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53-602: It was founded in 1471 by the Moulay Ali Ben Rachid , a distant descendant of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad . The original settlement consisted of just a small fortress, now referred to as Chefchaouen’s Kasbah. The fortress was erected to help defend the area from potential attacks by Portuguese invaders; at the time, Portugal was launching attacks against northern cities and towns in Morocco. The name "Chefchaouen"

106-569: A blind arch niche and the structure was originally topped by a dome. It has since been redecorated and repainted, with the dome replaced by a green-tiled roof. Another example is the Aïn Souika Fountain in the Souika neighborhood, an old wall fountain set behind an archway. The façade of the fountain is decorated with a blind arch framed by concentric multifoil decoration, topped by small blind windows above. A recent restoration most likely added

159-531: Is a disused mosque overlooking the town from a hill to the east. It was built by the Spanish in the 1920s and is now a popular lookout point. Outside the city, the Mausoleum of Abdessalam Ben Mshish al-Alami is dedicated to the patron saint of northern Morocco's Jebalah region, Moulay Abdessalam Ben Mshish al-Alami . His tomb and the village surrounding it are roughly 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Chefchaouen on

212-575: Is an important sector of the economy in the Chefchaouen area, which is known for its large agro-pastoral component. A traditional subsistence agriculture is practiced there on the hillsides and in the valleys – olives being the main crop. Other traditional crops such as grape vines, almonds and figs are still cultivated, although cannabis monoculture has become more profitable than these with an increased influx of tourists in recent decades. The industrial sector of Chefchaouen province remains very weak despite

265-638: Is no reference to discussions concerning the significance of the Schwarzschild radius. Between 1915 and 1917, Painlevé served as French Minister for Public Instruction and Inventions. In December 1915, he requested a scientific exchange agreement between France and Britain, resulting in Anglo-French collaboration that ultimately led to the parallel development by Paul Langevin in France and Robert Boyle in Britain of

318-516: Is of Arabic origin, "Chef”, a derivation of the Arabic word “to look” and “Chaouen,” meaning “antlers” or “horns.” Between the two protective horns of the looming Rif Mountains. Chefchaouen thus means 'look at the horns', reflecting the two mountain peaks overlooking the area. Nowadays, Chefchaouen is known as "the Blue Pearl" of Morocco, known for its traditional houses painted in blue and white. The city

371-476: Is through an opening created in the 1930s. The Kasbah's walls are reinforced by ten towers, also built in rammed earth, and an additional tower on the west side, built in rubble masonry reinforced with cut stone at the corners. The latter tower, which is taller and stands out from the rest, was probably built in the early 16th century by Moulay Muhammad. It has multiple rooms inside, some covered by brick domes. Its structure and function appears similar to some of

424-672: The mujahideen in the northwest of Morocco. He fought alongside the emir of Tétouan , Ali al-Mandri , who married his daughter, the Mujahida Aisha al-Hurra. The latter, known by her title, Sayyida al-Hurra , ruled Chefchaouen through a rapid period of growth and development. Pressures of the Reconquista and the fall of Granada in 1492 led many of its people to immigrate to Morocco over several centuries. The last Moriscos (descendants of Muslims) were expelled from Spain by Philip III in 1609. Some of these refugees chose to settle in

477-687: The Kaʻala mountain in the western part of the Rif mountain range, in northwestern Morocco. The city consists of a Medina , the historical walled town, and a new town that has grown outside the former city walls. According to the last census of the Moroccan population (2014), the municipality of Chefchaouen has a population of 42,786. Chefchaouen is located in a territory traditionally inhabited by Jebala , subsequently joined by Muslim and Jewish refugees from al-Andalus and Spain. The city has maintained strong relations with

530-626: The La Courtine camp, located in a remote spot on the plateau of Millevaches . On 7 September 1917, Prime Minister Alexandre Ribot lost the support of the Socialists and Painlevé was called upon to form a new government. Painlevé was a leading voice at the Rapallo conference that led to the establishment of the Supreme Allied Council , a consultative body of Allied powers that anticipated

583-450: The League of Nations (he replaced Henri Bergson and was himself replaced by Édouard Herriot ). Though he was proposed for President of France in 1932, Painlevé withdrew before the election. He became Minister of Air later that year, making proposals for an international treaty to ban the manufacture of bomber aircraft and to establish an international air force to enforce global peace. On

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636-591: The Painlevé paradox , an apparent contradiction in simple models of friction . In the 1920s, Painlevé briefly turned his attention to the new theory of gravitation, general relativity , which had recently been introduced by Albert Einstein . In 1921, Painlevé proposed the Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates for the Schwarzschild metric . The modification in the coordinate system was the first to reveal clearly that

689-406: The Schwarzschild radius is a mere coordinate singularity (with however, profound global significance: it represents the event horizon of a black hole ). This essential point was not generally appreciated by physicists until around 1963. In his diary, Harry Graf Kessler recorded that during a later visit to Berlin, Painlevé discussed pacifist international politics with Einstein, but there

742-564: The Sorbonne , École Polytechnique and later at the Collège de France and the École Normale Supérieure . He was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1900. He married Marguerite Petit de Villeneuve in 1901. Marguerite died during the birth of their son Jean Painlevé in the following year. Painlevé's mathematical work on differential equations led him to encounter their application to

795-687: The Chamber of Deputies. Though Painlevé ran for President of France in 1924 he was defeated by Gaston Doumergue . Herriot's administration publicly recognised the Soviet Union, accepted the Dawes Plan and agreed to evacuate the Ruhr . However, a financial crisis arose from the ensuing devaluation of the franc and in April 1925, Herriot fell and Painlevé became Prime Minister for a second time on 17 April. Unfortunately, he

848-510: The Colonel's request." After el-Krim was defeated with the help of the French, he was deported to Réunion . The Spanish Army retook the city in 1926. Morocco gained its independence from colonial rule in 1956. Chefchaouen and most of the northern parts of the country were ceded by Spain that year. The city of Chefchaouen is located at about 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level in the foothills of

901-573: The Muslim-controlled parts of the Iberian Peninsula . Ali Ben Rashid was born in Gherzoim, a nearby village, c.  1440 (844 AH). He went to Emirate of Granada in 1460 and distinguished himself in battle against Christian forces. He settled in Chefchaouen c.  1465 and, due to his experience as a warrior, was chosen as successor to his cousin ibn Abi Jum'ah and leader of

954-674: The Western and Italian fronts. Painlevé then played little active role in politics until the election of November 1919 when he emerged as a leftist critic of the right-wing Bloc National . By the time the next election approached in May 1924 his collaboration with Édouard Herriot , a fellow member of Briand's 1915 cabinet, had led to the formation of the Cartel des Gauches . Winning the election, Herriot became Prime Minister in June, while Painlevé became President of

1007-410: The best-selling artisanal product in Chefchaouen province, with 57.6% of products sold. Chefchaouen's blue walls are a popular subject of interest. There are several theories as to why the walls were painted blue. One popular theory is that the blue keeps mosquitos away. The blue is said to symbolize the sky and heaven and serve as a reminder to lead a spiritual life. However, according to some locals,

1060-404: The center surrounded by corridors and bedrooms. The yards are often decorated with fruit trees such as oranges, lemons, berries, and grapes, as well as some perfumed shrubs including night-blooming jessamine ( Cestrum nocturnum ) and jasmine ( Jasminum officinale ). From a physiognomy perspective, the city is influenced by Andalusian architecture, such as the curved brick archways that strengthen

1113-715: The city for the Spanish protectorate in Morocco . Following the Spanish retreat from the city , Chefchaouen was part of the Republic of the Rif led by Abd el-Krim from 1924 to 1926. In September 1925, in the middle of the Rif War , a rogue squadron of American volunteer pilots, the Lafayette Escadrille , bombarded civilians in the city . Colonel Charles Sweeny had proposed the idea to French Prime Minister Paul Painlevé , who "warmly welcomed

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1166-473: The city, built to house merchants and travelers. The building consists of a courtyard surrounded by a multi-story gallery and rooms. Its architecture is simple, distinguished only by its tall entrance portal with a large pointed horseshoe arch . To the southwest of the Kasbah is the Souika neighbourhood, one of the oldest in the city, established since the 15th century. Its name, meaning "Little Souk ", derives from

1219-568: The current tile decoration that imitates zellij . The oldest part of the Medina is the Kasbah, the original citadel founded in the late 15th century by Ali ibn Rashid. The fortress consists of a roughly rectangular enclosure protected by walls built in rammed earth (pisé). The Kasbah originally had two entrances: one facing the main square and markets, another near the Great Mosque. These entrances have since been closed or repurposed and modern access

1272-566: The deepest caves in Africa. The handicraft sector or traditional industry (e.g., sewing, cupping, blacksmithing, carpentry, needlework, and tanning) is the most common economic activity practiced by Chefchaouen's population and thus plays key a socio-economic role in this province. It is closely related to the tourism sector and includes a multitude of artisans (38 cooperatives and 688 artisan adherents in 2016) largely occupied in leather, textile, ironwork, and traditional carpentry. Wood products represent

1325-583: The first active sonar . Painlevé took his aviation interests, along with those in naval and military matters, with him when he became, in 1906, Deputy for Paris's 5th arrondissement , the so-called Latin Quarter . By 1910, he had vacated his academic posts and World War I led to his active participation in military committees, joining Aristide Briand 's cabinet in 1915 as Minister for Public Instruction and Inventions. On his appointment as War Minister in March 1917 he

1378-630: The fortress of Chefchaouen turned into a prosperous new city, in which the Andalusi-Granadan culture merged with the culture of the Ghomaras. The urban expansion included military fortifications such as walls with about ten gates and the construction of several mosques including the Great Mosque . The Andalusi community that settled in the city also included several well-known poets and philosophers. In October 1920, General Dámaso Berenguer occupied

1431-406: The ground floor of a historic house in the northeast corner of the enclosure. The house was likely built in the late 17th century during the reign of Moulay Ismail , probably by Ali Errifi, the local governor. The Great Mosque of Chefchaouen is the city's oldest and historically most important mosque, located at Place Outae Hammam at the heart of the Medina, close to the Kasbah. The Spanish Mosque

1484-455: The houses and decorate the narrow blue alleyways, the traditional water network, and the landscaping and care of plants inside houses and mosques. From a cultural perspective, many Chefchaouen families have conserved the art of Andalusian music, which has become the main ritual of Chefchaouen religious festivals and social ceremonies. The rural landscape was characterized by a distribution of space according to intra- and intertribal relations. At

1537-423: The influx of tourists and the return of foreign workers to the province. The Rif region around Chefchaouen is also a center of cannabis production in Morocco . During the holidays, the city sees a considerable influx of Moroccan and foreign tourists, attracted by its natural landscapes and historical monuments. Tourism is largely seasonal, with 200 hotels in the province catering to an influx of European tourists in

1590-514: The inhabitants of the Jbala Region such as Akhmas, Ghomara, Ghazaoua, and Sanhaja tribes, particularly in terms of trade. The federations of these tribes were sometimes a source of strength, and sometimes a weakness due to their frequent struggles to take possession of assets such as water sources, grazing areas, and fertile land. The traditional houses of Chefchaouen were made of stone, brick, tile, wood, soil, and lime. Each house had an open yard in

1643-460: The large cities of Fes , Marrakesh , Tlemcen , Tunis , and Kairouan , while others settled in the jihadist fortress of Chefchaouen, which was in a fierce war against Portuguese armies. They established their quarters on the rugged slopes of the mountains and built their own residential quarters in the Andalusi architectural style, very similar to the traditional quarters of Granada. In a few decades,

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1696-423: The level of each dshar (low-density rural settlements), the houses are built around a mosque or a marabou and occupy the center of the concentric spatial structure of traditional agro-sylvo-pastoral systems. This spatial distribution of dshars is tightly associated with arable land and availability of water resources, with shifting cultivation limited to a diffuse strip of matorral shrubland and pasture that mark

1749-536: The major religious and social occasions include: Despite the diversity of these ceremonies, observances of similar characters are present in almost all of Morocco. In 2020, Chefchaouen was included as a learning city in the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC). This network encourages policy discussion and mutual learning between its members, to forge collaborations and develop abilities and designs tools to support and identify progress. Agriculture

1802-736: The old road to Larache . This water source is located just east of the Medina, outside its former walls. It was the original source of water for the city. The spot where the water emerges at the surface was once open but is now enclosed by a stone structure. Nearby and downstream are located an old mill, and a bridge, possibly from the 19th century, which links the two shores of the stream. A list of twin towns and sister cities includes: 35°10′17″N 5°16′11″W  /  35.17139°N 5.26972°W  / 35.17139; -5.26972 Ali ibn Rashid al-Alami Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Moussa ibn Rashid al-Alami ( Arabic : علي بن موسى بن رشيد العلمي ), also known as Sherif Moulay Ali Ben Rachid ,

1855-457: The old town – the Kasbah , the Great Mosque , and a caravanserai – as well as various shops and cafés. The square was probably created by Moulay Muhammad (one of Ali ibn Rashid 's sons) in the 16th century. It takes its name from a hammam (public bathhouse) in the northwest corner. The funduq (caravanserai), near the northwest corner of the square, is the largest of the four caravanserais in

1908-503: The presence of a market ( qaysariyya ) created here in its earliest days. This market area was originally marked off from the surrounding district and enclosed by its own gates, of which one archway remains. A number of traditional fountains are located throughout the old city and provided water for its inhabitants. One example is the four-sided fountain at the center of the Uta Hammam Square. Its four façades are each decorated with

1961-455: The province's potential with its availability of human and natural resources. The commercial sector is one of the main economic supports of Chefchaouen, bolstered by tourism activity and remittances from workers abroad. It is mainly focused on urban centers and the main rural communes and is based on the sale of traditional food products, construction materials, clothing, and household items. Commercial transactions become dynamic during summer, with

2014-428: The remaining six equations, are called the Painlevé transcendents , and interest in them has revived recently due to their appearance in modern geometry, integrable systems and statistical mechanics . In 1895 he gave a series of lectures at Stockholm University on differential equations, at the end stating the Painlevé conjecture about singularities of the n-body problem . In the same year he published work on

2067-473: The summer. In 2018, the annual number of tourists visiting the city was estimated at 120,000. In the past, some of the city's tourism was also linked to the availability of good-quality, low-cost cannabis produced in the region. Tourism has since increased primarily due the Medina's appeal. Authorities have also promoted the region's natural environment. A nearby attraction is the Kef Toghobeit Cave , one of

2120-584: The theory of flight and, as ever, his broad interest in engineering topics fostered an enthusiasm for the emerging field of aviation. In 1908, he became Wilbur Wright 's first airplane passenger in France and in 1909 created the first university course in aeronautics . Some differential equations can be solved using elementary algebraic operations that involve the trigonometric and exponential functions (sometimes called elementary functions ). Many interesting special functions arise as solutions of linear second order ordinary differential equations . Around

2173-449: The tower-residences of Nasrid architecture in Granada . Some old cisterns have been discovered on site, likely dating to the Kasbah's original construction and its early use as a residence. Today, the Kasbah has been converted into a museum and its interior courtyard is occupied by a garden. The museum's exhibitions are focused on archeological objects and ethnography and they are located on

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2226-444: The transition to forests. However, this traditional agro-salvo-pastoral system has been deeply affected by multiple processes of modern socio-cultural and economic transformation. Chefchaouen's residents commit to religious and social rituals. The devout perform prayer together in the mosque or the zawiya (a Sufi shrine or religious complex). They also like to visit their families and friends on religious and social occasions. Some of

2279-536: The turn of the century, Painlevé, É. Picard , and B. Gambier showed that of the class of nonlinear second order ordinary differential equations with polynomial coefficients , those that possess a certain desirable technical property, shared by the linear equations (nowadays commonly referred to as the ' Painlevé property ') can always be transformed into one of fifty canonical forms. Of these fifty equations, just six require 'new' transcendental functions for their solution. These new transcendental functions , solving

2332-420: The unified Allied command finally established in the following year. He appointed Ferdinand Foch as French representative knowing that he was the natural Allied commander. On Painlevé's return to Paris he was defeated and resigned on 13 November 1917 to be succeeded by Georges Clemenceau . Foch was finally named Allied generalissimo in March 1918, eventually becoming commander-in-chief of all Allied armies on

2385-425: The walls were mandated to be painted blue in the 1970s to attract tourists. The Medina is the historical district of Chefchaouen, where blue and white paint dominates the walls and houses. The Medina was enclosed by defensive walls and some of its historic gates are still preserved. The heart of the Medina is Uta Hammam Square (or Place Outa Hammam ), a market square surrounded by the most important buildings of

2438-742: The war, the failure of the Nivelle Offensive , quelling the French Army Mutinies and relations with the British. In the 1920s as Minister of War he was a key figure in building the Maginot Line . In his second term as prime minister he dealt with the outbreak of rebellion in Syria's Jabal Druze in July 1925 which had excited public and parliamentary anxiety over the general crisis of France's empire. Painlevé

2491-626: Was a French mathematician and statesman. He served twice as Prime Minister of the Third Republic : 12 September – 13 November 1917 and 17 April – 22 November 1925. His entry into politics came in 1906 after a professorship at the Sorbonne that began in 1892. His first term as prime minister lasted only nine weeks but dealt with weighty issues, such as the Russian Revolution, the American entry into

2544-627: Was born in Paris. Brought up within a family of skilled artisans (his father was a draughtsman ) Painlevé showed early promise across the range of elementary studies and was initially attracted by either an engineering or political career. However, he finally entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1883 to study mathematics, receiving his doctorate in 1887 following a period of study at Göttingen , Germany with Felix Klein and Hermann Amandus Schwarz . Intending an academic career he became professor at Université de Lille , returning to Paris in 1892 to teach at

2597-569: Was founded in 1471 (876 AH ) as a small Kasbah by Ali ibn Rashid al-Alami , a descendant of Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami and Idris I . Al-Alami built the Kasbah to defend against Portuguese invasions of northern Morocco . Along with the Ghomaras of the region, many Andalusi Muslims, Moriscos and Spanish and Portuguese Jews settled here during and after the Reconquista , when Spanish Christians conquered what remained of al-Andalus ,

2650-533: Was immediately called upon to give his approval, albeit with some misgivings, to Robert Georges Nivelle 's wildly optimistic plans for a breakthrough offensive in Champagne . Painlevé reacted to the disastrous public failure of the plan by dismissing Nivelle and controversially replacing him with Henri Philippe Pétain . He was also responsible for isolating the Russian Expeditionary Force in France in

2703-494: Was instrumental in the creation of the Maginot Line . This line of military fortifications along France's Eastern border was largely designed by Painlevé, yet named for André Maginot , owing to Maginot's championing of public support and funding. Painlevé remained in office as Minister for War until July 1929. From 1925 to 1933, Painlevé represented France in the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of

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2756-611: Was the founder of the city of Chefchaouen , Morocco . He was an Idrisid and descendant of Sufi saint Abd as-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami . He was also the father of Sayyida al-Hurra , governor of Tetouan . He founded the city of Chefchaouen in 1471 as a base from which to attack the Portuguese who had conquered Ceuta in 1415. This Moroccan biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Paul Painlev%C3%A9 Paul Painlevé ( French: [pɔl pɛ̃ləve] ; 5 December 1863 – 29 October 1933)

2809-455: Was unable to offer convincing remedies for the financial problems and was forced to resign on 21 November. Following Painlevé's resignation, Briand formed a new government with Painlevé as Minister for War. Though Briand was defeated by Raymond Poincaré in 1926, Painlevé continued in office. Poincaré stabilised the franc with a return to the gold standard , but ultimately acceded power to Briand. During his tenure as Minister of War, Painlevé

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