. Because of imperial expansion, immigration, and trading, ingredients and cooking techniques from other cultures have been integrated into Chinese cuisines over time and Chinese culinary influences have spread worldwide. There are numerous regional, religious, and ethnic styles of Chinese cuisine found within China and abroad. Chinese cuisine
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#17328758114251416-620: A system that has fallen into disfavour in both the United States and the United Kingdom. However, many public housing corporations still offer a variety of buildings and communities ranging from individual houses to townhouse communities and mid-rise and high-rise apartments in both working-class and middle-class neighborhoods that house a significant number of low-income Canadians. Following the decentralisation of public housing to local municipalities, Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC)
1534-576: A total of 1,024 apartments, with sizes ranging from 635 to 832 sq. ft. The project was completed with three months delay, and a contractor was fined as a consequence. After completion, about 1,900 complaints related to the buildings quality were directed by tenants to the Hong Kong Housing Society in July 1996. The society later announced that it had apologised to the residents and that most defects had been repaired. Tsing Yi Estate ( Chinese: 青衣邨)
1652-634: A total of 510 rental units. It was supposed to be sold under HOS , but was changed to rental after policy change of Hong Kong Government at the time of a property slump to stabilise the property prices in wake of the SARS epidemic . Easeful Court is located in On Ho constituency of the Kwai Tsing District Council . It was formerly represented by Warren Tam Ka-chun, who was elected in the 2019 elections until July 2021. Greenview Villa ( Chinese: 綠悠雅苑)
1770-468: A variety with different flavors: clear rice vinegar, Chinkiang black rice vinegar , Shanxi vinegar, Henghe vinegar etc. The most commonly consumed meat in China is pork . As of at least 2024, China is the second largest beef consuming market in the world. Steakhouses and hot pot restaurants serving beef are becoming increasingly popular in urban China . Chinese consumers particularly value freshly slaughtered beef. Generally, seasonal fruits serve as
1888-500: A very low price. The size and the type of room the households received were dependent on their job title or administrative level. The central government found it difficult to upkeep the public housing due to the low rent it received; the distribution policy that was intended to be " equalitarianism " was actually corrupt. The Chinese government commercialized the housing market after the economic reform started in 1978 by Deng Xiaoping . The public houses that were constructed before that
2006-492: A voucher, accepted by some landlords. This policy option represented a turn away from the public-sector policy of public housing, instead turning towards the private market to address housing needs. The program, in conjunction with HOPE VI, was intended to create income-integrated communities, by giving residents the choice of where to move . However, the housing voucher program has historically had long wait times and limited choice on where one can actually move . Additionally, it
2124-570: Is moon cake , used to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival . A wide variety of Chinese desserts are available, mainly including steamed and boiled sweet snacks. Bing is an umbrella term for all breads in Chinese, also including pastries and sweets. These are baked wheat-flour-based confections, with different stuffings including red bean paste , jujube , and a variety of others. Su (酥) is another kind of pastry made with more amount of oil, making
2242-506: Is a HOS court in Tsing Yi North, located at the east of Cheung Fat Estate. It has only one block built in 1989. Ching Shing Court ( Chinese: 青盛苑) is the first HOS court in Tsing Yi, near Hong Fung House, Cheung Hong Estate. It is a block designated for HOS during the development of public housing estate Cheung Hong Estate . It looks like the integral part of the estate. It has only block built in 1985. Ching Tai Court ( Chinese: 青泰苑)
2360-458: Is a HOS court in Tsing Yi North, located at the west of Cheung Fat Estate. It has 7 blocks built in 1988. Ching Wah Court ( Chinese: 青華苑) is a HOS court in Tsing Yi, situated on the hills opposite to Cheung Hong Estate Phase 2. It has totally 6 blocks built in 1986. It is unlike the first Home Ownership Scheme estate, Ching Shing Court, which was the first one completely designed to be a standalone comparable to other private housing estates on
2478-641: Is a housing estate in Tsing Yi, New Territories, developed by the Hong Kong Housing Society in 1995. It was the Society's first development under the Sandwich Class Housing Scheme . It is located at 75 Tsing King Road , between Serene Garden and Tsing Yi Sports Ground . It takes its name from the town of Tivoli in the Lazio region of central Italy. Tivoli Garden comprises four blocks and
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#17328758114252596-418: Is an avatar of long life and good health according to Chinese traditions. Noodles can be served hot or cold with different toppings, with broth, and occasionally dry (as is the case with mi-fen). Noodles are commonly made with rice flour or wheat flour, but other flours such as soybean are also used in minor groups. Some noodles names describe their methods of creation, such as the hand-pulled noodle. Tofu
2714-540: Is famous for its seafood and soups and the use of spices, Hunan cuisine is famous for its hot and sour taste, Anhui cuisine incorporates wild ingredients for an unusual taste. Based on the raw materials and ingredients used, the method of preparation and cultural differences, a variety of foods with different flavors and textures are prepared in different regions of the country. Many traditional regional cuisines rely on basic methods of preservation such as drying , salting , pickling and fermentation . In addition,
2832-453: Is fermented tofu. Like blue cheese or durian , it has a very distinct, potent and strong smell, and is an acquired taste. Hard stinky tofu is often deep-fried and paired with soy sauce or salty spice. Soft stinky tofu is usually used as a spread on steamed buns. Doufuru is another type of fermented tofu that has a salty taste. Doufuru can be pickled together with soy beans, red yeast rice or chili to create different color and flavor. This
2950-575: Is for Flat-for-Sale Scheme and Block 6–7 is for rent, mainly the residents affected by redevelopment of Bo Shek Mansion in Tsuen Wan . The Chinese characters Cheung Ching ( 長青 ), mean "evergreen". The Estate is located on mid-east side of Tsing Yi Island, near Tsing Yi Bridge . It was bounded by Tsing Yi Road, Ching Hong Road, Chung Mei Road , and Tsing Yi Heung Sze Wui Road . 22°20′42″N 114°06′31″E / 22.34513°N 114.10869°E / 22.34513; 114.10869 In June 1977,
3068-510: Is highly diverse and most frequently categorised into provincial divisions, although these province-level classifications consist of many more styles within themselves. During the Qing dynasty , the most praised Four Great Traditions in Chinese cuisine were Chuan , Lu , Yue , and Huaiyang , representing cuisines of West, North, South, and East China, respectively. In 1980, a modern grouping from Chinese journalist Wang Shaoquan's article published in
3186-466: Is made of soybeans and is another popular food product that supplies protein. The production process of tofu varies from region to region, resulting in different kinds of tofu with a wide range of texture and taste. Other products such as soy milk , soy paste , soy oil , and fermented soy sauce are also important in Chinese cooking. There are many kinds of soybean products, including tofu skin , smoked tofu, dried tofu, and fried tofu. Stinky tofu
3304-422: Is more of a pickled type of tofu and is not as strongly scented as stinky tofu. Doufuru has the consistency of slightly soft blue cheese, and a taste similar to Japanese miso paste , but less salty. Doufuru can be used as a spread on steamed buns, or paired with rice congee . Sufu is one other type of fermented tofu that goes through ageing process. The color (red, white, green) and flavor profile can determine
3422-492: Is named after Tsing Yi Hui , which was demolished to make way for its construction. Easeful Court was originally destined for the HOS, but ended up being let due to the impact of SARS . Broadview Garden ( Chinese : 偉景花園 ) is a public housing estate built by Hong Kong Housing Society in Tsing Yi, located near Tsing Yi Estate and Tsing Yi Park . The estate consists of 7 residential blocks completed in 1991. Its Block 1 to 5
3540-888: Is one of the major housing policies of the government. Nearly half of Hong Kong's 7.5 million population lives in public housing. The two main public housing providers are the Housing Authority and the Housing Society . The most common types of public housing in Hong Kong are public rental housing (PRH) and subsidised sale flats produced under the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS). In 2016, approximately 31 per cent of Hong Kong households lived in PRH flats while 15 per cent resided in subsidised sale flats (of all types). The origin of large-scale public housing in Hong Kong can be traced to
3658-657: Is situated in Liu To on Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong. It was built on the hilly site of Tsing Yan Temporary Housing Area (青欣臨時房屋區) after the temporary houses were demolished. The estate consists of seven high-rise blocks of flats, with 4273 flats. Ching Chun Court ( Chinese : 青俊苑 ) is a HOS court in Ching Hong Road , Tsing Yi South, near Cheung Ching Estate and Cheung Hong Estate . It comprises two 26-storey blocks with total of 465 flats. The flat size ranges from 420 to 440 square feet sold at an amount from HK$ 2.2M to HK$ 2.7M. It
Public housing estates on Tsing Yi Island - Misplaced Pages Continue
3776-795: Is the 16th-century Fuggerei in Augsburg , Bavaria . The origins of modern municipal housing lie in the dramatic urban population increase caused by the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. In the large cities of the period, many social commentators, such as Octavia Hill and Charles Booth reported on the squalor, sickness and immorality that arose. Henry Mayhew , visiting Bethnal Green , wrote in The Morning Chronicle : ... roads were unmade, often mere alleys, houses small and without foundations, subdivided and often around unpaved courts. An almost total lack of drainage and sewerage
3894-513: Is the first Subsidized Sale Flats Project court developed by the Hong Kong Housing Society in Tsing Luk Street , Tsing Yi . It consists of three 38-storey residential towers providing 988 residential units on a 2-storey podium with landscape garden, car park and recreational facilities, with an extensive on-grade landscape garden. The flats were sold in 2012 to individuals with a monthly income of HK$ 25,000 or less, and to households with
4012-634: Is the most commonly eaten form. People in South China also like to use rice to make congee as breakfast. Rice is also used to produce beer and vinegar . Glutinous rice ("sticky rice") is a variety of rice used in special dishes such as lotus leaf rice and glutinous rice balls. In wheat-farming areas in Northern China , people largely rely on flour -based food, such as noodles , bing (bread), jiaozi (a kind of Chinese dumplings ), and mantou (a type of steamed buns). Wheat likely "appeared in
4130-735: Is the only public housing estate on Tsing Yi Island which name does not start with the character Cheung (長). This is due to the fact that the estate was named in the memory of Tsing Yi Town (青衣墟), a traditional market town which was demolished in the 1980s to make way for new town developments. Since the estate was situated at the seaside of old Tsing Yi Town, part of it is built on reclaimed land. The estate consists of four high-rise blocks of flats. The four residential blocks are: Public housing Public housing , also known as social housing , refers to affordable housing provided in buildings that are usually owned and managed by local government , central government , nonprofit organizations or
4248-644: The Centro Urbano (or Multifamiliar ) Presidente Alemán (1947–50) in the Colonia del Valle and the Centro Urbano (or Multifamiliar ) Benito Juárez (1951–52) in the Colonia Roma , introduced formal ideas from Le Corbusier 's Ville Radieuse into the urban fabric. His later project, the Conjunto Urbano Tlatelolco Nonoalco built in 1960–65, was meant to develop one of
4366-603: The Federal Highway Program , demolished the older, substandard housing of communities of color across the United States. However, the advent of makeshift tent communities during the Great Depression caused concern in the Administration. The Federal public housing program was created by the 1937 Act, in which operations were "sustained primarily by tenant rents." As a result, public housing in its earliest decades
4484-748: The Multifamiliar Benito Juárez has been demolished. Mexico has had experience with housing projects since Porfirio Díaz 's regime (1877–1880, 1884–1911). One of those still remains and is the Barrio of Loreto in San Ángel , Álvaro Obregón in Mexico City, that was a project for a paper factory workers. Another notable public housing project is the Conjunto Habitacional Independencia, located near Tizapán neighborhood, on most of
4602-535: The North China Plain . The first domesticated crops seem to have been the foxtail and broomcorn varieties of millet , while rice was cultivated in the south. By 2000 BC, wheat had arrived from western Asia. These grains were typically served as warm noodle soups instead of baked into bread as in Europe. Nobles hunted various wild game and consumed mutton , pork and dog as these animals were domesticated. Grain
4720-513: The People's Daily newspaper identified the Eight Cuisines of China as Anhui ( 徽菜 ; Huīcài ), Guangdong ( 粵菜 ; Yuècài ), Fujian ( 閩菜 ; Mǐncài ), Hunan ( 湘菜 ; Xiāngcài ), Jiangsu ( 蘇菜 ; Sūcài ), Shandong ( 魯菜 ; Lǔcài ), Sichuan ( 川菜 ; Chuāncài ), and Zhejiang ( 浙菜 ; Zhècài ). Chinese cuisine is deeply intertwined with traditional Chinese medicine , such as in
4838-634: The Shanjia Qinggong ( Chinese : 山家清供 ; pinyin : Shānjiā qīnggòng ) and the Wushi Zhongkuilu ( Chinese : 吳氏中饋錄 ; pinyin : Wúshì zhōngkuìlù ) showing the respective esoteric foods and common household cuisine of the time. The Yuan and Qing dynasties introduced Mongolian and Manchu cuisine , warm northern dishes that popularized hot pot cooking. During the Yuan dynasty many Muslim communities emerged in China, who practiced
Public housing estates on Tsing Yi Island - Misplaced Pages Continue
4956-500: The Son of Heaven will the tastiest delicacies be prepared [for him]." The Zhaohun (4-3rd c. BC) gives some examples: turtle ragout, honey cakes and beer (chilled with ice). During Shi Huangdi 's Qin dynasty , the empire expanded into the south. By the time of the Han dynasty , the different regions and cuisines of China's people were linked by major canals and leading to greater complexity in
5074-562: The Tsuen Wan New Town westward onto the island. The plan was to develop the northeastern quadrant of the island into residential use, and some estates were to be built on reclaimed land . The Hong Kong Housing Authority was mandated to construct public housing estates as part of this plan. Cheung Ching Estate is the first stage of new town development. All the estates in this development are named "Cheung variable Estate" ( 長x邨 ), and most flats were destined for rental. Tsing Yi Estate
5192-596: The resettlement programme launched by the Hong Kong government in the 1950s in response to the increasing prevalence of squatter settlements, which emerged as a result of a great influx of refugees following the Communist revolution in China . The squatter villages were considered unsafe as they were susceptible to disastrous fires, including a 1953 blaze in Shek Kip Mei that rendered over 50,000 people homeless overnight. Large-scale resettlement estates were built throughout
5310-440: The "rice theory" attempts to describe cultural differences between north and south China; in the north, noodles are more consumed due to wheat being widely grown whereas in the south, rice is more preferred as it has historically been more cultivated there. Chinese ancestors successfully planted millet , rice , and other grains about 8,000 to 9,000 years ago. Wheat , another staple, took another three or four thousand years. For
5428-617: The 'one-for-one' rule would make building new housing extremely difficult . The long-term effect of this was that more housing was demolished than built, and many people were displaced without being guaranteed a spot in the new housing that would get built. This led to the widespread displacement and reshuffling of public house residents: namely, low-income, Black, single-parent families . Narratives that public housing projects were full of crime, drugs, and poverty were used to further justify demolition and destruction of public housing. Such associations between crime, surveillance and policing, and
5546-489: The 1950s and 1960s. In 1973, the government of Sir Murray MacLehose launched the Ten-Year Housing Programme, which aimed to provide the entire population with "satisfactory housing" within a decade. The government also launched the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) in 1976 to enable lower-income households to purchase flats. Many public housing estates were built as part of new town development programmes . During
5664-665: The 1980s, most of the earliest resettlement estates (from the 1950s and early 1960s) were also rebuilt to modern standards. Public housing remains a key concern of the Hong Kong Government, which plans to construct some 330,000 units between 2022 and 2032. 86.6% of the Indian population lives in own houses . There are various public housing projects by both state and central governments in small scale. Chinese cuisine Chinese cuisine comprises cuisines originating from China , as well as from Chinese people from other parts of
5782-463: The 1993 HOPE VI project's response was demolition . The federal Housing and Urban Development (HUD) department's 1993 HOPE VI program addressed concerns of distressed properties and blighted superblocks with revitalization and funding projects for the renewal of public housing to decrease its density and allow for tenants with mixed income levels. The project paired together the demolition of public housing stock and private development, leading to
5900-418: The 1st floor. After budget cuts on social welfare by Hong Kong Government , many local offices of voluntary organisations in the area were withdrawn or incorporated into the centre. Cheung Fat Estate ( Chinese: 長發邨) comprises 4 tower blocks, built on reclaimed land in Tsing Yi North. All buildings, except for King Fat House, enjoy a seaview over Tsuen Wan seashore. In May 2005, the Government announced
6018-497: The Brooke Amendment. Rents now became set at 25% of a tenant's income with the result that the program began serving the "poorest tenants." Other attempts to solve these problems include the 1974 Section 8 Housing Program, which encourages the private sector to construct affordable homes, and subsidized public housing. This assistance can be "project-based", subsidizing properties, or "tenant-based", which provides tenants with
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#17328758114256136-582: The Clinton era established, through HUD, the Public Housing Drug Elimination Program, which led to the cracking down of public housing, leading to more policing and surveillance for low-income people of color . In the 60s and 70s, the popularization of neoliberalism caused a turn away from public sector solutions towards private or public-private solutions. This, in conjunction with the narrative of public housing being obsolete, led to both
6254-520: The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to rent units to families with low incomes. Affordable housing goals can also be achieved through subsidies. Subsidized housing is owned and operated by private owners who receive subsidies in exchange for providing affordable housing. Owners may be individual landlords or for-profit or nonprofit corporations. Social housing had existed sporadically prior to modern developments. The oldest still in use
6372-565: The Netherlands to less than 1% in Colombia. In the United States, public housing developments are classified as housing projects that are owned by a housing authority or a low-income (project-based voucher) property. PBV are a component of a public housing agency. PBVs, administered by state and local housing agencies, are distinct from Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance (PBRA), a program through which property owners' contract directly with
6490-503: The Sports Centre on the 4th floor which has facilities for badminton, squash and basketball, as well as fitness room. There is a Cantonese restaurant on the top floor, which is famous for its hot pot buffet. McDonald's and other restaurants can be found there as well. There are two supermarkets, one on the ground floor and another on the third floor. Maritime Market is situated next to the shopping centre. Cheung Hang Estate (長亨邨)
6608-670: The Tang dynasty. During the Southern and Northern dynasties non-Han people like the Xianbei of Northern Wei introduced their cuisine to northern China, and these influences continued up to the Tang dynasty , popularizing meat like mutton and dairy products like goat milk, yogurts, and Kumis among even Han people. It was during the Song dynasty that Han Chinese developed an aversion to dairy products and abandoned
6726-738: The United States in the 1930s, but only became widespread globally after the Second World War . South African apartheid featured high poverty rates in Black South Africans due to racial segregation and discrimination, so the post-apartheid government has sought to build social housing for poor black households, in urban areas with economic opportunity. The Reconstruction and Development and Breaking New Ground programs have provided over 3.5 million houses from 1995 to 2020, but they did not fully meet demand, and were built away from inner urban areas, exacerbating racial divides. The housing shortage
6844-555: The auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency under the direction of Colonel Lawrence Westbrook . These eight projects were purchased by the residents after the Second World War and as of 2009 seven of the projects continue to operate as mutual housing corporations owned by their residents. These projects are among the very few definitive success stories in
6962-669: The best known and most influential are Cantonese cuisine , Shandong cuisine , Jiangsu cuisine (specifically Huaiyang cuisine ) and Sichuan cuisine . These styles are distinctive from one another due to factors such as availability of resources, climate, geography , history , cooking techniques and lifestyle. One style may favour the use of garlic and shallots over chili and spices, while another may favour preparing seafood over other meats and fowl . Jiangsu cuisine favours cooking techniques such as braising and stewing , while Sichuan cuisine employs baking . Zhejiang cuisine focuses more on serving fresh food, Fujian cuisine
7080-796: The confection more friable. Chinese candies and sweets, called táng (糖) are usually made with cane sugar , malt sugar, honey, nuts, and fruit. Gao or Guo are rice-based snacks that are typically steamed and may be made from glutinous or normal rice. Another cold dessert is called baobing , which is shaved ice with sweet syrup. Chinese jellies are known collectively in the language as ices . Many jelly desserts are traditionally set with agar and are flavoured with fruits, known as guodong (果冻), though gelatine based jellies are also common in contemporary desserts. Chinese dessert soups are typically sweet and served hot. European pastries are also seen in China, like mille-feuille , crème brûlée , and cheesecake , but they are generally not as popular because
7198-631: The dairy foods introduced earlier. The Han Chinese rebel Wang Su who received asylum in the Xianbei Northern Wei after fleeing from Southern Qi, at first could not stand eating dairy products like goat's milk and meat like mutton and had to consume tea and fish instead, but after a few years he was able to eat yogurt and lamb, and the Xianbei Emperor asked him which of the foods of China (Zhongguo) he preferred, fish vs mutton and tea vs yogurt. The great migration of Chinese people south during
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#17328758114257316-551: The different regional cuisines. Not only is food seen as giving " qi ", energy, but the food is also about maintaining yin and yang. The philosophy behind it was rooted in the I Ching and Chinese traditional medicine : food was judged for color, aroma, taste, and texture and a good meal was expected to balance the Four Natures (' hot ', warm, cool, and ' cold ') and the Five Tastes (pungent, sweet, sour, bitter, and salty). Salt
7434-529: The dishes, many Chinese cuisines also contain dried Chinese mushrooms, dried baby shrimp, dried tangerine peel, and dried Sichuan chillies. When it comes to sauces , China is home to soy sauce, which is made from fermented soybeans and wheat. A number of sauces are also based on fermented soybeans, including hoisin sauce , ground bean sauce and yellow bean sauce. There are also different sauces preferred by regional cuisines, oyster sauce , fish sauce and furu (fermented tofu) are also widely used. Vinegar also has
7552-431: The displacement of many residents. One of the biggest components of this was the repealing of the "one-for-one" replacement rule, which said that for every unit of housing destroyed a new one must be built . HOPE VI's reasoning for repealing this policy was that it was hindering the construction of new, mixed-income units: since the public housing buildings were so massive, those behind HOPE VI believed that trying to match
7670-533: The early 1980s, Ching Tao House was built for the relocation of residents owing to reclamation of Tsing Yi Tong and Mun Tsai Tong . To the west are Mayfair Gardens and Cheung Hong Estate , to the north is Chung Mei Lo Uk Village , to the east are industrial building, to the south are Rambler Crest and the Container Terminal 9 . The estate consists of eight 'houses', i.e. high-rise blocks of flats, with 4905 flats. There are currently 4700 households in
7788-610: The economic reforms were categorized as "Old Public Houses" ( Chinese : 老公房 ). "Old Public Houses" were, in principle, not supposed to be privately sold, but the household could sell it after purchasing the ownership of the building (not the property), and such transactions were subject to be review by local housing authorities and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission . However, an informal filing system and unclear policies resulted in problems of corruption and family dispute. The concept of
7906-524: The end of the Second World War, enriched by US investments and an oil boom , Mexico had its first demographic boom, in which the primary destination for rural immigrants was Mexico City . Mario Pani Darqui , a famous architect at time, was charged to build its first large-scale public housing project. Built for the Dirección de Pensiones Civiles y Retiro (the National Pensions office, today ISSSTE),
8024-433: The estate. Other than residential blocks, the estate also provides a commercial centre with market, a community centre , a bus terminus , three primary schools, a secondary school, several car parks and garages , and several playgrounds . The eight houses of the estate are: The Cheung Ching Commercial Centre ( 長青邨商場 ) is a 6-storey complex surrounded by Ching Yung House, Ching Wai House and Ching Kwai House. At
8142-464: The estate. This is the second estate in the area. Cheung Hong is a large estate: it reaches Tsing Yi Road West at the west and nearly Cheung Ching Bus Terminus at the east. Cheung On Estate ( Chinese: 長安邨) is situated in Area 8 of Tsing Yi Island, built on the reclaimed land in Tsing Yi North. The estate consists of ten high-rise blocks of flats. Among 7338 flats in the estate, 5617 flats have been sold to
8260-554: The first community centre on the Tsing Yi Island. It was built in the late phase of the Cheung Ching Estate. The building is of 7 storeys, providing various community services for mainly south part of the new town of Tsing Yi Island. The Community Centre is operated by various NGOs. YWCA operates one integrated centre (for youth, family, female and school), one elderly centre, and a kindergarten. Lutheran provides service for
8378-633: The first intake of 2146 people were allocated housing in Phase I of the estate (Ching Wai House, Ching Yung House, and Ching Kwai House). They were residents from overcrowded estates, or were relocated from redevelopment of older (Mk I and Mk II blocks) estates in Kowloon Bay , and Hong Kong Island . At the time, transport infrastructure was undeveloped, and there were great concerns about logistics from would-be residents. Later, Ching Chung House, Ching Pak House, Ching Mui House and Ching Yeung House came on stream. In
8496-524: The first time, grains provided people with a steady supply of food. Because of the lack of various foods, Chinese people had to adapt to new eating habits. Meat was scarce, and so people cooked with small amounts of meat and rice or noodles. Rice was domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in southern China approximately 9,000 years ago and is a primary staple food for people from rice farming areas in southern China. Steamed rice , usually white rice ,
8614-572: The history of the US public housing effort. Public housing was only built with the blessing of the local government, and projects were almost never built on suburban greenfields , but through regeneration of older neighborhoods. The destruction of tenements and eviction of their low-income residents consistently created problems in nearby neighborhoods with "soft" real estate markets. Initiatives in housing policy were implemented in ways that perpetuated stigma against African Americans. Initially, public housing
8732-571: The houses and apartments were sold to the residents. Neighbourhoods in Puerto Rico are often divided into three types: barrio , urbanización (urbanisation) and residencial público (public housing). An urbanización is a type of housing where land is developed into lots, often by a private developer, and where single-family homes are built. More recently, non-single-family units, such as condominiums and townhouses are being built which also fall into this category. (In Puerto Rico,
8850-483: The housing deficit, Minha Casa Minha Vida sought to stimulate the economy by generating employment in the construction sector. According to the Brazilian Chamber of Construction Industry (CBIC), the program created millions of jobs, directly and indirectly, contributing to the country's economic growth during its initial phases. However, critics argue that the program's focus on mass production sometimes overlooked
8968-583: The importance of integrating new housing developments with adequate infrastructure, such as schools , healthcare facilities , and transportation networks , which are essential for fostering sustainable urban development. In Canada, public housing is usually a block of purpose-built subsidized housing operated by a government agency, often simply referred to as community housing, with easier-to-manage townhouses. Many cities in Canada still maintain large high-rise clustered developments in working-class neighborhoods,
9086-473: The invasions preceding and during the Song dynasty increased the relative importance of southern Chinese staples such as rice and congee . Su Dongpo has improved the red braised pork as Dongpo pork . The dietary and culinary habits also changed greatly during this period, with many ingredients such as soy sauce and Central Asian influenced foods becoming widespread and the creation of important cookbooks such as
9204-668: The island. Ching Wang Court ( Chinese : 青宏苑 ) is a HOS in Tsing Yi, near Cheung On Estate , Cheung Fat Estate and Villa Esplanada . Formerly the site of Ching Fat Temporary Housing Area, it consists of 2 residential buildings completed in 2001. Easeful Court ( Chinese : 青逸軒 ) is a public housing estate in Tsing Yi Island , New Territories , Hong Kong. It is located near Delia (Man Kiu) English Primary School, Tsing Yi North Coastal Road and Cheung On Estate and within walking distance to MTR Tsing Yi station . It consists of two residential blocks completed in 2003, with
9322-528: The land that once was the Matsumoto Hacienda. The project was developed during Adolfo López Mateos presidential period, started in 1959 and completed in 1960. The development included an integral design considering landscaping, and premises that could provide basic services to the residents: a clinic, a sports complex, theater, movie theater, a supermarket, a kindergarten, three elementary schools, among others. It functioned as public housing until 1982, when
9440-622: The last leg of the Columbian Exchange , Spanish and Portuguese traders began introducing foods from the New World to China through the port cities of Canton and Macau . Mexican chili peppers became essential ingredients in Sichuan cuisine and calorically dense potatoes and corn became staple foods across the northern plains. During the Qing dynasty, Chinese gastronomes such as Yuan Mei focused upon
9558-516: The long list of applicants . The public-owned housing system was established when the Chinese Communist Party started a planned economy in the 1950s as part of its Great Leap Forward . The system was funded by the central government's budget and were administered and distributed by state-owned enterprises . The occupants of the public housing were usually the employees of the enterprises and their family, who were subject to pay rent at
9676-518: The low-cost rental housing can be traced to a 1998 policy statement, but did not truly take off until 2006 due to limited funding and administrative problems. The provision of more affordable housing is one of the key components of China's Twelfth Five-year Plan , which targets the construction of 36 million homes by 2015. That program's costs will be split between the private and public sector and are estimated at five trillion yuan by China International Capital Corporation . In Hong Kong, public housing
9794-486: The lower Yellow River around 2600 Before Common Era (BCE), followed by Gansu and Xinjiang around 1900 BCE and finally occurred in the middle Yellow River and Tibet regions by 1600 BCE". Noodles were invented in China over 4,000 years ago and have since spread across the world. Chinese noodles come dry or fresh in a variety of sizes, shapes and textures and are often served in soups or fried as toppings. Some varieties, such as Shou Mian (寿面, literally noodles of longevity),
9912-577: The modern sense first emerged in Song dynasty China during the 11th and 12th centuries. Street food became an integral aspect of Chinese food culture during the Tang dynasty , and the street food culture of much of Southeast Asia was established by workers imported from China during the late 19th century. The preferences for seasoning and cooking techniques in Chinese provinces depend on differences in social class , religion , historical background , and ethnic groups . Geographic features including mountains, rivers, forests, and deserts also have
10030-547: The most common form of dessert consumed after dinner. Dim sum (点心), originally means a small portion of food, can refer to dessert, or pastries. Later to avoid disambiguation, tian dian (甜点) and gao dian (糕点) are used to describe desserts and pastries. Traditionally, Chinese desserts are sweet foods and dishes that are served with tea, usually during the meal, or at the end of meals in Chinese cuisine. Besides being served as dim sum along with tea, pastries are used for celebration of traditional festivals. The most famous one
10148-483: The narrative that people living in public housing were " Welfare Queens ", or otherwise living in a state of abject poverty and terrible conditions . These demographic changes also decreased support for housing, leading to the government cutting funding for the program . Because of funding cuts and mismanagement by public housing authorities, public housing started to reflect modern associated characteristics of "soul-crushing" buildings or "humanitarian disasters"—to which
10266-420: The physical handicapped and the deaf. Yan Chai provides temporary after-school care for children. There is a hall for various programmes on the ground floor. From 1st floor to 6th floor, it was occupied by Hong Kong Youth Women's Club Association. Its branch Tsing Yi Integrated Social Service Centre provides integrated services for youth, family, senior citizen, children and workers. Government also has an office on
10384-400: The podium level, there are a handful of shops and a Chinese restaurant . At the market level, most shops sell fresh food. A supermarket is at the ground floor. A garage is incorporated in the centre. There are two clinics on the ground floor of Ching Wai House. Some NGOs also set up facilities at Ching Yung House and Ching Kwai House. The Cheung Ching Estate Community Centre ( 長青社區中心 ) is
10502-496: The poorest parts of the city, Santiago Tlatelolco , which was becoming a slum. Unfortunately, after a while, instead of giving the residences to the previous residents of Tlatelolco , corruption took place and most of the dwellings were handed to state employees. During the earthquake of 1985 , both the Benito Juárez and Nonoalco-Tlaltelolco complexes suffered major damage, with some buildings collapsing. Today most of
10620-431: The popular sense) may be located in one of these 901 official geographic areas. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, government involvement in housing for the poor was chiefly in the introduction of building standards . Atlanta, Georgia 's Techwood Homes , dedicated in 1935, was the nation's first public housing project. Most housing communities were developed from the 1930s onward and initial public housing
10738-547: The population. The project has been criticized for its placement and quality of the houses. Houses are built far from the city centre to reduce housing costs which consequently reduces access to the labor market ; a study of randomly selected houses of the MCMV project in Rio de Janeiro showed a reduced likelihood of being formally employed in job-seekers but income was not affected in those who were already employed. In addition to addressing
10856-481: The practise of Chinese food therapy . Color, scent and taste are the three traditional aspects used to describe Chinese food, as well as the meaning, appearance, and nutrition of the food. Cooking should be appraised with respect to the ingredients used, knife work, cooking time, and seasoning. Chinese society greatly valued gastronomy , and developed an extensive study of the subject based on its traditional medical beliefs . Chinese culture initially centered around
10974-770: The primary goal of extracting the maximum flavour of each ingredient. As noted in his culinary work the Suiyuan shidan , however, the fashions of cuisine at the time were quite varied and in some cases were flamboyantly ostentatious, especially when the display served also a formal ceremonial purpose, as in the case of the Manchu Han Imperial Feast . As the pace of life increases in modern China, fast food like fried noodles , fried rice and gaifan (dish over rice) become more and more popular. Chinese cuisine exhibits and immense amount of regional diversity. A number of different styles contribute to Chinese cuisine but perhaps
11092-608: The program, included within the government Growth Acceleration Program (PAC, Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento ) was announced in March 2010. This stage foresaw the construction of a further two million homes. All funds for Minha Casa Minha Vida properties were provided by the Brazilian public bank, Caixa Econômica Federal . The bank financed development and provided mortgages for qualifying families. As of September 2018 , 4.5 million homes were built and distributed to
11210-461: The projects increased in 1996. Projects continue to have a reputation for violence, drug use, and prostitution, especially in New Orleans , Washington, D.C. Chicago and Detroit , leading to the passage of a 1996 federal " one strike you're out " law, enabling the eviction of tenants convicted of crimes, especially drug-related, or merely as a result of being tried for some crimes. Specifically,
11328-508: The residents under the TPS since January 1998. Cheung On Estate was the one of the first few estates to be sold under the above scheme. The remaining 1721 flats are remained as the public housing, which 1600 households are living in. According to the census taken in 2001, the total population of the estate is 28,278. The ten blocks in the estate consist of three building types: Linear 1 , New Slab and Trident 3 . They are: Cheung Wang Estate (長宏邨)
11446-739: The roasted, flat bread shaobing was brought back from the Xiyu (the Western Regions, a name for Central Asia ) by the Han dynasty General Ban Chao , and that it was originally known as hubing ( 胡餅 , lit. "barbarian bread"). The shaobing is believed to be descended from the hubing. Shaobing is believed to be related to the Persian nan and Central Asian nan , as well as the Middle Eastern pita . Foreign westerners made and sold sesame cakes in China during
11564-512: The sale of 23,000 hectares (57,000 acres) flats under the final phase of the TPS. Cheung Fat Estate was to be part of this "privatisation" by the Authority, under a scheme in which all "flats" are set for sale by the end of 2006. Cheung Fat Plaza, a five-storey shopping centre located in the lower part of the estate, caters to the household needs of residents in Cheung Fat and surrounding estates, and
11682-508: The traditional grid of streets, improve leisure and cultural amenities. However, the residents of these communities often have had little effective input in the plans and have had mixed reactions to the construction. In 2014, Vancouver , long considered one of the least affordable cities in the world, changed the definition of social housing to mean rental housing in which a minimum of 30 percent of dwelling units are occupied by households that cannot pay market rents, due to lack of income. At
11800-400: The turn away from public housing and towards subsidized housing solutions. Houses, apartments or other residential units are usually subsidized on a rent-geared-to-income (RGI) basis. Some communities have now embraced a mixed income, with both assisted and market rents, when allocating homes as they become available. A significant change in the program took place in 1969, with the passage of
11918-1172: The type of sufu it is. This kind of tofu is usually eaten alongside breakfast rice. Soybean milk is soybean-based milk. It is a morning beverage, and it has many benefits to human health. Apart from vegetables that can be commonly seen, some unique vegetables used in Chinese cuisine include baby corn , bok choy , snow peas , Chinese eggplant , Chinese broccoli , and straw mushrooms . Other vegetables, including bean sprouts , pea vine tips, watercress , lotus roots , chestnuts, water chestnuts, and bamboo shoots , are also used in different cuisines of China. Because of different climate and soil conditions, cultivars of green beans, peas, and mushrooms can be found in rich variety. A variety of dried or pickled vegetables are also processed, especially in drier or colder regions where fresh vegetables were hard to get out of season. Seasonings such as fresh ginger root, garlic , scallion , cilantro and sesame are widely used in many regional cuisines. Sichuan peppercorns , star anise , cinnamon , fennel , cloves and white peppers and smart weed are also used in different regions. To add extra flavor to
12036-513: The world. Because of the Chinese diaspora and the historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has profoundly influenced many other cuisines in Asia and beyond, with modifications made to cater to local palates. Chinese food staples such as rice , soy sauce , noodles , tea , chili oil , and tofu , and utensils such as chopsticks and the wok , can now be found worldwide. The world's earliest eating establishments recognizable as restaurants in
12154-563: Was begun in 1890 by the Metropolitan Board of Works and completed by the then-recently formed London County Council in 1900. The success of this project spurred many local councils to embark on similar construction schemes in the early 20th century. The Arts and Crafts movement and Ebenezer Howard 's garden city ideas led to the leafy London County Council cottage estates such as firstly Totterdown Fields and later Wormholt and Old Oak . The First World War indirectly provided
12272-604: Was built in London to replace one of the capital's most notorious slums – the Old Nichol . Nearly 6,000 individuals were crammed into the packed streets, where one child in four died before his or her first birthday. Arthur Morrison wrote the influential A Child of the Jago , an account of the life of a child in the slum, which sparked a public outcry. Construction of the Boundary Estate
12390-450: Was built on the hills near Liu To of Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong. It provides 4689 rental flats and the year of intake was 1990. It is adjacent to Cheung Wang Estate . There is a footpath linking Tsing Yi Nature Trail and Liu To Road near Cheung Hang Shopping Centre. On the trail people can enjoy the beautiful view of Tsing Ma Bridge . Cheung Hang has a small-scale two-floor shopping centre. A Chinese restaurant, Fairwood Restaurant and
12508-484: Was completed in 2017. Chun Ho House was sealed for covid-test on 28 February 2022. Ching Fu Court ( Chinese: 青富苑) is a HOS court under Green Form Subsidised Home Ownership Scheme in Tsing Yi South between Rambler Crest and Mayfair Garden . Flat size ranges from 187 to 471 square foot and will be sold at less than 50 percent of market price from HK$ 820,000 to HK$ 2.73 million. Ching Nga Court ( Chinese: 青雅苑)
12626-546: Was considered one of the most important shopping arcades under the Housing Authority. It is now under the management of The Link REIT , having been spun off from the Authority and listed on the Hong Kong stock market in 2005. There are a variety of facilities, shops and restaurants which cater for the household needs of residents in Cheung Fat and surrounding estates, namely Cheung On Estate and Ching Wang Court. For example,
12744-458: Was created in the Province of Ontario in 2002 to provide group services for social housing providers (public housing, non-profit housing and co-operative housing ). It is a non-profit corporation which provides Ontario housing providers and service managers with bulk purchasing, insurance, investment and information services that add significant value to their operations. Recently, there has been
12862-535: Was estimated to be 3.7 million units in 2021. The Department of Human Settlements, which facilitates national housing development, has sought to transition from a housing-focused development model to a holistic view, including services. Minha Casa Minha Vida ("My House, My Life"), the Brazilian federal government's social housing program, was launched in March 2009 with a budget of R$ 36 billion (US$ 18 billion) to build one million homes. The second stage of
12980-404: Was found that many people of color did not want to move away from their families, communities, and systems of support, as well as experiencing stigma and difficulties with landlords, safety, or expenses . This leads to the program doing little to actually create a more racially-integrated city demographics, mostly reproducing inequality while simultaneously not having enough valid housing units for
13098-655: Was in 1885, after the report from a royal commission in England, that the state first took an interest. This led to the Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885 , which empowered Local Government Boards to shut down unhealthy properties and encouraged them to improve the housing in their areas. The City of London Corporation built tenements in the Farringdon Road in 1865. The world's first large-scale housing project
13216-618: Was intended to be built widespread, and as such be mixed-income, but lobbyists who did not want to see public housing decrease their housing values blocked such housing from going up . These early NIMBY movements limited where public housing was concentrated: predominantly in low-income neighborhoods. With the introduction of suburbs and expansion of choices for the white working class, the demographics of public housing changed from more class and racially integrated to predominantly impoverished, single-parent, welfare, and people of color . This led to stigmatization of public housing, through pushing
13334-405: Was largely slum clearance, with the requirement insisted upon by private builders that for every unit of public housing constructed, a unit of private housing would be demolished. This also eased concerns of the establishment by eliminating or altering neighborhoods commonly considered a source of disease, and reflected progressive-era sanitation initiatives. Moreover, public housing, along with
13452-460: Was made worse by the ponds formed by the excavation of brickearth. Pigs and cows in back yards, noxious trades like boiling tripe, melting tallow, or preparing cat's meat, and slaughter houses, dustheaps, and "lakes of putrefying night soil " added to the filth. Some philanthropists began to provide housing in tenement blocks , and some factory owners built entire villages for their workers, such as Saltaire in 1853 and Port Sunlight in 1888. It
13570-407: Was not cooked right, man would not eat. When it was cooked bad, man would not eat. When the meat was not cut properly, man would not eat. When the food was not prepared with the right sauce, man would not eat. Although there are plenty of meats, they should not be cooked more than staple food. There is no limit for alcohol, before a man gets drunk. The Lüshi chunqiu notes: "Only if one is chosen as
13688-445: Was stored against famine and flood and meat was preserved with salt, vinegar, curing, and fermenting. The flavor of the meat was enhanced by cooking it in animal fats though this practice was mostly restricted to the wealthy. By the time of Confucius in the late Zhou , gastronomy had become a high art. Confucius discussed the principles of dining: The rice would never be too white, the meat would never be too finely cut... When it
13806-555: Was used as a preservative from early times, but in cooking was added in the form of soy sauce, and not at the table. By the Later Han period (2nd century), writers frequently complained of lazy aristocrats who did nothing but sit around all day eating smoked meats and roasts. During the Han dynasty , the Chinese developed methods of food preservation for military rations during campaigns such as drying meat into jerky and cooking, roasting, and drying grain. Chinese legends claim that
13924-408: Was usually much more working-class and middle-class and white than it was by the 1970s. Many Americans associate large, multi-story towers with public housing, but early projects were actually low-rise, though Le Corbusier superblocks caught on before World War II. A unique US public housing initiative was the development of subsidized middle-class housing during the late New Deal (1940–42) under
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