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55-638: Chernihiv Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit of the Ukrainian State and the Ukrainian SSR , existing from 1918 to 1925. It was inherited from the Russian system of territorial subdivisions that existed prior to World War I . Specifically, Chernigov Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Russian Empire . It included the territory of the left-bank Ukraine and

110-683: A cadet ." In May, at the First Congress of the Southwestern Front ( Kamianets-Podilskyi ), he took the initiative to create volunteer strike units. In Petrograd , he headed the "Organizing Bureau of the All-Russian Central Committee for the Recruitment of Volunteers into Shock Units" (he was also the chairman of the "Central Executive Committee for the formation of the revolutionary army from volunteer rear services to continue

165-523: A bright flame ..." Victor A. Savchenko accompanied this statement by Muravyov with the following remark: "Muravyov clearly bragged about his international activities, all the more so since the Czech Republic simply did not exist in February 1918, and Serbia was completely occupied by Austrian troops." Muravyov was a staunch opponent of " Ukrainization " and his troops carried out mass repressions against

220-742: A lieutenant colonel on the Southwestern Front. After the February Revolution he organized volunteer units to continue the war, but he became disaffected with the Provisional Government and joined the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries . During the October Revolution he defended Petrograd against the forces of Alexander Kerensky . In January 1918 he led Red Guard units against the Central Rada of Ukraine and after

275-693: A member of the Revolutionary Military Committee and was elected the chief of defense of Petrograd. He was then appointed commander-in-chief of the troops of the Petrograd Military District, and then appointed commander of the troops operating against the forces of Kerensky-Krasnov . But on November 8 he announced his resignation from these positions, in connection with the withdrawal of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries from government posts. On December 6, 1917,

330-619: A total area of 52,396 km², and had a population of 2,298,000, according to the 1897 Russian Empire census . In 1914, the population was 2,340,000. In 1918 it became part of Ukraine and transformed into Chernihiv Governorate. As part of the Ukrainian State and the Ukrainian SSR, the governorate consisted of 18 counties ( povits ): In 1919, the northern Mhlyn, Novozybkiv, Starodub, and Surazh counties, with their mixed Ukrainian–Belarusian–Russian population, were transferred from Ukraine to

385-478: A volunteer in the army. In 1901 he graduated from the two-year Kazan infantry cadet school, and after which he was sent to the city of Roslavl in the province of Smolensk . In that same year he distinguished himself in training exercises by capturing Aleksey Kuropatkin , the mock enemy commander. In 1904, he commanded a company of the 122nd Tambov Regiment in the Russo-Japanese War . In February 1905, he

440-451: Is declared a traitor and an enemy of the people. Every honest citizen is obliged to shoot him on the spot". On July 11, Muravyov, with a detachment of a thousand people, arrived at Simbirsk , occupied strategic points of the city and arrested leading Bolsheviks, including the commander of the 1st Army Mikhail Tukhachevsky . Muravyov appeared at a meeting of the executive committee of the provincial Council, together with representatives of

495-562: Is only for reinforcements from outside. The Odessa proletariat is disorganized and politically illiterate. Ignoring the fact that the enemy is approaching Odessa, they do not think to worry. The attitude to the matter is very cold - typical of the Odesites." On March 9, he established military revolutionary tribunals in the controlled territory. Muravyov commanded the troops of the Odessa Soviet Republic until March 12, but could not hold

550-471: Is this Mr Dobry? Is he a subject of the German State? No, he is not a far relative nor a godparent, he is a stranger. And just because that stranger who legally has no connections with Germany and gave no halters to issue a decree of such colossal weight was abducted, the decree was issued. On 29 April, a party congress of bread producers consisting of some 6,000 delegates from all eight governorates of Ukraine

605-602: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee , the case "for the lack of corpus delicti" was dismissed. Muravyov himself, being in Odessa, described his "exploits" in Kyiv as follows: "We were establishing Soviet power by fire and sword. I took the city, destroyed the palaces and churches ... giving no mercy to anyone! ... Hundreds of generals, maybe thousands, were ruthlessly killed ... We took revenge. We could stop

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660-611: The Battle of Kruty his forces took Kyiv , where they carried out mass terror against the officers of the imperial army and pro-Ukrainian elements. Then his forces fought for the Odessa Soviet Republic against the Romanians and Austro-Hungarians, and in spring 1918 against the Don Cossack forces of General Kaledin . However, after he had been named commander of the Eastern Front , fighting

715-565: The Belarusian People's Republic . Almost the entire commanding staff of the Ukrainian State armed forces consisted of officers of the former Imperial Russian Army . Most officers were not supportive of the Ukrainian cause and viewed it as a way to make it through tough times. At the same time, wide masses of the population did not have a developed sense of nationalism and mainly chose to follow socialist and communist principles. Following

770-612: The Central Council of Ukraine . General management of the operation was assigned to Muravyov. On January 6, Muravyov’s troops entered Poltava . During the occupation of Poltava, Muravyov ordered the execution of 98 cadets and officers. Four days after the troops of the Central Council suppressed the January uprising in Kyiv , Muravyov’s troops entered the city, where a regime of Red Terror

825-592: The Council of People's Commissars formed the Southern Front to combat the counter-revolutionaries and Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko was appointed to be its commander in chief. Muravyov was appointed as Antonov-Ovseenko's chief of staff. Together with the commander of the troops of the Moscow military district, Nikolay Muralov , he formed Moscow Red Guard detachments to send against the troops of Alexey Kaledin . Kaledin

880-749: The Czechoslovak Legion , he heard of the Left SR uprising against the Bolsheviks in early July and rebelled, sailing down the Volga with a thousand men, hoping to take Simbirsk ( Muravyov revolt  [ ru ] ). He was captured by the Bolsheviks, resisted arrest , and was shot while trying to draw a gun. Mikhail Muravyov was born into a peasant family. He studied at the Kostroma seminary. In 1898 he enlisted as

935-578: The Kyiv Oblast of Ukraine, in addition to most of the Bryansk Oblast of Russia. When part of the Russian Empire, the governorate consisted of 15 uyezds (their administrative centres in brackets): Of these, 11 were in territory inhabited by Ukrainians: Borzna, Hlukhiv, Horodnia, Kozelets, Konotop, Krolovets, Nizhyn, Novhorod-Siverksyi, Oster, Sosnytsia, and Chernihiv. Chernigov Governorate covered

990-493: The Left SR uprising , Lenin began to doubt Muravyov’s loyalty, ordering the Revolutionary Military Council of the eastern front to secretly monitor his actions: "Report Muravyov’s statement about the rebellion of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. Continue close monitoring". Muravyov rebelled, having received news from Moscow and fearing arrest due to Bolshevik suspicions of disloyalty. Muravyov himself, during

1045-683: The Russian Provisional Government and joined the Left Socialist Revolutionaries , who actively criticized Kerensky. Following the October Revolution , he offered his services to the Soviet government. Two days after the uprising in Petrograd, Muravyov met with Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin , after which he was authorized to organize a fight against marauders who had plundered the Petrograd wine shops. On October 27, he became

1100-515: The Second Hetmanate ( Ukrainian : Другий Гетьманат , romanized :  Druhyi Hetmanat ), was an anti-Bolshevik government that existed on most of the modern territory of Ukraine (except for Western Ukraine ) from 29 April to 14 December 1918. It was installed by German military authorities after the socialist-leaning Central Council of the Ukrainian People's Republic

1155-869: The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church , ruled in Central and Eastern Ukraine . However, in Western Ukraine there was friction between Orthodox, Greek Catholics , Roman Catholics and Jews . In the conflicts, the Ministry of Confessions of the Ukrainian State and the Council of Ministers morally and materially supported the Orthodox clergy. On 25 June, the government allocated 3 million rubles to help priests who moved to Volhynia , Kholmshchyna , Grodno , Podolia , and Polesia , which were annexed to

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1210-701: The Ukrainian People's Army took Kyiv. He was expelled and the Hetmanate was replaced by the provisional government of the Directorate. According to the "Laws on the Provisional State System of Ukraine" , the leading position of the country was occupied by the Christian Orthodox faith. At the same time, citizens of Ukraine who belonged to other denominations had the right to profess their religion and rites . The Russian Orthodox Church , and later

1265-602: The armistice ending World War I , Ukrainian socialists formed the Directorate of Ukraine (the "Directory"), whose forces were spearheaded by the Sich Riflemen and "Greycoats". Although German and Austrian troops had not yet withdrawn from Ukraine, they had no further interest in fighting. Most of Skoropadskyi's own forces changed sides and joined the Directory. On 16 November 1918, starting in Bila Tserkva , fighting broke out in

1320-591: The Austro-Hungarian and German forces welcomed the coup; Skoropadskyi co-operated with them, making him unpopular among many Ukrainian peasants. The new state retained the tryzub (coat of arms) and the national flag but reversed the design to light blue over yellow. The Sich Riflemen opposed the coup and were disbanded along with the "Bluecoats", a Ukrainian division formed from POWs in Germany and Austria-Hungary named after their blue uniforms. Internal opposition

1375-610: The Bolshevik aggression, the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic that initially pursued anti-military policy sought military support after the capital Kyiv was sacked on 9 February 1918, by Mikhail Muravyov . On 9 February, Ukraine signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the coalition of the Central Powers and by March all Bolshevik forces of the Russian SFSR were removed from

1430-749: The Central Powers had lost the war and that Skoropadskyi could no longer rely on their support. He thus looked for support from conservative Russian elements in society and proposed joining a federation with Anton Denikin and the White movement . This further eroded his standing among Ukrainians. In December 1918, Skoropadskyi was deposed and the Directorate was established as a form of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The country lay in Eastern Europe along

1485-613: The German occupational forces were officially conducting all financial operations with the Reichsbank in Berlin . The next day, Eichhorn issued a decree according to which all criminal cases on the territory of Ukraine could selectively fall under the jurisdiction of the German field military court instead of the Ukrainian court system. At the next session of the Central Rada, Holubovych stated: Who

1540-451: The Hetmanate. Skoropadskyi had to turn to the thousands of Russian White Guard officers who had escaped to Ukraine with the intention of joining Denikin's Volunteer Army in the region of the Don river further east. They were assembled into a "Special Corps" but proved unable to resist the Directory's forces led by Symon Petliura . Skoropadskyi abdicated his position as Hetman on 14 December, as

1595-546: The Kievan "bourgeoisie" for the maintenance of Soviet troops. According to the Ukrainian Red Cross , in the first days after the establishment of Muravyov’s power in Kyiv, up to five thousand people were killed, of which up to three thousand were officers. It was one of the largest, if not the largest, massacres of Russian officers in the entire Civil War . On January 27, Muravyov sent a report to Antonov-Ovseenko and Lenin on

1650-506: The Left Socialist Revolutionaries. At that time, the local Left SRs were not yet removed from power and held the posts of military, land and food provincial commissars. By this time, the chairman of the local Bolshevik party committee had managed to secretly place Latvian riflemen , an armored squad and a special detachment of the Cheka around the building. During the meeting, the Red Guards and

1705-464: The Romanian forces, who sought to seize Bessarabia and Transnistria . In his telegram, Lenin demanded from Muravyov: "Act as energetically as possible on the Romanian front". In response, Muravyov reported: "The situation is extremely serious. The troops of the former front are disorganized, in reality there is no front, only headquarters remain, the location of which have not been clarified. The hope

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1760-401: The Ukrainian State. On 2 July, 120,000 roubles were allocated for the maintenance of the Orthodox clergy in the lands of Kholmshchyna, Podlachia and Polesia. Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov He was born in a village of Burdukovo , near Vetluga Kostroma Governorate to a peasant family. In 1898 he entered the army, serving in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I , in which he was

1815-403: The Ukrainian intelligentsia, officers, and bourgeoisie, to the point that it even became dangerous to speak Ukrainian in the streets. The People's Secretariat of Ukraine, which had moved to Kyiv from Kharkiv , demanded the removal of Muravyov from the city, calling him “the leader of the bandits”. On February 14, Muravyov was appointed commander of the front, having received the task of opposing

1870-400: The anger of revenge, but we did not do it because our aim was to be merciless!" On June 13, Muravyov was appointed commander of the Eastern Front . The German ambassador Wilhelm von Mirbach , wanting to motivate Muravyov to join the Bolsheviks in the fight against the Czechoslovak Legion , handed him a bribe. However, this did not prevent him from rebelling against the Bolsheviks. During

1925-589: The capture of Kiev: "Dear Vladimir Ilyich, I'm informing you that order has been restored in Kiev, the revolutionary power of the People's Secretariat, the Soviet of Workers and Peasants's Deputies and the Military Revolutionary Committee is working energetically. The disarmed city is gradually returning to normal, as it was before the bombing... I ordered the units of the 7th Army to cut the route of retreat -

1980-538: The city. After leaving Odessa on March 11–12, he ordered the ground units and ships of the navy of the Odessa Soviet Republic "to open fire with all guns at the bourgeois and nationalist parts of the city and destroy it." On April 1, having abandoned his troops, Muravyov arrived in Moscow. Lenin, on the initiative of Antonov-Ovseenko, offered him the post of commander of the Caucasian Soviet Army , but

2035-534: The daughter of the commander of the reserve Skopinsky infantry regiment. At the beginning of World War I , after receiving a number of serious wounds at the front, he was transferred by a tactics teacher to the ensign school in Odessa. During the February Revolution , Muravyov was on the Southwestern Front . In March, he tried to oust the Governor of Odessa Ebelov for being "insufficiently revolutionary and

2090-850: The east it had a border with the Don Republic , to its south were the Black and Azov Seas, while the Crimean peninsula—the Crimean Regional Government —came under the control of Sulkevych . To the southwest along the Dniester lay a border with the Kingdom of Romania , to the west Ukraine bordered the German Empire and Austria-Hungary . To the north were the German-occupied territories of Ober Ost and

2145-411: The events, declared that he "acted independently, but the Left SR Central Committee knows everything." On the night of July 9–10, Muravyov, having left the front headquarters in Kazan , without the knowledge of the military council of the front, loaded two regiments loyal to him onto steamers and left the city. He even managed to transfer the local communist squad from Simbirsk to Bugulma by order of

2200-427: The front. He opposed the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany , declared himself "commander in chief of the army operating against Germany", and sent a telegraph to the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR , the German embassy in Moscow and the command of the Czechoslovak Legion , declaring war on Germany. The troops of the front and the Czechoslovak Legion (with which he had to fight before

2255-407: The local Bolsheviks, headed by the chairman of the Baku Council of People's Commissars Stepan Shaumian , very sharply opposed such a candidate. In mid-April, in parallel with the suppression of the anarchists in Moscow, Muravyov was arrested on charges of abuse of power and connections with the anarchists; the commission of inquiry did not confirm the charge, and by a decree of the Presidium of

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2310-406: The middle and lower sections of the Dnieper on the coast of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov . The Ukrainian State covered most of the territory of modern-day Ukraine—minus West Ukraine , Budjak and Crimea . Its territory however extended into today's Russia , Belarus , Moldova and Poland . To its northeast Ukraine established a preliminary demarcation line with the Russian SFSR , on

2365-520: The newly established Gomel Governorate of the Russian republic. In 1925, the governorate’s territory was redistributed among Hlukhiv , Konotop , Nizhyn , and Chernihiv districts (okruhas). At the times of the Russian Census of 1897: At the time of the Imperial census of 1897. In bold are languages spoken by more people than the state language. Ukrainian State The Ukrainian State ( Ukrainian : Українська Держава , romanized :  Ukrainska Derzhava ), sometimes also called

2420-438: The rebellion) were ordered to move to the Volga and further west to repulse the German invasion. He took the initiative to create the so-called Volga Soviet Republic led by the Left Socialist Revolutionaries Maria Spiridonova , Boris Kamkov and Vladimir Karelin . In a joint government appeal, Lenin and Trotsky stated that "The former commander-in-chief on the Czech-Slovak front, the left Socialist Revolutionary Muravyov,

2475-420: The remnants of the Central Council are making their way to Austria . I met representatives of the powers of England , France , the Czech Republic , Serbia , who all declared to me, as a representative of the Soviet government, their complete loyalty ... I ordered artillery to strike at high-rise and rich palaces, at churches and priests ... I burned down Grushevsky’s big house, and for three days it burned with

2530-415: The territory of Ukraine. The German Army Group Kyiv was created in order to protect Ukraine from further Bolshevik aggression and headed by the German field marshal Hermann von Eichhorn . On 25 April, the administration of Army Group Kyiv suspected the government of Vsevolod Holubovych of kidnapping of Abram Dobry  [ uk ] , the chairman of the Foreign Trade Bank in Kyiv. Through that bank

2585-414: The war with Germany" ), and led the formation of volunteer shock battalions . In this field, Muravyov managed to form up to one hundred "death battalions" and several women's battalions. He was spotted by Alexander Kerensky , who appointed him chief of security of the Provisional Government, and promoted him to lieutenant colonel. After the defeat of the Kornilov coup , he severed further relations with

2640-402: Was dispersed on 28 April 1918. The Ukrainian State was governed by Pavlo Skoropadskyi , the hetman of all Ukraine , who outlawed all socialist-oriented political parties, creating an anti-Bolshevik front with the Russian State . It collapsed in December 1918, when Skoropadskyi was deposed and the Ukrainian People's Republic returned to power in the form of the Directorate . As a result of

2695-427: Was established. During the storming of the city, massive shelling was carried out. As a result of the artillery barrages the Grushevsky apartment building was destroyed. Before the assault itself, on February 4, Muravyov ordered his troops: "to mercilessly destroy all officers , cadets , Haidamakas , monarchists and enemies of the revolution in Kiev". Muravyov himself imposed an indemnity of five million rubles on

2750-413: Was executed by Bolsheviks). That night the Hetman supporters took over government building of military and internal affairs as well as the State Bank . The following day, the elite and most loyal formation of the Central Council , the Sich Riflemen , was disarmed. Skoropadskyi issued his manifesto ( hramota ) "To the All-Ukrainian Nation" and the Law of the Provisional State System. Desiring stability,

2805-455: Was officially created in 1802 from Malorossiya Governorate with its capital in Chernigov ( Chernihiv ). Little Russia Governorate was transformed into the General Government of Little Russia and consisted of Chernigov Governorate, Poltava Governorate , and later Kharkov Governorate . Chernigov Governorate borders are roughly consistent with the modern Chernihiv Oblast , but also included a large section of Sumy Oblast and smaller sections of

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2860-406: Was one of the inventors of the "echelon war" tactics. After the Southern Front entered Kharkiv , where the Congress of Soviets proclaimed Soviet power in Ukraine , Antonov-Ovseenko transferred the command of the troops operating in Ukraine to Muravyov, and he himself led the fight against the Don Cossack troops. On January 4, 1918, the Soviet government of Ukraine officially declared war on

2915-415: Was provoked by the requisitioning of food stocks and restoration of land to the wealthy landowners. Opponents of the Skoropadskyi regime committed acts of arson and sabotage and, in July 1918, assassinated Hermann von Eichhorn, the commander of German troops in Ukraine. In August 1918, the anti-Skoropadskyi coalition succeeded in forcing him to re-form the Sich Riflemen. By then it was becoming obvious that

2970-433: Was seriously wounded in the head. He spent about five years abroad, primarily in France , where he attended the Paris Military Academy. In 1907, Muravyov fell under the influence of revolutionary ideas and joined Boris Savinkov's Socialist Revolutionary group. On January 1, 1909 he served in the 1st Nevsky Infantry Regiment in the Caucasus . For seven years he served as a teacher at the Kazan Military School and married

3025-402: Was taking place in the building of the Kyiv Circus . After receiving information about the situation at the Congress from his couriers, Pavlo Skoropadskyi later arrived in his car to the event where he was elected the Hetman of Ukraine . After that all participants moved to St. Sophia's Square , where Skoropadskyi was blessed by Nykodym , the Vicar of Kyiv and Galicia (Metropolitan Vladimir

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