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60-514: Chatichai Choonhavan ( Thai : ชาติชาย ชุณหะวัณ ; RTGS :  Chatchai Chunhawan , pronounced [tɕʰâːt.tɕʰāːj tɕʰūn.hà.wān] ; 5 April 1920 – 6 May 1998) was a Thai army officer, diplomat and politician. From 1986 to 1991, he was the chairman of the Thai Nation Party and served as the Prime Minister of Thailand from August 1988 until the 1991 coup d'état . Chatichai

120-612: A dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with

180-623: A cadet at the Army Academy upon finishing secondary school, and graduated with the rank of 2nd Lieutenant in 1935. Dawee soon joined the Air Force, and by 1938 had been promoted to flying officer . The young officer was soon enrolled in bombing and training courses with the RAF and USAAF , and returned two years later to become commanding officer of the 3rd Fighter Squadron, whose base was at Don Mueang . The conflict with French Indochina saw Dawee leading

240-416: A civilian reports officer, and to bring them to Bangkok for direct talks with Pridi. Dawee supervised the creation of a massive arms cache in the many classrooms of Thammasat University , and returned to Calcutta on 10 August, where he celebrated the end of the war with the staff of SEAC. Dawee accompanied Seni Pramoj back to Bangkok on September 16, and returned permanently on December 5, 1945, escorting

300-588: A constituency in Nakhon Ratchasima Province . The Thai Nation Party joined a government coalition under Kukrit Pramoj . Chatichai served as minister of foreign affairs from 17 March 1975 to 21 April 1976. After the snap election in April 1976 , in which the Thai Nation Party expanded its share of seats significantly, he was minister of industry in the government of Seni Pramoj until it was overthrown by

360-694: A fellow Seri Thai agent. The sojourn in Ceylonese capital did not last long, however, as the Wing Commander was taken by Colonel John Coughlin of the OSS to meet Lord Mountbatten at Kandy . There Dawee received his OSS codename, "Dicky Stone". Wing Commander Dawee spent his time at Kandy studying aerial photographs of Thailand and assisting the bombing planners at South East Asia Command in selecting accurate Japanese military targets as opposed to Thai civilian ones. Dawee also received lessons in espionage and sabotage, and

420-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of

480-727: A hospital in London. received the following royal decorations in the Honours System of Thailand: Monarchy of Thailand Prime Ministers of Thailand Military dictators Institutions Key events Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and

540-493: A lone Japanese reconnaissance plane cruising in the skies above Don Mueang. The chase was frantic, but ultimately the Japanese pilot was saved from being shot down when the two Thai pilots were ordered to stand down and return to base. Dawee was sent later to serve as an attaché to General Yamashita 's headquarters at Alor Star . He accompanied the Japanese 25th Army to as far as Johore before being forced to return to Bangkok as

600-656: A member of the International Olympic Committee and a force behind the Southeast Asian Games . Dawee himself won a silver medal in sailing at the 1970 Asian Games . After the October 1973 Thai popular uprising he served as defence minister and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces Headquarters until 1974. In 1976 and 1979/80 he was again deputy prime minister of Thailand . He became

660-582: A military coup d'état after the Thammasat University massacre of 6 October 1976. From 1980 to 1983, Chatichai served as industry minister under Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda . After three years of opposition, the party returned to government and Chatichai was deputy prime minister under Prem. The Thai Nation Party won the most votes in the 1988 Thai general election , resulting in Chatichai being appointed prime minister on 4 August 1988. This made him

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720-483: A reinforcement of the role of parliament, in which politicians from the provinces were strongly represented, in contrast with the unelected power elites in the administration and military which had made political decisions during the tenure of Chatichai's predecessor, Prem Tinsulanonda. Chatichai's government emphasised the economic development of the periphery at the expense of Bangkok's big businesses and military expenditures, which it tried to cut. These policies challenged

780-561: A relative and confidante of Princess Mother Srinagarindra —the mother of kings Ananda Mahidol and Bhumibol Adulyadej . Chatichai and Boonruen had two children, daughter Wanee Hongpraphas, and their son political scientist, social activist, and former senator Kraisak Choonhavan . The former deputy prime minister Korn Dapparansi is his nephew. Chatichai studied at Debsirin School , a long-standing, prestigious, all-boys school in Bangkok, and at

840-693: A result of malarial infections. In March 1945, Wing Commander Dawee was ordered to report to the Army Deputy Commander-in-Chief, who quickly presented the Wing Commander to the Regent at his riverside residence. The regent proceeded to explain that Dawee had been chosen to carry out liaison duties with the Allies in India on behalf of the Seri Thai . He was to leave on the night of 21 April by seaplane. Dawee

900-525: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and

960-500: Is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along the ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As

1020-553: Is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of

1080-479: Is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of the Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai

1140-558: The 1992 Black May , he founded the National Development Party and was again elected in his constituency in Nakhon Ratchasima . Chatichai was known for his fondness of cigars , fine wines, and Harley-Davidson motorcycles. Even in old age, he practised several sports and visited parties and discothèques, earning him a reputation of being a playboy. On 6 May 1998, at the age of 78, Chatichai died from liver cancer in

1200-651: The Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy . He entered active military service as second lieutenant and cavalry platoon leader in 1940. During World War II , he was assigned to the Phayap Army ("Northwest Army"), under the command of his father Phin, and participated in the invasion of the Shan States of Burma . After the war, he continued his training at the Thai Army Cavalry School and

1260-517: The Israeli embassy in Bangkok and held several hostages . Dawee could achieve the release of all the hostages and a bloodless end of the crisis. Instead of the hostages, Dawee and Chatichai Choonhavan , then deputy foreign minister and future prime minister, accompanied the terrorists as surety on their freedom flight to Cairo. After the popular uprising of 1973 , he was minister of defence under Prime Minister Sanya Dharmasakti and Supreme Commander of

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1320-610: The Korean War as the commander of the 1st Cavalry Battalion. Then, he became director and commander of the Thai Army Armor School. In 1957, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat —a rival of Chatichai's father and brother-in-law—staged a coup d'état against the government of Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram . He ousted the Phin-Phao clique and filled the important political and military posts with his own followers. The new regime accused

1380-778: The Sihanouk -led Government of Cambodia. Chatichai's government initiated many infrastructure projects, including an expansion of the telecommunications network in partnership with the state-owned Telephone Organization of Thailand (TOT), development of the Eastern seaboard of Thailand , and road and rail networks in partnership with the Mass Rapid Transit Authority (MRTA) in the Greater Bangkok Area . During Chatichai's premiership, Thailand's economy saw annual growth rates of up to 13 percent. Under Chatichai's government, there

1440-610: The United States Army Armor School in Fort Knox , Kentucky. In 1949, he was appointed military attaché in Washington, DC . At the age of 31, Chatichai was a major-general. In 1951, the military, led by Chatichai's father and his brother-in-law, Phao Siyanon, effectively assumed power in Thailand in a " silent coup ". They used their political influence to extend their activities to the economic sphere. Chatichai served in

1500-564: The napalm bombing of Hmong villages in Phitsanulok Province who were suspected of fighting for the communists . He stated: "They must be got rid of, once and for all." After Thailand had received a new constitution in 1968 , Dawee joined the United Thai People's Party , created by military leaders Thanom Kittikachorn and Praphas Charusathien in order to continue their rule under the guise of parliamentary system. Dawee became

1560-668: The 60th Fighter Squadron, which was composed of nine Hawk 75Ns . On 24 January 1941, it was Dawee's fighters that escorted the Ki-30 Nagoyas on the raid on the French airfield at Angkor Wat . Flight Lieutenant Dawee was a member of the last Thai military mission to Malaya in October 1941, and returned just days before the commencement of the Pacific War . At 08:00 on 8 December 1941, Flight Lieutenant Dawee Chullasapya and Pilot Officer Sangwaan Worasap rushed off in their Hawk 75Ns to pursue

1620-562: The Choonhavan clan (also known as the Soi Rajakru clan , after the family's residence) of having embezzled millions of dollars of public funds and hiding them in Swiss bank accounts. This ended Chatichai's military career. Chatichai was transferred to the diplomatic service and assigned to the relatively unimportant post of ambassador to Argentina. During the following years he consecutively served as

1680-468: The Governor of Chaiyaphum, a man fully committed to the resistance, and by Khon Kaen 's chief Seri Thai officers, Tiang Sirikhanth and Chamlong Daoruang. Dawee once more returned to Calcutta, and from there on he oversaw equipment drops by B-24s on Sakhon Nakhorn , and accompanied a C-46 to Kunming and Chungking . The airfields were ready by June, and Dawee was tasked to return to Thailand on board

1740-547: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to

1800-609: The Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard

1860-652: The Palestinian Black September organisation in December 1972, he and the Agriculture Minister Dawee Chullasapya negotiated with the terrorists. In exchange for the release of the Israeli diplomats, they lent themselves as guarantees and accompanied the terrorists on their freedom flight to Cairo . Chatichai continued as deputy foreign minister after the 1973 democratic uprising , serving in

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1920-554: The Thai Armed Forces from 1973 to 1974. In December 1973, one and a half years before Thailand officially established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, Dawee and Chatichai —who was foreign minister by that time—were the first Thai government officials to visit Beijing . There, they negotiated a contract for the supply of 50,000 tons of diesel oil at a "friendship price" and promised to remove trade barriers between

1980-580: The Thai ambassador to Austria, Switzerland, Turkey, Yugoslavia, the Holy See and the United Nations . In 1972, he returned to Bangkok to become the director of the Foreign Ministry 's political department. In the government of Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn , Chatichai was appointed deputy minister of foreign affairs in 1972. During the hostage-taking in the Israeli embassy by a terrorist commando of

2040-484: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to

2100-813: The country's traditional elites. On 23 February 1991, the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army, General Sunthorn Kongsompong , and the generals of the Chulalongkorn Military Academy class 5, Suchinda Kraprayoon , Issarapong Noonpakdi , and Kaset Rojananil , formed the National Peace Keeping Council to depose Chatichai's government in a coup d'état. They accused the elected government of massive corruption and abuse of power for its own advantage. They charged several cabinet members, including Chatichai, with "unusual wealth". At

2160-800: The establishment of secret airfields for which the Allies could fly in agents and supplies to reinforce the Seri Thai. The Wing Commander immediately reported back to Pridi's new residence at the Bang Pa-In Summer Palace , approximately 70 km north of Bangkok. The next week was spent surveying the Northeast for prospective airfield sites. The sites they chose was in Chaiyaphum Province and at Nonhan in Loei Province. The Royal Thai Air Force duly began construction, assisted in no little part by

2220-454: The first RAF C-47 to fly into the country. Prince Yuthisathien Sawasdiwat , a Seri Thai officer who had been parachuted in to evaluate the airfields, were waiting for him. On 14 June the plane landed, but the wheels sank into the ground. Once the supplies were unloaded, however, the airfield personnel were able to push the plane out of the mud and repair minor damage. Dawee returned to Calcutta to pick up OSS Major Nicol Smith and Lloyd George,

2280-460: The first democratically elected head of government after 12 years of dictatorship and "semi-democracy". His government improved relations with communist-ruled Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, which had been Thailand's enemies during the Cold War . It promoted international trade with these countries and others. Chatichai's slogan was to turn Indochina "from a battlefield into a marketplace". It also supported

2340-443: The interim cabinet of Sanya Dharmasakti . In December 1973, one and a half years before Thailand officially established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, Chatichai and Dawee—who was then minister of defence —were the first Thai government officials to visit Beijing . There, they negotiated a contract for the supply of 50,000 tons of diesel oil at a "friendship price" and promised to remove trade barriers between

2400-515: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of

2460-547: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled

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2520-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,

2580-484: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to

2640-492: The same time, they acted in the interest of the traditional elite of the bureaucracy, military and Bangkokian business circles, whose influence the Chatichai government had sought to curtail. The coup group called the form of governance under Chatichai "parliamentary dictatorship" and alleged a moral decline. Chatichai temporarily went into exile in the United Kingdom. After his return, he continued his political activity. After

2700-526: The secretary-general of that party. He then served as minister of communication and transport from 1969 to 1971. After Thanom and Praphas’ self-coup in November 1971, that suspended the constitution, parliament and political parties again, Dawee served as minister of agriculture from 1972 to 1973. In December 1972, he led the negotiations with the Palestinian terrorist group Black September , who penetrated into

2760-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as

2820-419: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Dawee Chullasapya Air chief marshal Dawee

2880-504: The title of a popular song by folk rock singer Aed Carabao and entered Thai common parlance. Chatichai was heavily criticised when he tried to downplay the damage caused by Typhoon Gay , which resulted in 360 deaths, in the same way. The formerly right-wing Thai Nation Party had de-ideologized itself and now represented the interests of the rising class of provincial businessmen. It pursued policies that boosted their businesses and involved them in lucrative government contracts. It advocated

2940-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after

3000-474: The two nations. In 1974, Dawee co-founded the Social Justice Party , of which he became the chairman in 1976. He served as deputy prime minister and minister of public health under Seni Pramoj , until the day of the Thammasat University massacre , 6 October 1976. He was again deputy prime minister, this time under Kriangsak Chomanan , from 1979 to 1980. received the following royal decorations in

3060-470: The two nations. In 1974, Chatichai and his in-laws Pramarn Adireksarn and Siri Siriyothin —also major generals—founded the conservative and aggressively anti-communist Thai Nation Party ( Chart Thai ). It ran in the January 1975 general election , the first democratic election after the end of military dictatorship, and became the third-strongest party. Chatichai was elected member of parliament, representing

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3120-508: The urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form a dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai

3180-555: The vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and

3240-762: The young King Ananda Mahidol . Dawee was the head of the organising committees for the 1966 and 1970 Asian Games , both held in Bangkok. From 1973 to 1974, he was the Supreme Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters . In 1974, he became the president of the National Olympic Committee of Thailand and member of the International Olympic Committee . Dawee was vice minister of defence in Thanom Kittikachorn 's government from 1963 to 1969. In January 1969, he ordered

3300-401: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed

3360-434: Was forced to attend an intensive week-long OSS training course in Maryland . A posting to Calcutta saw Dawee acting as a liaison officer at Mountbatten's American deputy, General Raymond B. Wheeler 's headquarters. The Thai again acted as a consultant to various USAAF bombing-run plans. He returned to Thailand a while later via seaplane. Dawee was to collect intelligence regarding Japanese troop dispositions, and to aid in

3420-437: Was rampant corruption. The parties and politicians in Chatichai's coalition scrambled overtly over the distribution of public funds. The Thai press dubbed them the "buffet cabinet", referring to their "take-what-you-like" mentality. Chatichai's standard answer whenever he was confronted by the press with difficulties or corruption allegations against members of his government was "no problem". A parody variant, "no plomplam", became

3480-494: Was the only son of Field Marshal Phin Choonhavan and Khunying Wibunlak Choonhavan. His father was the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army from 1948 to 1954 and exerted a strong influence on the country's politics and economy. Chatichai had four sisters. The eldest was married to General Phao Siyanon , who was one of Thailand's strongmen during the 1950s. Another sister married Pramarn Adireksarn , who later became Chatichai's political ally. Chatichai married Boonruen Sopoj,

3540-449: Was to make the journey with three Americans: two OSS officers, Majors John Wester and Howard Palmer; and the Flying Tigers ' "Black Mac" McGarry, who since being shot down in the Chiang Mai area in January 1942 had been in a POW camp. Also in tow were 2nd Lieutenant Wimon Wiriyawit, a Seri Thai officer, and Fon Saengsinkaew. The party arrived in Madras some hours later, and Dawee continued on to Colombo , where he met Sanguan Tularak ,

3600-400: Was widely considered a pillar of Thailand's sporting world. After a successful career in the military which saw him rise to Supreme Command chief of staff in 1961, he turned to politics and was appointed deputy defense minister in 1963. He later served as minister of transport and communications and of agriculture. Head of Thailand's National Olympic Committee for 22 years until his death, he was

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