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102-517: The settlement of Cheremshan arose in the 1730s within a fortress of the same name located on the New Zakamskaya fortification line that was built on the southern border of Muscovy . The district was first established under the name Pervomaisky on August 10, 1930. In 1963, it was abolished and the territories residing in it were transferred to the Oktyabrsky and Almetyevsky districts . In January 1965,

204-585: A twenty-five-year war against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Sweden, and Denmark. Despite first successes, Ivan's army was pushed back, and the nation failed to secure a coveted position on the Baltic Sea. Hoping to make profit from Russia's concentration on Livonian affairs, Devlet I Giray of Crimea , accompanied by as many as 120,000 horsemen, repeatedly devastated the Moscow region , until

306-487: A Children's Art School in the district, where creative groups study and perform. These include the ensemble of folk instruments “Fantasy”, the choreographic ensemble “Happy Childhood”, and the vocal ensemble “Spring drops”. In the regional center there is the Yubileiny Ice Palace for 2000 seats and a sports stadium. Library services are provided by the centralized library system which unifies 29 library departments with

408-551: A boyar, Vasily Shuysky , was proclaimed tsar in 1606. In his attempt to retain the throne, Shuysky allied himself with the Swedes, unleashing the Ingrian War with Sweden. False Dmitry II , allied with the Poles, appeared under the walls of Moscow and set up a mock court in the village of Tushino . In 1609, Poland intervened into Russian affairs officially , captured Shuisky , and occupied

510-564: A broad view of what had been a rarely visited and poorly reported state. In the 1630s, the Russian Tsardom was visited by Adam Olearius , whose lively and well-informed writings were soon translated into all the major languages of Europe. Further information about Russia was circulated by English and Dutch merchants . One of them, Richard Chancellor , sailed to the White Sea in 1553 and continued overland to Moscow. Upon his return to England,

612-499: A conflict with each other, which provided Russia with the opportunity to make peace with Sweden in 1617. The Polish–Muscovite War was ended with the Truce of Deulino in 1618, restoring temporarily Polish and Lithuanian rule over some territories, including Smolensk , lost by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1509. The early Romanovs were weak rulers. Under Mikhail, state affairs were in

714-549: A decade of terror in Russia that culminated in the Massacre of Novgorod (1570). As a result of the policies of the oprichnina , Ivan broke the economic and political power of the leading boyar families, thereby destroying precisely those persons who had built up Russia and were the most capable of administering it. Trade diminished, and peasants, faced with mounting taxes and threats of violence, began to leave Russia. Efforts to curtail

816-422: A detailed description of L'Empire de Russie of the early 17th century that was presented to King Henry IV , stated that foreigners make "a mistake when they call them Muscovites and not Russians. When they are asked what nation they are, they respond 'Russac', which means 'Russians', and when they are asked what place they are from, the answer is Moscow, Vologda , Ryasan and other cities". The closest analogue of

918-519: A high investment potential as plans for projects including an agro-industrial park are already well underway. In January–September 2020, Cheremshansky municipal district ranked tenth in the republic in terms of socio-economic development. According to the Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for Social and Economic Monitoring, fixed capital investment in the region for the full range of economic entities for

1020-560: A hostility toward his advisers, the government, and the boyars . Historians have not determined whether policy differences, personal animosities, or mental imbalance caused his wrath. In 1565, he divided Russia into two parts: his private domain (or oprichnina ) and the public realm (or zemshchina ). For his private domain, Ivan chose some of the most prosperous and important districts of Russia. In these areas, Ivan's agents attacked boyars, merchants, and even common people, summarily executing some and confiscating land and possessions. Thus began

1122-585: A large fire broke out in the Cherenshan village which resulted in about 600 houses burning down. At the beginning of the 20th century, a volost government was established in Cheremshan, followed by a post station, a telegraph, a church, several rural schools, a hospital and other important volost facilities. In 1910, the population of the village amounted to 4,151 people. The years of the October Revolution and

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1224-567: A new law code, revamped the military, and reorganized local government. These reforms undoubtedly were intended to strengthen the state in the face of continuous warfare. The key documents prepared by the so-called Select Council of advisors and promulgated during this period are as follows: Muscovy remained a fairly unknown society in Western Europe until Baron Sigismund von Herberstein published his Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii (literally Notes on Muscovite Affairs ) in 1549. This provided

1326-466: A period of social struggle and civil war, the Time of Troubles ( Smutnoye vremya , 1598–1613). Ivan IV was succeeded by his son Feodor , who was uninterested in ruling and possibly mentally deficient. Actual power went to Feodor's brother-in-law, the boyar Boris Godunov (who is credited with abolishing Yuri's Day , the only time of the year when serfs were free to move from one landowner to another). Perhaps

1428-468: A result of consolidation efforts, the district was abolished and became part of the Oktyabrsky and Almetyevsky districts. It was reestablished under the name Cheremshansky on January 12, 1965. Within the framework of administrative divisions , the Cheremshansky District is one of the forty-three districts in the Republic of Tatarstan. Currently the district executive committee is subordinate to

1530-450: A result, False Dmitriy I entered Moscow and was crowned tsar that year, following the murder of Tsar Feodor II , Godunov's son. Subsequently, Russia entered a period of continuous chaos, known as The Time of Troubles (Смутное Время). Despite the Tsar's persecution of the boyars, the townspeople's dissatisfaction, and the gradual enserfment of the peasantry, efforts at restricting the power of

1632-625: A total collection of more than 50 thousand books and other printed materials. In the fall 2017 the First Regional Scientific and Practical Historical and Local Lore Conference was held in the regional center of Cheremshan for teachers, ethnographers, cultural workers and librarians. In 1980, the Cheremshansk Memorial Center was opened by a local historian Nikolai Frolov. The center conducts research work, organizes exhibitions and publishes books and other materials. In 2007, on

1734-412: Is 251 km away from Kazan and located 26 km from the nearest railway station Shentala. The 16K-1267 Shentala — Cheremshan — Novosheshminsk — Azeyevo highway passes from the south to the northwest of the district as part of the federal highway Kazan — Orenburg (R-239). Another regional road 16K-0131 Nurlat — Kuzaykino runs from south-west to north-east. From the regional center to the east runs

1836-581: Is a somewhat archaic translation. The Russian word grozny reflects the older English usage of terrible as in "inspiring fear or terror; dangerous; powerful; formidable". It does not convey the more modern connotations of English terrible , such as "defective" or "evil". Vladimir Dal defined grozny specifically in archaic usage and as an epithet for tsars: "Courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience". Other translations have also been suggested by modern scholars. Ivan IV became Grand Prince of Moscow in 1533 at

1938-495: Is characterized by warm springs and long and cold winters. Rivers Bolshaya Sulcha, Sheshma and Bolshoy Cheremshan flow in the region. The district has valuable deposits of oil and bitumen. The region is located in the forest-steppe zone. Forests cover 26% of its land area and most of the remaining land is arable. The local ecology has diverse flora and fauna characteristic of the southeastern Trans-Kama region; there are about 932 plant species and 303 animal species known to inhabit

2040-628: The Battle of Molodi put a stop to such northward incursions. But for decades to come, the southern borderland was annually pillaged by the Nogai Horde and the Crimean Khanate , who took local inhabitants with them as slaves. Tens of thousands of soldiers protected the Great Abatis Belt – a burden for a state whose social and economic development was stagnating. During the late 1550s, Ivan developed

2142-764: The Caucasus , although Russia surrendered those gains after Peter's death in 1725. There was no single flag during the Tsardom. Instead, there were multiple flags: Kazan Governorate Kazan Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Tsardom of Russia , the Russian Empire , and the Russian SFSR from 1708 to 1920, with its capital in Kazan . Kazan Governorate, together with seven other governorates,

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2244-671: The Civil War were difficult for the southeast of the Trans-Kama region. In 1918-1919, battles between the Bolsheviks and Kolchak's army took place in the Bugulminsky county ( uyezd ), and in 1921 famine broke out in the Volga region, from which a total of about 2 million people suffered. The administrative affiliation of Cheremshan and adjacent lands changed frequently. Until 1920, the village near

2346-469: The Eastern Orthodox Church . The Sobornoye Ulozheniye , a comprehensive legal code introduced in 1649, illustrates the extent of state control over Russian society. By that time, the boyars had largely merged with the new elite, who were obligatory servitors of the state, to form a new nobility , the dvoryanstvo . The state required service from both the old and the new nobility, primarily in

2448-653: The Holy Roman Emperor in Russia, used both Russia and Moscovia in his work on the Russian tsardom and noted: "The majority believes that Russia is a changed name of Roxolania . Muscovites ("Russians" in the German version) refute this, saying that their country was originally called Russia (Rosseia)". Pointing to the difference between Latin and Russian names, French captain Jacques Margeret , who served in Russia and left

2550-627: The Kremlin . A group of Russian boyars signed in 1610 a treaty of peace, recognising Ladislaus IV of Poland , son of Polish king Sigismund III Vasa , as tsar. In 1611, False Dmitry III appeared in the Swedish-occupied territories, but was soon apprehended and executed. The Polish presence led to a patriotic revival among the Russians, and a volunteer army, financed by the Stroganov merchants and blessed by

2652-515: The Muscovy Company was formed by himself, Sebastian Cabot , Sir Hugh Willoughby , and several London merchants. Ivan IV used these merchants to exchange letters with Elizabeth I . Despite the domestic turmoil of the 1530s and 1540s, Russia continued to wage wars and to expand. It grew from 2.8 to 5.4 million square kilometers from 1533 to 1584. Ivan defeated and annexed the Khanate of Kazan on

2754-732: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Sweden , and the Ottoman Empire , and the Russian conquest of Siberia , to the reign of Peter the Great, who took power in 1689 and transformed the tsardom into an empire. During the Great Northern War , he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire after victory over Sweden in 1721. While the oldest endonyms of the Grand Duchy of Moscow used in its documents were "Rus'" ( Русь ) and

2856-596: The Treaty of Nerchinsk , Russia ceded its claims to the Amur Valley, but it gained access to the region east of Lake Baikal and the trade route to Beijing . Peace with China strengthened the initial breakthrough to the Pacific that had been made in the middle of the century. Peter the Great (1672–1725), who became ruler in his own right in 1696, brought the Tsardom of Russia, which had little prior contact with Western Europe, into

2958-514: The Tsardom of Moscow , was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721. From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, wars with

3060-462: The boyar faction controlling the throne. In the 17th century, the bureaucracy expanded dramatically. The number of government departments ( prikazy ; sing., prikaz ) increased from twenty-two in 1613 to eighty by mid-century. Although the departments often had overlapping and conflicting jurisdictions , the central government, through provincial governors, was able to control and regulate all social groups, as well as trade, manufacturing, and even

3162-448: The "Russian land" ( Русская земля , Russkaya zemlya ), a new form of its name in Russian became common by the 15th century. The vernacular Rus ' was transformed into Rus(s)iya or Ros(s)iya (based on the Greek name for Rus'). In the 1480s, Russian state scribes Ivan Cherny and Mikhail Medovartsev mention Russia under the name "Росиа" ( Rosia ), and Medovartsev also mentions

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3264-561: The 16th century, the Russian ruler had emerged as a powerful, autocratic figure, a Tsar . By assuming that title, the sovereign of Moscow tried to emphasize that he was a major ruler or emperor ( tsar ( царь ) represents the Slavic adaptation of the Roman Imperial title/name Caesar ) on a par with the Byzantine emperor . Indeed, after Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina , the niece of

3366-570: The 17th century. In the southwest, it claimed the Wild Fields (modern day Eastern Ukraine and South-Western Russia), which had been under Polish–Lithuanian rule and sought assistance from Russia to leave the rule of the Commonwealth. The Zaporozhian Cossacks , warriors organized in military formations, lived in the frontier areas bordering Poland, the Crimean Tatar lands. Although part of them

3468-410: The 18th century, the lands around the former Cheremshan fortress were gradually settled. The villages of Lower and Upper Karmalka, Lagerna, Mordovskoye Afonkino, Ishlinka, Amirovo and others arose within the modern Cheremshansky district. Local historian Nikolai Florov points out that since 1744 active military units had been transferred to Orenburg, and retired soldiers began to settle on the territory of

3570-423: The Cheremshan “brand” and a symbol of the district's agricultural production. The term “onion money” was popular implying that the money raised by family farms from the seasonal sale of onions allowed them to buy scarce goods. Economists jokingly note that with successful investment, ecological production of onions could once again become the region's “brand”. As pointed out by specialists, the local farming sector has

3672-522: The Cheremshansky district heavily influences its economic specialization in agriculture and the petroleum industry. Nine oil producing companies operate in the region including Tatneft , Bulgarneft , Okhtin-Oil, Sheshmoil and Tatnefteprom . According to the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Tatarstan, the oil sector accounts for about 60% of the district economy. Agriculture plays an important role in

3774-483: The Cheremshansky district. The regional education sector employed more than 700 teachers, instructors and other employees. The average teachers’ salary for 2019 amounted to 28,426 rubles. Medical services are provided by the Cheremshanskaya Central Regional Hospital, which includes ambulance, therapeutic, pediatric, and surgical departments as well as antenatal and psychiatry clinics. There is

3876-637: The Cossack Academy in Kiev , Russia gained links to Polish and Central European influences and to the wider Orthodox world. Although the Zaporozhian Cossack link induced creativity in many areas, it also weakened traditional Russian religious practices and culture. The Russian Orthodox Church discovered that its isolation from Constantinople had caused variations to appear between their liturgical books and practices. The Russian Orthodox patriarch, Nikon ,

3978-484: The Council, the head of the district and its residents. Since June 2018, the position of the head of the executive committee has been held by Ilfat N. Shaidullin. The head of the district is Ferdinat M. Davletshin. According to the results of the 2010 census, the ethnic composition of the region was 54% Tatar, 22.8% Chuvash, 17.8% Russian and 4.2% Mordvin with 0.8% representing other nationalities. The geographical position of

4080-604: The Grand Duke Ivan IV was crowned Tsar and thus was recognized – at least by the Russian Orthodox Church – as Emperor. Notably, the hegumen Philotheus of Pskov claimed in 1510 that after Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, the Russian tsar remained the only legitimate Orthodox ruler, and that Moscow was the Third Rome , becoming the final lineal successor to Rome and Constantinople ; these were

4182-558: The Hetmanate ( Cossack Hetmanate ) as a participating party of the agreement ended the war in 1667. Cossacks considered it as a Moscow betrayal. As a result, it split Cossack territory along the Dnieper River , reuniting the western sector (or Right-bank Ukraine ) with Poland and leaving the eastern sector ( Left-bank Ukraine ) self-governing under the sovereignty of the tsar. However, the self-government did not last long and Cossack territory

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4284-559: The Iranian “flowing”. After the conquest of Kazan in 1552 and the expansion of the Muscovite state further to the east, territories in the region were regularly raided by the Nogai and Kalmyks . The southeast of modern Tatarstan bordered on the Nogai Horde and until the 1630s nomadic peoples roved across the steppe. In the second half of the 17th century, Russia began building border fortifications,

4386-494: The Kremlin in Moscow, prompting many to accept Tsarist autocracy as a necessary means to restoring order and unity in Russia. The Time of Troubles included a civil war in which a struggle over the throne was complicated by the machinations of rival boyar factions, the intervention of regional powers Poland and Sweden, and intense popular discontent, led by Ivan Bolotnikov . False Dmitriy I and his Polish garrison were overthrown, and

4488-477: The Latin term Moscovia in Russia was "Tsardom of Moscow", or "Moscow Tsardom" ( Московское царство , Moskovskoye tsarstvo ), which was used along with the name "Russia", sometimes in one sentence, as in the name of the 17th century Russian work On the Great and Glorious Russian Moscow State ( О великом и славном Российском Московском государстве , O velikom i slavnom Rossiyskom Moskovskom gosudarstve ). By

4590-782: The Ob River to the Yenisey River , then on to the Lena River and the coast of the Pacific Ocean. In 1648, Cossack Semyon Dezhnyov opened the passage between America and Asia. By the middle of the 17th century, Russians had reached the Amur River and the outskirts of the Chinese Empire . After a period of Sino-Russian border conflicts with the Qing dynasty , Russia made peace with China in 1689. By

4692-518: The Orthodox Church, was formed in Nizhny Novgorod and, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin , drove the Poles out of the Kremlin. In 1613, a zemsky Sobor proclaimed the boyar Mikhail Romanov as tsar, beginning the 300-year reign of the Romanov family. The immediate task of the new dynasty was to restore order. However, Russia's major enemies, Poland and Sweden, were engaged in

4794-672: The Poles convinced the Tartars to switch sides, the Zaporozhian Cossacks needed military help to maintain their position. In 1648, the Hetman (leader) of the Zaporozhian Host , Bohdan Khmelnytsky , offered to ally with the Russian tsar , Aleksey I . Aleksey's acceptance of this offer, which was ratified in the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654, led to a protracted war between Poland and Russia . The Truce of Andrusovo , which did not involve

4896-515: The Russian adaptation of “Cheremisan” — “the river of Cheremis” ( Mari ). There are several possible variants of its origin in the Tatar language, among which are “river of resinous forest”, “place of gathering of troops” or on behalf of Chiru Memshen (“leader of the troops”). The earliest use of the hydronym dates back to 992, when the Arab traveler Ahmad ibn Fadlan used the word “Jaramsan” which originated from

4998-521: The Russian realm" ( vo vse Rossisskoe tsarstvo ); the former is more typical of the 17th century, when the usage of the term " Great Russia " ( Velikaya Rossiya ) became widely established. By the 17th century, the form Rossiya replaced Rus' to describe the extent of the tsar's imperial authority in chiny , with Feodor III using the term "Great Russian Tsardom" ( Velikorossisskoe tsarstvie ) to denote an imperial and absolutist state, subordinating both Russian and non-Russian territories. The old name Rus'

5100-415: The Sheshminskaya and Cheremshanskaya fortresses. By 1768 more than a thousand people lived in Cheremshan. In addition to these soldiers, Russian and Tatar peasants, Bashkirs, Mordvins and Chuvashs also settled near the fortress. The turning point in the history of the Cheremshanskaya fortress was the Pugachev uprising . According to memoirs and other historical records, in January 1774, Pugachev's associate,

5202-403: The Sheshminsky regiment totaling 306 people were quartered in the recently rebuilt Cheremshan fortress. Despite the diminishment of its military and strategic status, the fortress could garrison more than three thousand people and 16 guns. Thus, with the formation of the Orenburg province, the Zakamskaya line from the state frontier turned into the southeastern border of the Kazan province. During

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5304-403: The Tsar were only halfhearted. Finding no institutional alternative to the autocracy, discontented Russians rallied behind various pretenders to the throne. During that period, the goal of political activity was to gain influence over the sitting autocrat or to place one's own candidate on the throne. The boyars fought among themselves, the lower classes revolted blindly, and foreign armies occupied

5406-417: The West opened as international trade increased and more foreigners came to Russia. The Tsar's court was interested in the West's more advanced technology, particularly when military applications were involved. By the end of the 17th century, Little Russian, Polish, and West European penetration had weakened the Russian cultural synthesis – at least among the elite – and had prepared

5508-454: The Zakamskaya (Cheremshanskaya) line, four land militia regiments were formed and mobilized. However, already in 1736, these plans had been revised and the construction was curtailed. Due to the construction of the Orenburg fortress, the New Zakamskaya line was recognized as strategically obsolete even before its completion. As a result, unfinished fortresses and outposts of the line were only partially populated. In 1736, three cavalry companies of

5610-404: The age of three. The Shuysky and Belsky factions of the boyars competed for control of the regency until Ivan assumed the throne in 1547. Reflecting Moscow's new imperial claims, Ivan's coronation as Tsar was a ritual modeled after those of the Byzantine emperors. With the continuing assistance of a group of boyars, Ivan began his reign with a series of useful reforms. In the 1550s, he declared

5712-408: The book Of the Russe Common Wealth (1591), and Samuel Collins , author of The Present State of Russia (1668), both of whom visited Russia, were familiar with the term Russia and used it in their works. So did numerous other authors, including John Milton , who wrote A brief history of Moscovia and of other less-known countries lying eastward of Russia , published posthumously, starting it with

5814-410: The bottom highlights the natural wealth of the region. The flag is based on heraldic elements of the district coat of arms. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 2:3. The Cheremshansky district derives its name from the village of Cheremshan which in turn received from the Bolshoi Cheremshan River flowing in the southeast of Tatarstan. As the geographer Yevgeny Pospelov states, the hydronym appeared as

5916-444: The church and the state. The chief opposition figure, the protopope Avvakum , was burned at the stake. The split afterwards became permanent, and many merchants and peasants joined the Old Believers. The tsar's court also felt the impact of Little Russia and the West. Kiev was a major transmitter of new ideas and insight through the famed scholarly academy that Metropolitan Mohyla founded there in 1631. Other more direct channels to

6018-410: The coat of arms, a stone wall, symbolizes the Cheremshan fortress and points to the historical role of the region in protecting the south-eastern borders of Muscovy. The wall can be interpreted as a symbol of strength and independence, and the arch made in it symbolizes hospitality and tolerance. The owl looking at the viewer personifies wisdom and vigilance while guarding state borders. The green field at

6120-491: The decision. Widespread crop failures caused the Russian famine of 1601–1603 , and during the ensuing discontent, a man emerged who claimed to be Tsarevich Demetrius , Ivan IV's son who had died in 1591. This pretender to the throne, who came to be known as False Dmitriy I , gained support in Poland and marched to Moscow, gathering followers among the boyars and other elements as he went. Historians speculate that Godunov would have weathered this crisis had he not died in 1605. As

6222-406: The district was reestablished once more and received its contemporary name of Cheremshansky. The Cheremshansky district is located in the south-west of the Republic of Tatarstan and shares borders with the Nurlatsky , Aksubaevsky , Novosheshminsky , Almetyevsky, Leninogorsky districts and with the Samara region (Chelno Vershinsky and Shentalinsky districts). The temperate climate of the region

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6324-418: The district. In March 2005, he Council of the Cheremshansky municipal district approved its new heraldic insignia. The canvas of the coat of arms is divided into three parts, the color combination repeats the national colors of the Republic of Tatarstan, depicting a silver-colored stone wall erected on a green field. Above an arch made in the wall, a silver owl sits on a red background. The central object of

6426-496: The district. Moles, voles, marmots, red ground squirrels, jerboas, mice and other steppe rodents are especially widespread. After their introduction in 1934, the American mink became very common in the Cheremshansky district. Lynxes, wolves, foxes and weasels live in the local forests. Larks, gray partridges, hazel grouses, magpies, tits and other species can be found among the steppe and forest avifauna. Additionally, nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries occupy an area of 4 hectares in

6528-432: The first half of 2020 exceeded 993 million rubles, or 0.5% of the total volume of investment in the republic. The largest disbursements of funds were allocated for mining, electricity and gas. According to the Federal Service of State Statistics, the Cheremshansky district attracted more than 1.276 million rubles of investment in 2019, which was almost 200 million more than in the previous year 2018. The village of Cheremshan

6630-413: The fortress was the center of the Upper Karmal volost of the Bugulminsky district of the Samara province , and from 1920 to 1930 it remained part of the Bugulminsky canton of the Tatar ASSR . The district was first formed under the name Pervomaisky on August 10, 1930. On March 26, 1959, part of the territory of the abolished Aktash district was annexed to the Pervomaisky district, but on January 4, 1963, as

6732-434: The governorate was divided into lots ( доли , doli ), then into provinces ( провинции , provintsii ) in 1719, and into uyezds ( уезды ) in 1775. Prior to 1796, there were Kazan, Kozmodemyansk , Laishev , Mamadysh , Sviyazhsk , Spassk , Tetyushi , Tsaryovokokshaysk , Tsivilsk , Cheboksary , Chistopol , and Yadrin uyezds. In 1913, the area of the governorate comprised 55,900 square versts , its population

6834-494: The hands of the tsar's father, Filaret , who in 1619 became Patriarch of Moscow. Later, Mikhail's son Aleksey (r. 1645–1676) relied on a boyar, Boris Morozov , to run his government. Morozov abused his position by exploiting the populace, and in 1648 Aleksey dismissed him in the wake of the Salt Riot in Moscow. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain Smolensk from Poland in 1632, Russia made peace with Poland in 1634. Polish king Władysław IV Vasa , whose father and predecessor

6936-429: The immense human suffering that accompanied many of his projects, such as the construction of Saint Petersburg , led many pious Russians to believe that he was the Antichrist . The Great Northern War against Sweden consumed much of Peter's attention for years; however, the Swedes were eventually defeated, and peace was agreed to in 1721. Russia annexed the Baltic coast from Sweden and parts of Finland, which would become

7038-436: The initiative of Frolov, a local history museum was established in Cheremshan with a collection of 2804 items. The history and ethnography of the region, a numismatic collection of Catherine the Great , paintings, natural science objects and other exhibits are presented in eight halls of the museum. Important tourist attractions in the region include: Tsardom of Russia The Tsardom of Russia , also known as

7140-457: The land they farmed. Middle-class urban tradesmen and craftsmen were assessed taxes, and, like the serfs, they were forbidden to change residence. All segments of the population were subject to military levy and to special taxes. By chaining much of Russian society to specific domiciles, the legal code of 1649 curtailed movement and subordinated the people to the interests of the state. Under this code, increased state taxes and regulations altered

7242-413: The late 16th century and throughout the 17th century with different Western maps and sources using different names, so that the country was called "Russia, or Moscovia" ( Latin : Russia seu Moscovia ) or "Russia, popularly known as Moscovia" ( Latin : Russia vulgo Moscovia ). In England in the 16th century, it was known both as Russia and Muscovy. Such notable Englishmen as Giles Fletcher , author of

7344-477: The late Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos , in 1472, the Moscow court adopted Byzantine terms, rituals, titles, and emblems such as the double-headed eagle , which survives in the coat of arms of Russia . At first, the Byzantine term autokrator expressed only the literal meaning of an independent ruler, but in the reign of Ivan IV (1533–1584) it came to imply unlimited ( autocratic ) rule. In 1547

7446-399: The mainstream of European culture and politics. After suppressing numerous rebellions with considerable bloodshed, Peter embarked on an incognito tour of Western Europe . He became impressed with what he saw and was awakened. Peter began requiring the nobility to wear Western European clothing and shave off their beards, an action that the boyars protested bitterly. Arranged marriages among

7548-663: The middle Volga in 1552 and later the Astrakhan Khanate , where the Volga meets the Caspian Sea . These victories transformed Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state, which it continues to be today. The tsar now controlled the entire Volga River and gained access to Central Asia. Expanding to the northwest toward the Baltic Sea proved to be much more difficult. In 1558, Ivan invaded Livonia , eventually involving himself in

7650-685: The military because of permanent warfare on southern and western borders and attacks of nomads . In return, the nobility received land and peasants . In the preceding century, the state had gradually curtailed peasants' rights to move from one landlord to another; the 1649 code officially attached peasants to their home . The state fully sanctioned serfdom , and runaway peasants became state fugitives . Landlords had complete power over their peasants. Peasants living on state-owned land, however, were not considered serfs. They were organized into communes , which were responsible for taxes and other obligations. Like serfs, however, state peasants were attached to

7752-414: The mobility of the peasants by tying them to their land brought Russia closer to legal serfdom . In 1572, Ivan finally abandoned the practices of the oprichnina. According to a popular theory, the oprichnina was started by Ivan in order to mobilize resources for the wars and to quell opposition. Regardless of the reason, Ivan's domestic and foreign policies had a devastating effect on Russia and led to

7854-594: The most important event of Feodor's reign was the proclamation of the Patriarchate of Moscow in 1589. The creation of the patriarchate climaxed the evolution of a separate and totally independent Russian Orthodox Church . In 1598, Feodor died without an heir, ending the Rurik Dynasty. Boris Godunov then convened a Zemsky Sobor , a national assembly of boyars, church officials, and commoners, which proclaimed him tsar, although various boyar factions refused to recognize

7956-459: The nobility were banned, and the Orthodox Church was brought under state control. Military academies were established to create a modern Western European-style army and officer corps. These changes did not win Peter many friends, and in fact caused great political division in the country. These, along with his notorious cruelties (such as the torture murder of his own son for plotting a rebellion) and

8058-401: The population of the fortress and surrounding territories gradually increased. According to the population census, in 1780, 635 men lived in Cheremshan, and by 1844 this number had increased to 900. The mid-19th century witnessed heavy tax increases for local peasants. For additional earnings, many were hired as farm laborers on local farms or left the villages in search of a better life. In 1890,

8160-478: The region and escaped serfs seeking free land. The unexpected uprising swept up the Volga River valley and even threatened Moscow. Tsarist troops finally defeated the rebels after they had occupied major cities along the Volga in an operation whose panache captured the imaginations of later generations of Russians. Razin was publicly tortured and executed. The Tsardom of Russia continued its territorial growth through

8262-429: The regional economy. Spring and winter wheat , rye , barley , oats , buckwheat , sugar beets , potatoes and other crops are cultivated in the district. The leading sectors of the livestock industry are meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding. In 2019, the volume of meat production almost doubled compared to the previous year and amounted to 1508 tons. Eighteen agricultural enterprises operate on

8364-412: The road 16K-1093 Cheremshan— Leninogorsk , which is extended further to Bugulma. There are further plans that a section of the “ Europe —Western China highway (in construction) will pass through the north of the region. In the 2018/2019 academic year, 25 schools, one primary school-kindergarten, 19 preschool organizations and a vocational school No. 106 with 2391 students and 755 preschoolers operated in

8466-845: The sceptre "of Russian lordship" ( Росийскаго господства , Rosiyskago gospodstva ). In the following century, the new forms co-existed with Rus' and appeared in an inscription on the western portal of the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery in Yaroslavl (1515), on the icon case of the Theotokos of Vladimir (1514), in the work by Maximus the Greek , the Russian Chronograph written by Dosifei Toporkov (died 1543 or 1544) in 1516–1522, and in other sources. On 16 January 1547, Ivan IV

8568-522: The site of the new Russian capital, Saint Petersburg. The Russian victory in the Great Northern War marked a watershed in European politics, as it not only brought about the eclipse of Sweden as a great power , but also Russia's decisive emergence as a permanent European great power. The Russian colonization of Siberia also continued, and war with Persia brought about the acquisition of territory in

8670-512: The so-called “lines” along the left bank of the Kama River . In 1652-1656, the first Zakamskaya fortification line along the Bolshoi Cheremshan river was built. Along the old Zakamskaya line, the first forts and serf settlements appeared inhabited by Cossacks, peasants and exiles. The defensive line was built relatively quickly but was not very durable. During the second half of the century, it

8772-637: The social discontent that had been simmering since the Time of Troubles. In the 1650s and 1660s, the number of peasant escapes increased dramatically. A favourite refuge was the Don River region, domain of the Don Cossacks . A major uprising occurred in the Volga region in 1670 and 1671. Stenka Razin , a Cossack who was from the Don River region, led a revolt that drew together wealthy Cossacks who were well established in

8874-414: The territory of the Cheremshansky district in 2020. These included Cheremshanskoe khlebopriemnoe predpriiatie (Cheremshansk bread enterprise), Cheremshanskii maslodelno-syrodelnyi zavod (Cheremshansk butter-cheese-making enterprise) and Cheremshanskii khlebokombinat (Cheremshansk bread-baking enterprise). As of 2016, more than 350 business entities operated in the region. In the 1980s, onions were considered

8976-459: The territory was defined as a set of cities and the lands adjacent to those cities. In 1717, Astrakhan Governorate was separated from Kazan Governorate; in 1719— Nizhny Novgorod ; in 1744— Orenburg ; in 1781— Vyatka , Simbirsk , and Ufa Governorates were separated. Under Catherine the Great (1781–1796) Kazan was the center of a namestnichestvo ( viceroyalty ), with Kazan, Penza , and Saratov Governorates as its integral parts. At first

9078-546: The two centers of Christianity and of the Roman empires ( Western and Eastern ) of earlier periods. The "Third Rome" concept would resonate in the self-image of the Russian people in future centuries. The development of the Tsar's autocratic powers reached a peak during the reign of Ivan IV, and he gained the sobriquet "Grozny". The English word terrible is usually used to translate the Russian word grozny in Ivan's nickname, but this

9180-524: The way for an even more radical transformation. Russia's eastward expansion encountered little resistance. In 1581, the Stroganov merchant family, interested in the fur trade, hired a Cossack leader, Yermak Timofeyevich , to lead an expedition into western Siberia . Yermak defeated the Khanate of Sibir and claimed the territories west of the Ob and Irtysh Rivers for Russia. From such bases as Mangazeya , merchants, traders, and explorers pushed eastward from

9282-561: The western regions of Rus'. Due to the propaganda of the Commonwealth, as well as of the Jesuits , the term Moscovia was used instead of Russia in many parts of Europe where prior to the reign of Peter the Great there was a lack of direct knowledge of the country. In Northern Europe and at the court of the Holy Roman Empire , however, the country was known under its own name, Russia or Rossia . Sigismund von Herberstein , ambassador of

9384-478: The words: "The Empire of Moscovia, or as others call it, Russia...". According to prominent historians like Alexander Zimin and Anna Khoroshkevich, the continuous use of the term Moscovia was a result of traditional habit and the need to distinguish between the Muscovite and the Lithuanian part of Rus', as well as of the political interests of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , which competed with Moscow for

9486-450: The yasak Tatar Ait Razmateev, at the head of the peasant army, approached the Cheremshan fortifications and demanded the surrender of the fortress. The commandant notified Major General A.I. Miller and he sent about a thousand grenadiers and Cossacks to confront the rebels. In a battle near the village of Saleykino, Razmateev’s army was defeated and their leader was sent to the capital, where he soon died under torture. Over subsequent decades

9588-419: Was Sigismund III Vasa , had been elected by Russian boyars as tsar of Russia during the Time of Troubles, renounced all claims to the title as a condition of the peace treaty. The autocracy survived the Time of Troubles and the rule of weak or corrupt tsars because of the strength of the government's central bureaucracy . Government functionaries continued to serve, regardless of the ruler's legitimacy or

9690-521: Was crowned the tsar and grand prince of all Russia ( Царь и Великий князь всея Руси , Tsar i Velikiy knyaz vseya Rusi ), thereby proclaiming the Tsardom of Russia, or "the Great Russian Tsardom", as it was called in the coronation document, by Constantinople Patriarch Jeremiah II , and in numerous official texts. The formula in manuscripts "to all his state of Great Russia" later replaced those found in other manuscripts – "to all

9792-546: Was determined to bring the Russian texts back into conformity with the Greek texts and practices of the time. But Nikon encountered opposition among the many Russians who viewed the corrections as improper foreign intrusions. When the Orthodox Church forced Nikon's reforms, a schism resulted in 1667. Those who did not accept the reforms came to be called the Old Believers ; they were officially pronounced heretics and were persecuted by

9894-544: Was established on December 29 [ O.S. December 18], 1708, by Tsar Peter the Great 's edict on the lands of the Khanates of Kazan , Sibir , and Astrakhan , with addition of some lands from the Nogai Horde . These were the areas historically governed by the Kazan Palace's Prikaz . As with the rest of the governorates, neither the borders nor internal subdivisions of Kazan Governorate were defined; instead,

9996-406: Was estimated at 2.85 million (38.9% Russians , 31.2% Tatars , 22.8% Chuvash , 5.1% Mari , 1.2% Mordva ). There were 7,272 settlements, including 13 towns: Kazan, Arsk , Sviyazhsk , Kozmodemyansk, Laishev , Mamadysh , Spassk , Tetyushi , Tsaryovokokshaysk , Tsivilsk , Cheboksary , Chistopol , Yadrin ; and two posads : Mariinsky Posad and Troitsky Posad . The governorate

10098-523: Was eventually incorporated into the Russian Empire (after the Battle of Poltava ) during the 18th century. Russia's southwestern expansion, particularly its incorporation of the Wild Fields (modern day Eastern Ukraine), had unintended consequences . Most Little Russians were Orthodox, but their close contact with the Roman Catholic Polish also brought them Western intellectual currents. Through

10200-490: Was repeatedly besieged. At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter the Great decided to strengthen Russia's southern borders and to rebuild the fortress. The construction of the New Zakamskaya line began in April 1732 under the reign of Empress Anna Loannovna. For these purposes, the Kazan governor was ordered to allocate three thousand workers from local districts and provide them with a monthly payment of 30 altyns. For service on

10302-409: Was replaced in official documents, though the names Rus ' and Russian land were still common and synonymous to it. The Russian state partly remained referred to as Moscovia (English: Muscovy ) throughout Europe, predominantly in its Catholic part, though this Latin term was never used in Russia. The two names Russia and Moscovia appear to have co-existed as interchangeable during

10404-695: Was serving in the Polish army as Registered Cossacks , the Zaporozhian Cossacks remained fiercely independent and staged several rebellions against the Poles. In 1648, the peasants of what is now Eastern Ukraine joined the Cossacks in rebellion during the Khmelnytsky Uprising , because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. Initially, Cossacks were allied with Crimean Tatars , which had helped them to throw off Polish rule. Once

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