Misplaced Pages

#330669

39-469: The name of the town derives from the Bashkir / Tatar words meaning "a particolored lake". Founded in 1736 as a fortress on the border between Russian and Bashkir lands, it later grew into a large Cossack stanitsa . The fortress was founded with the permission of Bashkir Tarkhan Taymas Shaimov , who was the owner of these lands. Town status was granted to it on October 25, 1951. In February 2013,

78-570: A document in Bashkir language. Bashkir together with Tatar belongs to the Kipchak-Bulgar ( Russian : кыпчакско-булгарская ) subgroup of the Kipchak languages . These languages have a similar vocabulary by 94.9%, and they not only have common origin, but also a common ancestor in the written language — Volga Turki . However, Bashkir differs from Tatar in several important ways: The Bashkir orthography

117-529: A meteor exploded in Earth's atmosphere and a part of it fell into Lake Chebarkul causing a 6-meter (20 ft) wide hole in the ice covering the lake. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Chebarkul serves as the administrative center of Chebarkulsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative center, it is incorporated separately as the Town of Chebarkul —an administrative unit with

156-705: A modified Arabic alphabet . In 1930 it was replaced with the Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet , which was in turn replaced with an adapted Cyrillic alphabet in 1939. The modern alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the Russian alphabet , with the addition of the following letters: Ә ә / æ / , Ө ө / ø / , Ү ү / ʏ / , Ғ ғ / ʁ / , Ҡ ҡ / q / , Ң ң / ŋ / , Ҙ ҙ / ð / , Ҫ ҫ / θ / , Һ һ / h / . Bashkir has nine native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords). Phonetically,

195-505: A number of Russian loanwords which have palatalized consonants in Russian and are thus written the same in Tatar (often with the "soft sign" ь ). The Tatar standard pronunciation also requires palatalization in such loanwords; however, some Tatar may pronounce them non-palatalized. In native words there are six types of syllables ( C onsonant, V owel, S onorant ): Loanwords allow other types: CSV ( gra -mota), CSVC (käs- trül ), etc. Stress

234-448: A scientist Gabdulkhay Akhatov , who is considered to be the founder of the modern Tatar dialectological school. Spoken idioms of Siberian Tatars, which differ significantly from the above two, are often considered as the third dialect group of Tatar by some, but as an independent language on its own by others. The Central or Middle dialectal group is spoken in Kazan and most of Tatarstan and

273-436: A similar yet slightly different scheme with a third, higher mid, height, and with nine vowels. According to Makhmutova (1969) Tatar has three vowel heights: high , mid and low , and four tongue positions: front, front-central, back-central and back (as they are named when cited). The mid back unrounded vowel '' ë is usually transcribed as ı , though it differs from the corresponding Turkish vowel. The tenth vowel ï

312-558: Is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch. It is co-official with Russian in Bashkortostan . It is spoken by around 750,000 native speakers in Russia, as well as in Belarus , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan and other neighboring post-Soviet states , and among the Bashkir diaspora. It has three dialect groups: Southern, Eastern and Northwestern. Speakers of Bashkir mostly live in

351-690: Is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan ( European Russia ), as well as Siberia and Crimea . The Tatar language is spoken in Russia by about 5.3 million people, and also by communities in Azerbaijan , China , Finland , Georgia , Israel , Kazakhstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Romania , Turkey , Ukraine , the US , Uzbekistan , and several other countries. Globally, there are more than 7 million speakers of Tatar. Tatar

390-515: Is also the mother tongue for several thousand Mari , a Finnic people; Mordva 's Qaratay group also speak a variant of Kazan Tatar. In the 2010 census , 69% of Russian Tatars claimed at least some knowledge of the Tatar language. In Tatarstan, 93% of Tatars and 3.6% of Russians claimed to have at least some knowledge of the Tatar language. In neighbouring Bashkortostan , 67% of Tatars, 27% of Bashkirs , and 1.3% of Russians claimed to understand basic Tatar language. Tatar, along with Russian,

429-601: Is also used in Kazakhstan . The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999 that came into force in 2001 establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. In 2004, an attempt to introduce a Latin-based alphabet for Tatar was further abandoned when the Constitutional Court ruled that the federal law of 15 November 2002 mandating

SECTION 10

#1732884257331

468-1046: Is more explicit. / q / and / ʁ / are written with their own letters Ҡ ҡ and Ғ ғ , whereas in Tatar they are treated as positional allophones of / k / and / ɡ / , written К к and Г г . Labial vowel harmony in Bashkir is written explicitly, e.g. Tatar тормышым tormışım and Bashkir тормошом – tormoşom , both pronounced [tʊɾ.mʊˈʂʊm] , meaning "my life". Барлыҡ кешеләр ирекле, дәрәжәләре һәм хоҡуҡтары тигеҙ булып тыуалар. Улар аҡыл һәм выждан эйәһе һәм бер-береһенә ҡарата ҡәрҙәшлек рухында хәрәкәт итергә тейештәр. Barlıq keşelär irekle, däräjäläre häm xoquqtarı tigeź bulıp tıwalar. Ular aqıl häm vıjdan eyähe häm ber-berehenä qarata qärźäşlek ruxında xäräkät itergä teyeştär. بارلق كشیلر ایركلی، درجه‌لری هم حقوقتری تیگذ بولوب طوه‌لر. اولر عقل هم وجدان ایه‌هی هم بربریهینه قاراته قارذشلك روحینده حركت ایتورگه تیوشتر. [bɑrˈɫɯ̞q kɪ̞ʃɪ̞ˈlær irɪ̞kˈlɪ̞ dæræʒælæˈrɪ̞ hæm χʊ̞quqtɑˈrɯ̞ tʲiˈɡɪ̞ð buˈɫɯ̞p tɯ̞wɑˈɫɑr ‖ uˈɫɑr ɑˈqɯ̞ɫ hæm ˌbɪ̞r‿bɪ̞rɪ̞hɪ̞ˈnæ qɑrɑˈtɑ qærðæʃˈlɪ̞k ruχɯ̞nˈdɑ χæræˈkæt itɪ̞rˈgæ tɪ̞jɪ̞ʃˈtær ‖] After

507-637: Is realized as the diphthong ëy ( IPA: [ɯɪ] ), which only occurs word-finally, but it has been argued to be an independent phoneme. Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letters and the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets): In polysyllabic words, the front-back distinction is lost in reduced vowels: all become mid-central. The mid reduced vowels in an unstressed position are frequently elided, as in кеше keşe [kĕˈʃĕ] > [kʃĕ] 'person', or кышы qışı [qɤ̆ˈʃɤ̆] > [qʃɤ̆] '(his) winter'. Low back / ɑ /

546-496: Is restricted to the humanities . In other regions Tatar is primarily a spoken language and the number of speakers as well as their proficiency tends to decrease. Tatar is popular as a written language only in Tatar-speaking areas where schools with Tatar language lessons are situated. On the other hand, Tatar is the only language in use in rural districts of Tatarstan . Since 2017, Tatar language classes are no longer mandatory in

585-494: Is rounded [ ɒ ] in the first syllable and after [ ɒ ] , but not in the last, as in бала bala [bɒˈlɑ] 'child', балаларга balalarğa [bɒlɒlɒrˈʁɑ] 'to children'. In Russian loans there are also [ ɨ ] , [ ɛ ] , [ ɔ ] , and [ ä ] , written the same as the native vowels: ы, е/э, о, а respectively. Historically, the Old Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas

624-624: Is significantly more irregular than any other verbs: its 2nd person singular imperative is диген, while its expected regular form is repurposed as the present tense forms (дим, диң, ди...). These predicative suffixes have now fallen into disuse, or rarely used. During its history, Tatar has been written in Arabic , Latin and Cyrillic scripts . Before 1928, Tatar was mostly written in Arabic script (Иске имля/ İske imlâ , "Old orthography", to 1920; Яңа имла/ Yaña imlâ , "New orthography", 1920–1928). During

663-788: Is the basis of the standard literary Tatar language. Middle Tatar includes the Nagaibak dialect . The Western (Mişär) dialect is distinguished from the Central dialect especially by the absence of the uvular q and ğ and the rounded å of the first syllable. Letters ç and c are pronounced as affricates . Regional differences exist also. Mishar is the dialect spoken by the Tatar minority of Finland . Two main isoglosses that characterize Siberian Tatar are ç as [ ts ] and c as [ j ] , corresponding to standard [ ɕ ] and [ ʑ ] . There are also grammatical differences within

702-702: Is the official language of the Republic of Tatarstan . The official script of Tatar language is based on the Cyrillic script with some additional letters. The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999, which came into force in 2001, establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. Unofficially, other scripts are used as well, mostly Latin and Arabic. All official sources in Tatarstan must use Cyrillic on their websites and in publishing. In other cases, where Tatar has no official status,

741-407: Is used after 3rd person possessive suffix. Nouns ending in -и, -у, or -ү, although phonologically vowels, take consonantic endings. The declension of personal and demonstrative pronouns tends to be irregular. Irregular forms are in bold . The distribution of present tense suffixes is complicated, with the former (also with vowel harmony) is used with verb stems ending in consonants, and the latter

780-454: Is used with verb stem ending in vowels (with the last vowel being deleted, эшләү – эшл и , compare Turkish işlemek – continuous işl iyor ). The distribution of indefinite future tense is more complicated in consonant-ending stems, it is resolved by -арга/-ырга infinitives (язарга – яз ар ). However, because some have verb citation forms in verbal noun (-у), this rule becomes somewhat unpredictable. Tenses are negated with -ма, however in

819-399: Is usually on the final syllable. However, some suffixes cannot be stressed, so the stress shifts to the syllable before that suffix, even if the stressed syllable is the third or fourth from the end. A number of Tatar words and grammatical forms have the natural stress on the first syllable. Loanwords, mainly from Russian, usually preserve their original stress (unless the original stress is on

SECTION 20

#1732884257331

858-618: The Chulym language ) after detailed linguistic study. However, the Chulym language was never classified as a dialect of Tatar language. Confusion arose because of the endoethnonym "Tatars" used by the Chulyms. The question of classifying the Chulym language as a dialect of the Khakass language was debatable. A brief linguistic analysis shows that many of these dialects exhibit features which are quite different from

897-567: The 19th century, Russian Christian missionary Nikolay Ilminsky devised the first Cyrillic alphabet for Tatar. This alphabet is still used by Christian Tatars ( Kryashens ). In the Soviet Union after 1928, Tatar was written with a Latin alphabet called Jaꞑalif . In 1939, in Tatarstan and all other parts of the Soviet Union, a Cyrillic script was adopted and is still used to write Tatar. It

936-494: The 20th century. By the 1980s, the study and teaching of Tatar in the public education system was limited to rural schools. However, Tatar-speaking pupils had little chance of entering university because higher education was available in Russian almost exclusively. As of 2001, Tatar was considered a potentially endangered language while Siberian Tatar received "endangered" and "seriously endangered" statuses, respectively. Higher education in Tatar can only be found in Tatarstan , and

975-467: The Bashkir reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in Tatar .) However, in most dialects of Bashkir, this shift is not as prominent as in Tatar. A member of the Turkic language family , Bashkir is an agglutinative , SOV language. A large part of the Bashkir vocabulary has Turkic roots; and there are many loan words in Bashkir from Russian , Arabic and Persian sources. The form of

1014-403: The Old Turkic high vowels have become the Tatar reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in Bashkir .) Tatar consonants usually undergo slight palatalization before front vowels. However, this allophony is not significant and does not constitute a phonemic status. This differs from Russian where palatalized consonants are not allophones but phonemes on their own. There are

1053-768: The Volga–Ural Tatar varieties, and should be classified as Turkic varieties belonging to several sub-groups of the Turkic languages, distinct from Kipchak languages to which Volga–Ural Tatar belongs. There exist several interpretations of the Tatar vowel phonemic inventory. In total Tatar has nine or ten native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords). According to Baskakov (1988) Tatar has only two vowel heights, high and low . There are two low vowels, front and back , while there are eight high vowels: front and back, round (R+) and unround (R−), normal and short (or reduced). Poppe (1963) proposed

1092-496: The adoption of Islam , which began in the 10th century and lasted for several centuries, the Bashkirs began to use Turki as a written language. Turki was written in a variant of the Arabic script . In 1923, a writing system based on the Arabic script was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, the Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the older written Turkic influences. At first, it used

1131-578: The dialect, scattered across Siberia. Many linguists claim the origins of Siberian Tatar dialects are actually independent of Volga–Ural Tatar; these dialects are quite remote both from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing mutual comprehension. The claim that this language is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan, Moscow and by Siberian Tatar linguists and denounced by some Russian and Tatar ethnographs. Over time, some of these dialects were given distinct names and recognized as separate languages (e.g.

1170-619: The first person imperative forms deletes the last vowel, similar to the present tense does ( эшләү – эшл им ). Like plurals of nouns, the suffix -лар change depending the preceding consonants (-алар, but -ганнар). Some verbs, however, fall into this category. Dozens of them have irregular stems with a final mid vowel, but obscured on the infinitive ( уку – ук ы , ук ый , төзү – төз е , төз и ). The verbs кору "to build", тану "to disclaim", ташу "to spill" have contrastive meanings with verbs with their final vowelled counterparts, meaning "to dry", "to know", "to carry". The verb дию "to say"

1209-400: The indefinite future tense and the verbal participle they become -мас and -мыйча instead, respectively. Alongside vowel-ending stems, the suffix also becomes -мый when negates the present tense. To form interrogatives, the suffix -мы is used. Definite past and conditional tenses use type II personal inflections instead. When in the case of present tense, short ending (-м) is used. After vowels,

Chebarkul - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-411: The last syllable, in such a case the stress in Tatar shifts to suffixes as usual, e.g. sovét > sovetlár > sovetlarğá ). Tatar phonotactics dictate many pronunciation changes which are not reflected in the orthography. Like other Turkic languages, Tatar is an agglutinative language . Tatar nouns are inflected for cases and numbers. Case suffixes change depending on the last consonants of

1287-482: The native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letter followed by the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets): In Russian loans there are also [ ɨ ] , [ ɛ ] , [ ɔ ] and [ ä ] , written the same as the native vowels: ы, е/э, о, а respectively. Historically, the Proto-Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas the Proto-Turkic high vowels have become

1326-409: The noun, while nouns ending in п/к are voiced to б/г (кита б ым) when a possessive suffix was added. Suffixes below are in back vowel, with front variant can be seen at #Phonology section. The declension of possessive suffixes is even more irregular, with the dative suffix -а used in 1st singular and 2nd singular suffixes, and the accusative, dative, locative, and ablative endings -н, -на, -нда, -ннан

1365-840: The plural suffix is heavily dependent on the letter which comes immediately before it. When it's a consonant, there is a four-way distinction between "л" (l), "т" (t), "ҙ" (ź) and "д" (d); The vowel's distinction is two-way between "а" (after back vowels "а" (a), "ы" (ı), "о" (o), "у" (u)) and "ә" (after front vowels "ә" (ə), "е" (e), "и" (i), "ө" (ö), "ү" (ü)). Some nouns are also less likely to be used with their plural forms such as "һыу" (hıw, "water") or "ҡом" (qom, "sand"). Pl.: баҡса лар (baqsalar) Pl.: сәскә ләр (səskələr) Pl.: дуç тар (duśtar) Pl.: төç тәр (töśtәr) Pl.: тау ҙар (tawźar ) Pl.: өй ҙәр (öyźәr ) Pl.: һан дар (handar) Pl.: көн дәр (köndər) Tatar language Tatar ( / ˈ t ɑː t ər / TAH -tər ; татар теле , tatar tele or татарча , tatarça )

1404-580: The republic of Bashkortostan (a republic within the Russian Federation). Many speakers also live in Tatarstan , Chelyabinsk , Orenburg , Tyumen , Sverdlovsk and Kurgan Oblasts and other regions of Russia . Minor Bashkir groups also live in Kazakhstan and the United States . In a recent local media report in Bashkortostan, it was reported that some officials of the republic cannot assemble

1443-487: The schools of Tatarstan. According to the opponents of this change, it will further endanger the Tatar language and is a violation of the Tatarstan Constitution which stipulates the equality of Russian and Tatar languages in the republic. There are two main dialects of Tatar: All of these dialects also have subdivisions. Significant contributions to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects, were made by

1482-686: The status equal to that of the districts , and is likewise home to several units of Russia's Central Military District ; the 90th Guards Tank Division , the 232nd Rocket Artillery Brigade  [ ru ] , and the 28th Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade. As a municipal division , the Town of Chebarkul is incorporated as Chebarkulsky Urban Okrug . Bashkir language Bashkir ( UK : / b æ ʃ ˈ k ɪər / bash-KEER , US : / b ɑː ʃ ˈ k ɪər / bahsh-KEER ) or Bashkort (Bashkir: Башҡорт теле , romanized:  Başqort tele , [bɑʂˈqʊ̞rt tɪ̞ˈlɪ̞] )

1521-542: The use of a specific alphabet depends on the preference of the author. The Tatar language was made a de facto official language in Russia in 1917, but only within the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . Tatar is also considered to have been the official language in the short-lived Idel-Ural State , briefly formed during the Russian Civil War . The usage of Tatar declined during

#330669