63-517: Charlotte Mary Yonge (11 August 1823 – 24 March 1901) was an English novelist, who wrote in the service of the church. Her abundant books helped to spread the influence of the Oxford Movement and showed her keen interest in matters of public health and sanitation. Charlotte Mary Yonge was born in Otterbourne , Hampshire, England, on 11 August 1823 to William Yonge and Fanny Yonge, née Bargus. She
126-429: A copy of the book at a fête for sixpence. In 2015 a sculpture by Vivien Mallock was installed outside Eastleigh railway station , as a tribute to Yonge for having effectively named the town. It shows her at the age of about 45 when she named Eastleigh parish. It shows her sitting on a bench with a book on her lap, with space for members of the public to sit alongside her. Oxford Movement The Oxford Movement
189-555: A crusader ( The Prince and the Page ), Miss Yonge drew on the Vie de Bertrand du Guesclin as well as on Froissart for her fascinating tale The Lances of Lynwood . With characteristic modesty she expressed the hope that her sketch might "serve as an inducement to some young readers to make acquaintance with the delectable old Canon (Froissart) for themselves." The wise, of all ages, will fulfil her hope. So popular were her works that A midshipman
252-525: A near neighbour and one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement . Yonge was herself sometimes referred to as "the novelist of the Oxford Movement", as her work frequently reflects values and concerns of Anglo-Catholicism . She remained in Otterbourne all her life and taught for 71 years in the village Sunday school . Her house, 'Elderfield', became a Grade II listed building in 1984. In 1858 she paid for
315-515: A new name was not limited to baptism. Many medieval examples show that any notable change of condition, especially in the spiritual order, was often accompanied by the reception of a new name. In the 8th century, the two Englishmen Winfrith and Willibald going on different occasions to Rome received from the Pope, along with a new commission to preach, the names respectively of Boniface and Clement. Emma of Normandy when she married King Ethelred in 1002 took
378-474: A private magazine, The Barnacle , which continued until about 1871. This was valuable as they may have belonged to the last generation of girls educated at home. Her goddaughter, Alice Mary Coleridge , contributed as "Gurgoyle" to the first issue, drawing the covers and contributing translations, articles and verses. Yonge's personal example and influence on her goddaughter Alice Mary Coleridge were formative in her zeal for women's education, leading indirectly to
441-501: Is a religious personal name given on the occasion of a Christian baptism , though now most often given by parents at birth. In English-speaking cultures , a person's Christian name is commonly their first name and is typically the name by which the person is primarily known. Traditionally, a Christian name was given on the occasion of Christian baptism, with the ubiquity of infant baptism in modern and medieval Christendom . In Elizabethan England , as suggested by William Camden ,
504-671: The Church of Ireland , and the elimination of Vestry Assessment ( church rates or "parish cess"), a cause of grievance in the Tithe War . The bill also made changes to the leasing of church lands. Some politicians and clergy (including a number of Whigs ) feared that the Church of England might be disestablished and lose its endowments. John Keble criticised these proposals as " National Apostasy " in his Assize Sermon in Oxford in 1833, in which he denied
567-645: The English Reformation , as well as from contemporary Roman Catholic traditions. The immediate impetus for the Tractarian movement was a perceived attack by the reforming Whig administration on the structure and revenues of the Church of Ireland (the established church in Ireland), with the Irish Church Temporalities Bill (1833). The Act provided for the merging of dioceses and provinces of
630-507: The Hebrew practice of giving a name to the male child at the time of his circumcision on the eighth day after birth ( Luke 1:59), it has been maintained that the custom of conferring a name upon the newly baptised was of Apostolic origin. For instance, the apostle of the Gentiles was called Saul before his conversion and Paul afterwards. But modern scholars have rejected this contention, since
693-530: The Protestant Reformation . In the registers of Oxford University from 1560 to 1621, the more common names used by the students in order of popularity were: John, 3826; Thomas, 2777; William, 2546; Richard, 1691; Robert, 1222; Edward, 957; Henry, 908; George, 647; Francis, 447; James, 424; Nicholas, 326; Edmund, 298. In Italy and Spain it has been common practice to call a child after the saint upon whose feast they are born. The practice of adopting
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#1732883491632756-779: The " one, holy, catholic, and apostolic " Christian church. Many key participants subsequently converted to Roman Catholicism . The movement's philosophy was known as Tractarianism after its series of publications, the Tracts for the Times , published from 1833 to 1841. Tractarians were also disparagingly referred to as "Newmanites" (before 1845) and "Puseyites" after two prominent Tractarians, John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey . Other well-known Tractarians included John Keble , Charles Marriott , Richard Froude , Robert Wilberforce , Isaac Williams and William Palmer . All except Williams and Palmer were fellows of Oriel College, Oxford . In
819-469: The Acts of St. Balsamus, who died AD 331, there is an early example of the connection between baptism and the giving of a name. "By my paternal name", this martyr is said to have declared, "I am called Balsamus, but by the spiritual name which I received in baptism, I am known as Peter." The assumption of a new name was fairly common amongst Christians. Eusebius the historian took the name Pamphili from Pamphilus ,
882-459: The Apostles. Paulus may be an intentional reference to St. Paul, and Johannes, Andreas, and Petrus with derivatives such as Petronia, Petrius, Petronilla, etc. may also refer to the Apostles. The name of Mary occurs occasionally in the catacomb inscriptions towards the end of the 4th century, for example, in the form LIVIA MARIA IN PACE , and there is a martyr Maria assigned to the date AD 256. In
945-559: The Christian name is not merely the forename distinctive of the individual member of a family, but the name given to the person (generally a child) at their christening or baptism. In pre- Reformation England, the laity was taught to administer baptism in case of necessity with the words: "I christen thee in the name of the Father" etc. To "christen" in this context is therefore to "baptise", and "Christian name" means "baptismal name". In view of
1008-483: The Church of England to return to the ways of the ancient and undivided church in matters of doctrine, liturgy and devotion. They believed that the Church of England needed to affirm that its authority did not come from the authority of the state, but from God. Even if the Anglican Church were completely separated from the state, it could still claim the loyalty of Englishmen because it rested on divine authority and
1071-553: The Lord as he was, took to themselves the same name, just as many of the children of the faithful are called Paul or Peter." The assumption of any such new name would take place formally at baptism, in which the catechumen , then probably as now, had to be addressed by some distinctive appellation, and the imposition of a new name at baptism had become general. Every child had necessarily to receive some name or other, and when baptism followed soon after birth this allowed public recognition of
1134-516: The Melanesian Islands , and Hannah More . Her History of Christian Names was described as "the first serious attempt at tackling the subject" and as the standard work on names in the preface to the first edition of Betty Withycombe 's The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names (1944). Around 1859 Yonge created a literary group of younger girl cousins, to write essays and gain advice from Yonge on their writing. Together they created
1197-524: The Resurrection, the Church of England parish church , and was asked to choose which of the two villages the parish should be named after. She chose Eastley but decided that it should be spelt Eastleigh as she perceived this as being more modern. Yonge died in her home village of Otterbourne on 24 March 1901. Her obituary in The Times stated, Her friends, and especially her poorer neighbours, knew both
1260-697: The Roman Catholic Church in 1845, followed by Henry Edward Manning in 1851, had a profound effect on the movement. Apart from the Tracts for the Times , the group began a collection of translations of the Church Fathers , which they termed the Library of the Fathers . The collection eventually comprised 48 volumes, the last published three years after Pusey's death. They were issued through Rivington 's company with
1323-608: The Roman and Anglican churches were wholly compatible. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1845 and was ordained a Catholic priest two years later. He later became a cardinal (but not a bishop). Writing on the end of Tractarianism as a movement, Newman stated: I saw indeed clearly that my place in the Movement was lost; public confidence was at an end; my occupation was gone. It was simply an impossibility that I could say any thing henceforth to good effect, when I had been posted up by
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#17328834916321386-488: The Tractarian priests began working in slums . This was partly because bishops refused to give livings to Tractarian priests, and partly due to an ethos of concern for the poor. From their new ministries, they developed a critique of British social policy , both local and national. One of the results was the establishment of the Christian Social Union , of which a number of bishops were members, where issues such as
1449-717: The Younger , and who previously to marriage was baptized (AD 421) receiving the name Eudoxia. Bede wrote that King Caedwalla went to Rome and was baptized by the Pope Sergius who gave him the name of Peter. Dying soon afterwards he was buried in Rome and his epitaph beginning Hic depositus est Caedwalla qui est Petrus was pointed out (Bede, "Hist. Eccl.", V, vii). Later Guthrum the Danish leader in England after his long contest with King Alfred
1512-523: The authority of the British Parliament to abolish several dioceses in Ireland. The Gorham Case , in which secular courts overruled an ecclesiastical court on the matter of a priest with somewhat unorthodox views on the efficacy of infant baptism , was also deeply unsettling. Keble, Edward Bouverie Pusey , Newman, and others began to publish a series known as Tracts for the Times , which called
1575-578: The baptism of St. Paul is recorded in Acts 9:18, but the name Paul does not occur before Acts 13:9 while Saul is found several times in the interval. There is no more reason to connect the name Paul with the Apostle's baptism than there is to account in the same way for the giving of the name Cephas or Peter , which is due to another cause . In the inscriptions of the Catacombs of Rome and in early Christian literature,
1638-435: The choice made. In the thirtieth of the supposed Arabian Canons of Nicaea : "Of giving only names of Christians in baptism"; but the sermons of St. John Chrysostom assume in many different places that the conferring of a name, presumably at baptism, ought to be regulated by some idea of Christian edification, and he implies that such had been the practice of earlier generations. For example, he says: "When it comes to giving
1701-533: The church. In particular, it brought the insights of the Liturgical Movement into the life of the church. Its effects were so widespread that the Eucharist gradually became more central to worship , vestments became common, and numerous Roman Catholic practices were re-introduced into worship. This led to controversies within churches that resulted in court cases, as in the dispute about ritualism . Many of
1764-535: The concept of the Oxford Movement to argue for a return to traditional Confucianism in China . Defunct One of the principal writers and proponents of Tractarianism was John Henry Newman , a popular Oxford priest who, after writing his final tract, " Tract 90 ", became convinced that the Branch Theory was inadequate. Concerns that Tractarianism was disguised Roman Catholicism were not unfounded; Newman believed that
1827-402: The construction of a combined school and chapel of ease to Hursley parish church in the village of Pitt. It was designed by William Butterfield and, like Elderfield, has been a Grade II listed building since 1984. In 1868 a new parish was formed to the south of Yonge's home village of Otterbourne. This was to contain the villages of Eastley and Barton. Yonge donated £500 towards the Church of
1890-498: The deaconess, in Romans 16:1. Similar names are found in the Christian inscriptions of the earlier period and in the signatories appended to such councils as Nicaea or Ancyra , or again in the lists of martyrs . At a later date the names are of a most miscellaneous character. The following classification is one that has been worked out by J. Bass Mullinger founded on Martigny. This category may be divided as follows: These include
1953-616: The diminutive is Concha , as well as Asunción, Encarnación, Mercedes, Dolores etc. in Spanish, and in Italian Assunta, Annunziata, Concetta , etc. The name Mary has not always been a favourite for girls. In England in the 12th century, Mary as a Christian name was rare. The name George, often given in recognition of the Saint George the patron saint of England, was not common in the 13th and 14th centuries, though it grew in popularity after
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2016-439: The early nineteenth century, many of the clergymen of the Church of England , particularly those in high office, saw themselves as latitudinarian (liberal). Conversely, many clergy in the parishes were Evangelicals , as a result of the revival led by John Wesley . Alongside this, the universities became the breeding ground for a movement to restore liturgical and devotional customs which borrowed deeply from traditions before
2079-634: The early or the later Middle Ages . In extensive lists of medieval names, such as those found in the indexes of legal proceedings which have been edited in modern times, while ordinary names without religious associations, such as William, Robert, Roger, Geoffrey, Hugh, etc. are common (around the year 1200, William was by far the most common Christian name in England), there are also a number of exceptional names which have apparently no religious associations at all. These include Ademar, Ailma, Ailward, Albreza, Alditha, Almaury, Ascelina, Avice, Aystorius (these come from
2142-469: The first name that occurs, nor to seek to gratify fathers or grandfathers or other family connections by giving their names, but rather to choose the names of holy men conspicuous for virtue and for their courage before God (P.G. 53, 179). There are other historic examples of such a change of name in adult converts. Socrates (Hist. Eccl., VII, xxi) wrote of Athenais who married the Emperor Theodosius
2205-604: The following: Though the recurrence of such names as Agnes, Balbina, Cornelius, Felicitas, Irenaeus, Justinus, etc. may be due to veneration for the martyrs who first used these names, the names of the New Testament are rarely found while those of the Hebrew Bible are more common. Susanna, Daniel, Moses, Tobias, occur frequently, but towards the end of the 4th century the name of the Blessed Lady becomes as familiar as those of
2268-691: The formation of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood ." Yonge's work was compared favourably with that of Trollope, Jane Austen , Honoré de Balzac , Gustave Flaubert , and Émile Zola . Sir John Arthur Ransome Marriott called her: ... not only a prolific novelist, but a serious student of history, especially in its personal aspects. Having dealt in The Constable's Tower with Hubert de Burgh , with his famous defence of Dover Castle against Prince Louis of France (1213), and his still more famous victory at sea off Sandwich , and with Edward I as
2331-694: The foundation of Abbots Bromley School for Girls . After Yonge's death, her friend, assistant and collaborator, Christabel Coleridge , published the biographical Charlotte Mary Yonge: her Life and Letters (1903). Yonge's work was widely read and respected in the 19th century. Among her admirers were Lewis Carroll , George Eliot , William Ewart Gladstone , Charles Kingsley , Christina Rossetti , Alfred, Lord Tennyson , and Anthony Trollope . William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones read The Heir of Redclyffe aloud to each other while undergraduates at Oxford University and "took [the hero, Guy Morville's] medieval tastes and chivalric ideals as presiding elements in
2394-565: The historic pre- schism Catholic Church. Tractarians argued for the inclusion of traditional aspects of liturgy from medieval religious practice, as they believed the church had become too "plain". In the final tract, " Tract 90 ", Newman argued that the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, as defined by the Council of Trent , were compatible with the Thirty-Nine Articles of the 16th-century Church of England. Newman's eventual reception into
2457-476: The imprint of the Holyrood Press. The main editor for many of these was Charles Marriott . A number of volumes of original Greek and Latin texts were also published. One of the main contributions that resulted from Tractarianism is the hymnbook entitled Hymns Ancient and Modern which was published in 1861. The Oxford Movement was criticised as being a mere " Romanising " tendency, but it began to influence
2520-511: The infant a name, caring not to call it after the saints, as the ancients at first did, people light lamps and give them names and so name the child after the one which continues burning the longest, from thence conjecturing that he will live a long time" (Hom. in Cor., xii, 13). Similarly he commends the practice of the parents of Antioch in calling their children after the martyr Meletius ( P.G. 50, 515) and urges his hearers not to give their children
2583-401: The just wage, the system of property renting, infant mortality and industrial conditions were debated. The more radical Catholic Crusade was a much smaller organisation than the Oxford Movement. Anglo-Catholicism – as this complex of ideas, styles and organisations became known – had a significant influence on global Anglicanism. Gu Hongming , an early twentieth-century Chinese author, used
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2646-439: The lists of those cured at the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury ). A rubric in the official " Rituale Romanum " mandates that the priest ought to see that names of deities or of godless pagans are not given in baptism ( curet ne obscoena, fabulosa aut ridicula vel inanium deorum vel impiorum ethnicorum hominum nomina imponantur ). A pronouncement from Bourges (1666) addressing parents and godparents urges: "Let them give to boys
2709-412: The marshal on the buttery-hatch of every College of my University, after the manner of discommoned pastry-cooks, and when in every part of the country and every class of society, through every organ and opportunity of opinion, in newspapers, in periodicals, at meetings, in pulpits, at dinner-tables, in coffee-rooms, in railway carriages, I was denounced as a traitor who had laid his train and was detected in
2772-514: The martyr whom he especially venerated. Earlier still St. Cyprian chose to be called Cyprianus Caecilius out of gratitude to the Caecilius to whom he owed his conversion. St. Dionysius of Alexandria (c. 260) declared, "I am of opinion that there were many of the same name as the Apostle John , who on account of their love for him, and because they admired and emulated him, and desired to be loved by
2835-448: The moral quality of [her] view of life with the quality of her literary expression". Her novels such as The Daisy Chain , The Young Stepmother , The Trial , and The Three Brides encompass Victorian problems of urban pollution, sanitary reform, and epidemics of cholera and typhoid. She urged social, economic and medical reform of dirt-ridden Victorian cities. The dualism found in her writings, writes Alethea Hayter, "serves to illustrate
2898-498: The name Ælfgifu; while the reception of a new, monastic name upon entering a religious order remains almost universal. At confirmation , in which the interposition of a godfather emphasizes the resemblance with baptism, it has been customary to take a new name, but usually, use made of it is infrequent. In the case of Henry III , King of France, godson of the English Edward VI had been christened Edouard Alexandre in 1551,
2961-548: The names of Christians in the first three centuries did not distinctively differ from the names of the pagans around them. A reference to the Epistles of St. Paul indicates that the names of pre-Christian gods and goddesses were used by his converts after their conversion as before. Hermes occurs in Romans 16:14, with a number of other purely pagan names, Epaphroditus in Phil. 4:18, Phoebe ,
3024-602: The names of male saints and to girls those of women saints as right order requires, and let them avoid the names of festivals like Easter ( Pâques ), Christmas ( Noël ), All Saints ( Toussaint ) and others that are sometimes chosen." Despite such injunctions "Toussaint" has become a common French Christian name and "Noël" has also found popularity abroad. The addition of Marie, especially in the form Jean-Marie, for boys, and of Josèphe (Marie-Josèphe), for girls, may be found in present-day France. In Spain and Italy Marian festivals have also created names for girls: Concepción , of which
3087-511: The principle of apostolic succession. With a wide distribution and a price in pennies, the Tracts succeeded in drawing attention to the views of the Oxford Movement on points of doctrine, but also to its overall approach, to the extent that Tractarian became a synonym for supporter of the movement. The Tractarians postulated the Branch Theory , which states that Anglicanism, along with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, form three "branches" of
3150-535: The profits from later novels. Yonge was also a founder and editor for 40 years of The Monthly Packet , a magazine founded in 1851, with a varied readership, but targeted at British Anglican girls, though in later years it turned to a somewhat wider readership). Among her other well-known works are Heartsease , and The Daisy Chain . A Book of Golden Deeds is a collection of true stories of courage and self-sacrifice. Other titles were Cameos from English History , Life of John Coleridge Patteson : Missionary Bishop of
3213-454: The recommendation of his fiancé, Johanna Schaay, found it a moving experience. The novel was "next to the Bible in its meaning for my life." Yonge was one of the favourite writers of Barbara Pym , who mentions Yonge's novels favourably in several of her own novels. However, according to the critic Catherine Sandbach-Dahlström, Yonge's work has been "constantly be-devilled" by a "tendency to confuse
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#17328834916323276-493: The result not only of a strong ethical purpose, but also of her firm devotion to the High Church view of Christian doctrine and practice. Yonge began writing in 1848 and published in her long life about 160 works, chiefly novels. Her first commercial success, The Heir of Redclyffe (1853), provided the funding to put the schooner Southern Cross into service on behalf of George Selwyn . Similar charitable works were done with
3339-527: The same French prince at confirmation received the name of Henri, and subsequently reigned under this name. In England after the Reformation, the practice of adopting a new name at confirmation was still used, as Sir Edward Coke wrote that a man might validly buy land by his confirmation name , and he recalled the case of a Sir Francis Gawdye , late Chief Justice of the Common Pleas , whose name of baptism
3402-467: The strength and the winning charm of her character. Thus the late Archbishop Benson noted in his diary her "odd majesty and kindliness, which are very strong." But it is of course as a writer that Miss Yonge will be remembered. She had an inventive mind and a ready pen, and a bare list of the books written or edited by her would probably occupy nearly a whole column of The Times . She wrote chiefly for young people, especially young girls, and her books are
3465-419: The term Christian name was not necessarily related to baptism, used merely in the sense of "given name": Christian names were imposed for the distinction of persons, surnames for the difference of families. In more modern times, the terms have been used interchangeably with given name , first name and forename in traditionally Christian countries, and are still common in day-to-day use. Strictly speaking,
3528-437: The theory and practice of Anglicanism more broadly, spreading to cities such as Bristol during the 1840s-50s. The Oxford Movement was also criticised as both secretive and collusive. The Oxford Movement resulted in the establishment of Anglican religious orders , both of men and of women. It incorporated ideas and practices related to the practice of liturgy and ceremony to incorporate more powerful emotional symbolism in
3591-414: The triumphs and mistakes of reforming zeal, to contrast selfish irresponsibility with courageous philanthropy, to balance tradition against progress." Yonge's work has been sparely studied, with the possible exception of The Heir of Redclyffe . Graham Greene used epigraphs from The Little Duke for each chapter of his 1943 novel The Ministry of Fear . In Chapter 1, the protagonist Arthur Rowe buys
3654-418: The very act of firing it against the time-honoured Establishment. Newman was one of a number of Anglican clergy who were received into the Roman Catholic Church during the 1840s who were either members of, or were influenced by, Tractarianism. Other people influenced by Tractarianism who became Roman Catholics included: Christian name A Christian name , sometimes referred to as a baptismal name ,
3717-481: Was a movement of high church members of the Church of England which began in the 1830s and eventually developed into Anglo-Catholicism . The movement, whose original devotees were mostly associated with the University of Oxford , argued for the reinstatement of some older Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology . They thought of Anglicanism as one of three branches of
3780-510: Was able to supply from memory a missing page in his ship's copy of The Daisy Chain . An officer in the Guards, asked in a game of "Confessions" what his prime object in life was, answered that it was to make himself like Guy Morville, hero of The Heir of Redclyffe . C. S. Lewis thought highly of her, at one point bracketing her evocations of domestic life with those of Homer and Leo Tolstoy . Abraham Kuyper , who read The Heir of Redclyffe on
3843-508: Was educated at home by her father, studying Latin, Greek, French, Euclid , and algebra. Her father's lessons could be harsh: He required a diligence and accuracy that were utterly alien to me. He thundered at me so that nobody could bear to hear it, and often reduced me to tears, but his approbation was so delightful that it was a delicious stimulus.... I believe, in spite of all breezes over my innate slovenliness, it would have broken our hearts to leave off working together. And we went on till I
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#17328834916323906-420: Was eventually defeated, and consenting to accept Christianity was baptized in 878, taking the name Æthelstan. Various Fathers and spiritual writers and synodal decrees have exhorted Christians to give no names to their children in baptism but those of canonized saints or of the angels of God, but at no point in the history of the Church were these injunctions strictly attended to. They were not observed during
3969-446: Was some years past twenty. Yonge's devotion to her father was lifelong and her relations with him seem to have set the standard for all other relations, including marriage. His "approbation was throughout life my bliss; his anger my misery for the time." Yonge was born into a religious family. Devoted to the High church , she was much influenced by John Keble , Vicar of Hursley from 1835,
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