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33-509: Cheonghaejin was established originally as a military complex by General Jang Bogo in 828, the third year of King Heungdeok 's reign. Jang appealed to Heungdeok to establish a military complex in Cheonghaejin to protect Silla 's merchant fleets and coastal residents from pirates. He was granted permission and 10,000 troops. He established a small castle and a military base in Garipo. Cheonghaejin

66-510: A late 13th century Korean book that mixes history and tales of marvels and popular legend, relates that the Silla king was pressured by aristocrats to deny Jang his marriage and that as a result Jang began to conspire against the king. Whether it was the Silla king or the aristocracy that was behind Jang's assassination is unclear. However, both the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa relate that in 841 Jang

99-671: A native of Cheonmin, learned that he could not become a general in Silla , so he moved to Tang Dynasty and joined the army and changed his name to Jang Bogo. Later, on learning that the Silla people were suffering from pirates, Jang Bogo, returned to Silla. The three sources for his life are the Chinese New Book of Tang (Xīn Tángshū) , the Japanese Shoku Nihon Kōki (続日本後紀) , and the Korean 12th-century Samguk Sagi ( "A History of

132-403: A new compilation of Tang history, based on his belief that the original Old Book of Tang lacked organization and clarity. The process took 17 years, being finally completed in 1060. The New Book of Tang differed dramatically from the older version in its organization and contents, in part due to the literary and philosophical inclinations of its chief compilers. Ouyang Xiu frequently invoked

165-399: Is a 2F reinforced concrete structure with a plottage of 14,472m², a building area of 1,739m², and an exhibition space of 730m², has on its ground floor Central Hall, Video Room, Special Exhibition Hall, storage, and lounge and on its second floor its permanent exhibition venues of Exhibition Hall 1, Sea Route, and Exhibition Hall 2. Central Hall on 1F displays ‘Trade Ships of Jang BoGo’, which

198-467: Is a main tourist location in the region. There is a stele commemorating the relocation of residents of Cheongjaejin to Byeokgolgun and various remains of the complex. Remains of various mercantile products and plates have been discovered in Cheongjaejin, which greatly contributed to understanding the life of Silla people. The historic site of Cheonghaejin is the site of a military fortress dating back to

231-573: The Cheonghaejin Garrison (on Wando) and came near to marrying his daughter into the Silla Royal House before his assassination in 841. He was worshipped as a god in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam following his death. Jang Bogo was born as the son of a boatman and his childhood name was Gungbok. Gungbok means a good archer, and he excelled in martial arts and swam well from his youth. Gungbok,

264-636: The Later Silla period of Korea as a powerful maritime figure who effectively controlled the Yellow Sea (West Sea), and dominated the trade between Silla, Heian Japan, and Tang China for decades. His impressive fleet of ships was centered in Wando , an island in South Jeolla Province . So influential a figure did Jang become in late Silla politics that he was granted official office as maritime commissioner of

297-525: The Cheonghae garrison was disbanded and its troops dispersed. The location of Jang Bogo's burial spot remains unknown. Jang Bogo was worshipped as a god after his death, especially on the small island of Jangdo. The shamanistic temple on the island worships 'Great General Song'; however, according to the islanders, 'Great General Song' is a title of Jang Bogo. There is a myth about Jang Bogo ('General Jang') and 'General Eom', Jang Bogo's son-in-law, retold in

330-632: The TV series Finding Your Roots , it was revealed that one of David Chang 's paternal ancestors was Jang Bogo. New Book of Tang The New Book of Tang , generally translated as the "New History of the Tang" or "New Tang History", is a work of official history covering the Tang dynasty in ten volumes and 225 chapters. The work was compiled by a team of scholars of the Song dynasty , led by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi . It

363-415: The Tang emperor went so far as to issue an edict stopping the slave trade and ordering the return of all abducted Koreans to Silla. Shortly after returning to Silla around 825, and by now in possession of a formidable private fleet headquartered at Cheonghae ( Wando ), Jang Bogo petitioned the Silla king Heungdeok (r. 826-836) to establish a permanent maritime garrison to protect Silla merchant activities in

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396-548: The Tang originals. The annals of the Tang emperors are covered in volumes 1–10. Wilkinson notes that the annals in the New Book of Tang are considerably shorter than the Old Book of Tang . The treatises are contained in volumes 11 through 60. As noted above the treatises are greatly expanded compared with the Old Book of Tang . The section on Rites and Music ( 禮樂 ) is the largest occupying 12 volumes (11-22). The New Book of Tang

429-519: The Three Kingdoms " ), which contains a brief biography of Jang compiled three centuries after his death. The biography relates that Jang Bogo was adept in martial arts and claims that Jang's companion Jeong Yeon ( 정년 ; 鄭年 ) could swim five li (about 2.5 km) underwater, without taking a breath. The history further records that as young men the two companions, Jang Bogo and Jeong Yeon, traveled to Tang China . Their skills in horsemanship and

462-521: The Unified Silla period located on Jangdo at 734 Jangjwa-ri, Wando-eup, Wando-gun , Jeollanam-do . The distance from Wando (island) to Jangdo is about 180m, which can be covered on foot twice a day when the ebb tide exposes the seabed. It is a major historical site where in the 9th century during the Unified Silla , General Jang Bogo installed Cheonghaejin and cracked down on pirates and let

495-497: The Yellow Sea. Heungdeok agreed and in 828 formally established the Cheonghae (淸海, "clear sea") Garrison at what is today Wando island off Korea's South Jeolla province. The Samguk Sagi further relates that Heungdeok gave Jang an army of 10,000 men to establish and man the defensive works. The remnants of Cheonghae Garrison can still be seen on Jang islet just off Wando's southern coast. The establishment of Cheonghae garrison marked

528-410: The apex of Jang's career. From that moment he can be viewed in the context of the numerous private warlords arising outside the Silla capital who were often backed by formidable private armies. Jang's force, though nominally bequeathed by the Silla king, was effectively under his own control. Jang became arbiter of Yellow Sea commerce and navigation. Another rare account of Jang and his garrison comes from

561-547: The complex was maintained by Yŏm Chang himself, but the residents of Cheonghaejin, mourning Jang's death, left Cheonghaejin. They mostly moved to other regions of Silla, while some moved to China or Japan . It is recorded in Samguk Sagi that the central Silla government closed Cheongjaejin in February 851. The remaining residents were then relocated to Byeokgolgun. Cheonghaejin is now located in Wando County , Jeollanam-do , and

594-501: The handling of spears soon won them military office. They were both named Junior Generals of Wuning District (武寧軍小將) (in what is today Jiangsu province). By the ninth century thousands of Silla subjects were living in Tang, centered mostly around merchant activities in coastal Shandong and Jiangsu provinces, where they established their own Silla communities often led by Silla officials. Wealthy benefactors (including at one point Jang Bogo himself) even established Silla Buddhist temples in

627-523: The horse trade with Tibet and military affairs, and a table of the bureaucratic hierarchy of the Tang administration which was missing from the old Old Book of Tang . Another feature which was revived was the use of "tables" ( 表 ), annalistic tables of events and successions which included not just the emperors themselves but also chancellors and jiedushi . The style of prose in the New Book also differed, because Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi were both admirers of

660-467: The journal of the Japanese monk Ennin (Jikaku), who in 840 made a pilgrimage to Tang in search of Buddhist scriptures and relied upon the maritime abilities of Jang to reach China and return. The best evidence of Jang's now high fortunes is his involvement in the volatile factional politics of the Silla court. At the time, Jang Bogo's backing by his own army gave him immense power in politics. Militarily, he

693-493: The place serve as the stronghold for a maritime trading route that dominated the maritime trade in the seas off the three sides of the Korean Peninsula . 34°21′34″N 126°44′13″E  /  34.35944°N 126.73694°E  / 34.35944; 126.73694 Jang Bogo Jang Bo-go (787–841), whose childhood name was Gungbok or Gungpa ( Korean :  궁파 ), was a Sillan who rose to prominence in

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726-440: The post of Prime Minister. The account of Jang Bogo's demise comes from the Samguk Sagi . In 845 Jang overplayed his hand when he maneuvered to marry his daughter to King Munseong (ruled 839-857), son of Sinmu. Aristocratic factions at court, no doubt fed up with the machinations of Jang (a man in all likelihood from obscure provincial origins outside Silla's aristocratic order), then plotted to have him killed. The Samguk Yusa ,

759-406: The principle of reason in evaluating historical accounts, and purged all accounts containing elements of myth or superstition, thereby dramatically shortening many of the biographies of emperors and major figures. In contrast, the New Book of Tang included several new sections of more practical interest to Tang history. These included a much expanded series of Treatises ( 志 ), including topics on

792-508: The region, as related by the 9th-century Japanese monk Ennin , whose journal constitutes one of the rare sources on Jang Bogo. Apparently, while in China Jang Bogo had become incensed at the treatment of his fellow countrymen, who in the unstable milieu of late Tang often fell victim to coastal pirates or inland bandits. In fact, Silla subjects living in Tang had become a favored target of bandits, who sold their captives into slavery. In 823

825-508: The region. General Eom, who was General Jang's son-in-law, lived in the Eomnamut Valley. One day, he and General Jang had a contest; who could first raise a flag on that eastern crag? Jang Bogo transformed into a male pheasant and flew to the crag, but General Eom turned into a falcon and killed and ate General Jang in the form of a pheasant. Thus, the crag is still called Kattturiyeo (male pheasant crag). Jang Bo-go Memorial Hall, which

858-432: The simplified, 'ancient' prose style of Tang scholars such as Han Yu , rather than the flowery prose style found in official Tang documents. This led them to change the original wordings in the documents that they quoted in the book. However, in the reduction, the direct use of Tang court records was lost, some reduced passages were unclear, and many errors were introduced in attempting to find more 'ancient' words to rephrase

891-469: The throne from the usurper who had killed Ujing's father. Jang is purported to have replied, “The ancients had a saying, ‘To see what is right and not to do it is want of courage.’ Though I am without ability, I shall follow your orders." Thereupon Jang dispatched a force of 5000 men under the command of his closest companion and adviser Jeong Yeon (who had since also returned from Tang) in support of Sinmu's claim. The success of Sinmu's power grab won Jang Bogo

924-423: Was assassinated at his Cheonghae garrison headquarters by Yŏm Chang , an emissary from the Silla court who had arrived concealing a knife in his garments. Gaining Jang's confidence by pretending he had fled from the Silla capital, he attacked Jang as they shared wine. However, the Japanese history book, Shoku Nihon Kōki (續日本後紀, 869) (Later Chronicle of Japan, Continued), gives Jang's date of death as 841. In 851

957-617: Was made to one fourth of the actual size by Director Ma Gwang-nam of Cheonghaejin Ship Institute and donated by Sea King Jang BoGo Memorial Society, and a large wooden mural(8m x 2.2m) entitled ‘Sea King Jang BoGo’, which was created with linden tree by Lu Guangzheng, the Chinese craft art maestro. The permanent exhibition hall on 2F is divided into the four themes of ‘Root’, ’Formation of Cheonghaejin ’, ‘Maritime Empire’, and ‘Voyage’, which respectively display relevant exhibits. On an episode of

990-642: Was originally simply called the Tangshu (唐書, Book of Tang ) until the 18th century. In Chinese history, it was customary for dynasties to compile histories of their immediate predecessor as a means of cementing their own legitimacy. As a result, during the Later Jin dynasty of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , a history of the preceding Tang dynasty, the Old Book of Tang ( 唐書 ) had already been compiled. In 1044, however, Emperor Renzong of Song ordered

1023-410: Was powerful enough to overthrow the state and become king himself had he wanted to. He was often hated by the Silla royal family members due to his prominent status and the fact that he was born a commoner, not a nobleman. In 839 Jang proved instrumental in the seizure of power by Silla's King Sinmu following the overthrow of King Minae . Kim Ujing (later King Sinmu) approached Jang for help in taking

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1056-788: Was the first of the standard histories to include a treatise on selecting and appointing officials ( 選擧志 ). This included a description of the examination system, which had become an increasingly important aspect of recruiting officials in the Tang, especially after 780. The tables are contained in volumes 61–75. Four biographies of women appear in this new book that were not present in the first Old Book of Tang . The women kill or maim themselves in horrible ways, and represent examples of Tang dynasty women that were intended to deter contemporary readers from extreme behavior. For example, Woman Lu gouges her own eye out to assure her ailing husband that there will be no second man after him. Biographies of 35 overly filial and fraternal men are also included in

1089-515: Was very successful in its mission; it maintained strong commercial ties with Chinese and Japanese trading ports and successfully protected Silla merchants and coastal residents from pirates. Jang sent envoys called Hoyeoksa (호역사) for trading activities and cultural exchange. It was resented by many Silla noblemen of small maritime societies because they lost their profits from private maritime trades. The noblemen of Silla sent an assassin, Yŏm Chang , to assassinate Jang. After Jang's assassination,

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