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58-491: According to a certificate signed by his mother, Maria Cochrane (née Shaw), 'my son Charles Stuart Cochrane was born on board H.M.S. Thetis at sea.' The ship was at that time cruising somewhere off the east coast of North America. Charles was probably the fourth child of that marriage, his siblings being Jane (d. 1830), Anna (d. 1873) Thomas (1789-1872) who became an Admiral in the Royal Navy, and Andrew (1799-1870) . [1] In

116-627: A 'disappointment' in South America. This disappointment was probably in addition to an earlier one: 'in Columbia in 1824, where I was unfortunately engaged in one of those fashionable bubbles, by which I lost my health, and was swindled out of a thousand pounds.' Partly for this reason, he now embarked on a new adventure. In order to raise money for anti-monarchist refugees arriving in Britain from Spain , he proposed to tour Britain. He furnished himself with

174-561: A 300 pound award, and it seems that Cochrane received this in 1834. After 1831, the life of Charles Stuart Cochrane is not well documented. He was still alive, in London, in January 1845: there is a short exchange of views in the London Times newspaper, between him and the editor (19 December 1844 and 9 January 1845), on a rather obscure argument about good manners and protocol involving himself and

232-646: A French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France , Louis XVIII , to help the Spanish Bourbon royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium . Despite the name, the actual number of troops was between 60,000 and 90,000. A minor campaign, the force comprised some five army corps (the bulk of the French regular army) and

290-672: A Residence and Travels in Colombia, during the years 1823 and 1824, by Captain Charles Stuart Cochrane of the Royal Navy. It was dedicated to 'Simon Bolivar, Liberator and President of Colombia, Dictator of Peru, Generalissimo of the Armies &c &c &c'. He mentions in the Journal that had hoped to meet Simón Bolívar , but that he had failed to do so. In the preface to this Journal, he explained that he wished to see 'a nation successful in

348-403: A chief justice and two puisne judges and reinvigorated the poor relief system by building roads. Although Cochrane had opposed the introduction of representative government to the colony, a new constitution was granted in 1832 and he was appointed as the first civil governor. He became involved in various conflicts while governor, especially with reformers in the new legislature and with

406-618: A combined army–navy operation. On 23 September, the guns of the Sancti-Petri and Trocadero forts and of Duperré's fleet bombarded the town and on 28 the constitutionalists adjudged the town lost. Thus, the Cortes decided to dissolve itself, give back absolute power to Ferdinand VII and hand him over to the French. On 30 September Cádiz surrendered and on 3 October more than 4,600 French troops landed at its port. The French army fired its last shots in Spain at

464-510: A fellow-officer were attacked by Spanish-Indian gauchos near Buenos Aires . His fellow-officer, Henry Finch, was killed, and Charles badly wounded. His trigger for exploring South America was largely due to his interest in developing pearl fisheries, having seen these in Colombia in 1819. He was determined to invest in such fisheries and improve their operations, and, at the same time, seek out other opportunities for commercial enterprise. During

522-488: A force for Hamelin to succeed in this mission and so on 27 August he was replaced by Counter-Admiral des Rotours, then by Duperré , who arrived only on 17 September, with meagre reinforcements. On 31 August the French infantry assaulted Fort de Trocadero and successfully captured it at the cost of 35 killed, 110 wounded (with 150 dead, 300 wounded, 1,100 captured among the garrison), turning its powerful guns towards Cádiz. On 20 September, Fort Sancti-Petri fell in its turn in

580-500: A guitar and a song-book, dressed as a troubadour , and pretended to be a Spaniard by the name of Señor Juan de Vega. He was ten months on this journey, leaving London in late August 1828 and reaching Edinburgh in June 1829. His journey took in towns in Kent , along the south coast of England, Bath and Bristol , Wales , Dublin and Belfast , and Glasgow . While at Spithead , he noticed that

638-630: A junior officer during the French Revolutionary Wars , he captured the French ship Favourite off the coast of Dutch Guiana and then took part in various actions including the capture of the Virgin Islands from Danish forces, the capture of the French island of Martinique and the capture of the French archipelago of Îles des Saintes during the Napoleonic Wars . He also took part in

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696-583: A letter to the London Times , 31 October 1829, he donated to the 'Committee of Spanish Gentlemen, for the Benefit of the recent Emigrants from Portugal'. He then set about publishing his account of these travels. This was printed in two volumes in London in 1830, as A Journal Made by Señor Juan de Vega, the Spanish Minstrel, of 1828-9 through Great Britain and Ireland. This book was satirised by Henry Mayhew in his one act play The Wandering Minstrel . In 1830,

754-627: A military expedition. The Holy Alliance ( Russia , Austria and Prussia ) refused Ferdinand's request for help, but the Quintuple Alliance ( Russia , Britain , France , Prussia and Austria ) at the Congress of Verona in October 1822 gave France a mandate to intervene and restore the Spanish monarchy. Britain protested loudly but was outvoted. On 22 January 1823, a secret treaty, from which Britain

812-429: A song by Béranger spread throughout March and April inciting the French soldiers to mutiny: Brav' soldats, v'la l'ord' du jour: Point de victoire Où n'y a point de gloire. Brav' soldats, v'la l'ord' du jour: Gard' à vous! Demi-tour! Brave soldiers, this is the order of the day: There is no victory Where there is no glory. Brave soldiers, this is the order of the day: Attention! About face! On 6 April,

870-521: Is described as 'the late Captain C. S. Cochrane'; the reliability of this report is not certain. Charles Stuart Cochrane is not to be confused (as some writers and library-catalogues do) with his cousin Charles , who was the illegitimate son of Basil Cochrane (1807-1855). The latter Charles became a noted social reformer and philanthropist in London in the 1840s and 1850s. Neither is Charles Stuart to be confused with his uncle, Charles Cochrane (1749-1781), who

928-576: The Battle of Ayacucho in 1824. Although the goals of the military campaigns in Spain were completely different, François-René de Chateaubriand , foreign minister in France's Villèle government (from 28 December 1822 to 6 June 1824), contrasted the expedition's successful aide in restoring the Spanish royalist with Napoleon 's failure of subjugating and conquering Spain in the Peninsular War : Striding across

986-612: The French ship Favourite off the coast of Dutch Guiana in January 1807 and then took part in the capture of the Virgin Islands from Danish forces in December 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars . He became commanding officer of the fifth-rate HMS Ethalion in October 1808 and took part in the capture of the French island of Martinique in February 1809 and of the French archipelago of Îles des Saintes in April 1809. He went on to command of

1044-793: The Roman Catholic bishop, Michael Fleming . In 1834, the colonial office recalled Cochrane, who had become unpopular. When he left, he and his daughter were pelted with filth on their way down to the wharf. Cochrane was elected Member of Parliament for Ipswich in July 1839 . He went on to be second-in-command of the East Indies and China Station in July 1841 during the First Opium War and, having been promoted to rear admiral on 23 November 1841, he became Commander-in-chief of that station, with his flag in

1102-547: The West Indies , where his father was serving as Commander-in-Chief Leeward Islands . His rapid rise through the ranks clearly reflects his father's patronage . Promoted to commander on 24 September 1805, he became commanding officer of the sloop HMS Nimrod in September 1805 and commanding officer of the fifth-rate HMS Jason in January 1806. In HMS Jason , having been promoted to captain on 23 April 1806. He captured

1160-514: The burning of Washington and the attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812 . Cochrane went on to serve as colonial governor of Newfoundland and then as Member of Parliament for Ipswich before becoming Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and China Station and then Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth . Born the son of Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane and Maria Cochrane (daughter of David Shaw and widow of Sir Jacob Wheate, 5th Baronet ), Cochrane joined

1218-577: The 'Scottish Board of Trustees for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures' offered a 300 pound sterling reward to the first person who could spin cashmere in Scotland based on the French system. Charles Stuart Cochrane, now in France, managed to acquire sufficient technical information on this aspect of spinning, and in 1831 took out a patent for the process. He then sold the patent to Henry Houldsworth and Sons of Glasgow , and in 1832 Houldsworth started

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1276-498: The British ambassador to Madrid ; this had taken place during a visit by Charles to Spain, in the autumn of 1844, when, according to Charles, his earlier efforts to support the refugees had been greatly praised. After 9 January 1845, no further trace of Charles has so far been found. He may have died abroad, perhaps in France, like several of his extended family. In the 'New Statistical Account of Scotland' published later in 1845, Cochrane

1334-527: The Constitutionalists' provisional capital and thus the French force's main strategic objective. It contained the Cortes and the imprisoned king and was defended by a garrison of 14,000 men. At first Riego, then Generals Henry Joseph O'Donnell, Count of La Bisbal , Quiroga and Miguel de Álava led the action. Access to the city was protected by the batteries of Fort Santa Catalina and Fort San Sebastian to

1392-614: The First Empire. Four of the five army corps were placed under generals who had fought for Napoleon – Marshal Nicolas Charles Oudinot , Duke of Reggio; General Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor ; Marshal Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey , Duke of Conegliano; and General Étienne Tardif de Pommeroux de Bordesoulle . The Prince of Hohenlohe commanded the Third Corps, the least-trusted of the five, with only two divisions and 16,000 men (as opposed to three or four divisions and 20 to 27 thousand men in

1450-613: The Fleet on 12 September 1865. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 18 April 1839, advanced to Knight Commander on 29 October 1847, and finally to Knight Grand Cross on 18 May 1860. Cochrane died at Quarr Abbey House on the Isle of Wight on 19 October 1872 and was buried in the family mausoleum at Kensal Green Cemetery in London. His wife died at Quarr Abbey House on 27 May 1901. She

1508-618: The Royal Navy in June 1796. He was appointed as a first class volunteer to the fifth-rate HMS Thetis on the North American Station and, having been promoted to midshipman , transferred to the third-rate HMS Ajax in the Channel Squadron early in 1800. In HMS Ajax , he saw action supporting French Royalist exiles at Quiberon in spring 1800, escorting troops for an abortive landing at Belle Île in May 1800 and taking part in

1566-550: The Royal Navy, had taken up the post of commander-in-chief of the Chilean navy , where he conducted successful battles against the Spanish navy. In 1823, Thomas was appointed to command the navy of Brazil , again with a view to liberating all of Brazil from Spanish rule. Charles's travels through the region were probably smoothed by his family connection. It is likely that Charles had persuaded his cousin John Dundas Cochrane of

1624-460: The Russian fleet was in, so he visited one of the ships, and made the interesting statement in his journal that 'As to the vessel, I am a poor judge of ships; I have, besides, a particular dislike to the sea.' This might explain his abrupt resignation from the Royal Navy in 1822. In the course of the journey, despite being robbed at least once, he managed to raise the sum of £58 which, as he explained in

1682-523: The Spanish laws. However, on 1 October 1823, feeling bolstered by French forces, Ferdinand broke his oath and again repealed the Constitution of Cádiz and declared null and void all the acts and measures of the liberal government. The war also seriously disturbed Spanish efforts to crush the independence struggles in Hispanic America . The last Spanish forces in mainland South America were defeated in

1740-453: The attractions of South America. John made two visits to Colombia – firstly in June 1824, and then, after returning briefly to London, in the following summer; in August 1825, he died of fever at Valencia in Colombia shortly after his arrival. The pearl-fishery enterprise did not prove a personal financial success for Charles. He notes, in subsequent writing, that in July 1828, he had experienced

1798-419: The constitutional government's forces and with the support of the middle classes and part of the urban population. In the north, Hohenlohe's 3rd Corps (reinforced in July by Lauriston 's 5th Corps) forced General Morillo to retreat before rallying his troops. The French were left in control of the rural parts of Navarre , Asturias and Galicia ; however, lacking siege equipment, they were unable to blockade

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1856-569: The course of his travels, which lasted from March 1823 to April 1824, he visited Colombia and Venezuela , took a boat-trip up the Cienega River , observed wildlife, native peoples, mineral mines and pearl-fisheries. He eventually managed to secure 'exclusive rights in Colombia for fishing for the pearl oysters with machinery,' for the London company of Rundell, Bridge and Rundell. After returning to London in April 1824, he wrote and published in 1825 his two-volume journal of his travels: Journal of

1914-413: The death of his first wife, he married Rosetta Wheler-Cuffe (daughter of Sir Jonah Denny Wheler-Cuffe, 1st Baronet ) in January 1853; they had two sons (including Thomas Belhaven Henry Cochrane) and two daughters (including Dame Anne Cochrane ). Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis Spanish and French Bourbon royalist victory The " Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis " was the popular name for

1972-483: The demonstrators were killed and the others dispersed. Many of them joined Englishmen under Colonel Robert Wilson , Belgians under Jan Willem Janssens and other French or Italian volunteers to form a liberal legion and a squadron of "liberty lancers" to fight beside the Spanish constitutional forces. The following day, on 7 April, the "100,000 Sons of Saint Louis" under the Duke of Angoulême entered Spain without opposition from

2030-467: The detriment of the public treasury. The organisation of the expedition's command structure posed many problems. Pro-Bourbon commanders had to be given the full chance to exercise the roles they had so recently been given by the Bourbon Restoration without compromising the army's loyalty or efficiency. The solution was to give the secondary commands to royalist former émigrés and Vendéens , and

2088-497: The doubts of some and the illusions of others dispersed. On the banks of the Bidassoa , 500 liberal French and Piedmontese men faced off against the forward positions of the 9th Light Infantry Regiment. Brandishing a French Tricolour flag and singing La Marseillaise , they incited the soldiers not to cross the frontier. The King's infantrymen hesitated until General Louis Vallin rushed to them and ordered them to open fire. Several of

2146-471: The engineers under Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie took up positions before Cádiz from mid-July. Forced to use several naval divisions for surveillance of Spain's Atlantic and Mediterranean ports and coasts (held by the Constitutionalists), the French navy was able to spare only a small squadron of 10 ships under Counter-Admiral Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin to blockade the city. That proved too small

2204-519: The equally unsuccessful Ferrol Expedition in August 1800, before landing troops in Egypt in preparation for the more successful Battle of Alexandria in March 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars . Cochrane transferred to the third-rate HMS Northumberland , on the north coast of Spain, in early 1803 and, having been promoted to lieutenant on 14 June 1805, transferred to the fifth-rate HMS Jason in

2262-482: The expedition. Chateaubriand and the ultra-royalists rejoiced; the royal army was going to prove its bravery and devotion in the face of Spanish liberals, fighting for the glory of the Bourbon monarchy. The new prime minister , Joseph de Villèle , intended to oppose the war. The operation's cost just for aide was excessive, the army's organisation was defective and the troops' loyalty was uncertain. The superintendent of

2320-531: The family tradition, he was sent to the Royal Naval College in Portsmouth , in July 1810, with a view to a career in the Royal Navy. In April 1812, he began his career, Volunteer, First Class on various navy ships, frequently in the same crew as some of his cousins. In September 1816 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant and served on ships patrolling the coasts of South America. In February 1821, he

2378-617: The fifth-rate HMS Surprise on the North American Station in August 1812 and saw action capturing the American ship Decatur in January 1813, taking part in the burning of Washington in August 1814 and the attack on Baltimore in September 1814 and being deployed in operations off the coast of Georgia during the War of 1812 . After that, he became commanding officer of the fifth-rate HMS Forte in June 1820. When Newfoundland became an official Crown colony in 1825, Cochrane

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2436-510: The final columns of Rafael Riego , who was captured by the Absolutists on 15 September and hanged in Madrid on 7 November, two days before the fall of Alicante . In Catalonia , Moncey managed to quell General Mina 's regular and guerrilla forces, with Barcelona surrendering only on 2 November. More decisive operations spread across Andalusia , since it was the site of Cádiz , transformed into

2494-519: The manufacture of cashmere yarn, and received the Scottish Board's award in 1833. At the same time as discovering the method for producing cashmere, Cochrane had found out how the French spun Merino yarn. This process was also brought back to Scotland and, in collaboration with Houldsworth, Merino yarn began to be produced in factories in Glasgow. The above-named 'Scottish Board of Trustees' also offered

2552-527: The military was unable to assure logistic support for the expedition's 95,000 men (as counted at the end of March) concentrated in the Basses-Pyrénées and the Landes with 20,000 horses and 96 artillery pieces. To remedy his doubts, he had to consult the munitions-supplier Ouvrard , who quickly concluded that marches in Spain were as favourable to his own interests as to those of the army, even if they would be to

2610-458: The other corps). The expedition was made up of regiments in which many of the officers, NCOs and men had been marked by memories of the Napoleonic Wars and so were disposed more kindly towards the liberals than were the French and Spanish Bourbons. The liberals hoped to dissuade the Frenchmen from fighting "for monks, against liberty". Villèle was worried at their propaganda in bars and billets, as

2668-577: The primary ones to former generals of the Revolution and First Empire . Despite his lack of military experience, the Duke of Angoulême, whose father was heir to the throne, was made commander-in-chief of the Army of the Pyrénées, but he agreed to a role overseeing only the political direction of the expedition, leaving its military direction to Major-General Armand Charles Guilleminot , a tried-and-tested general of

2726-424: The start of November. On 5 November, the Duke of Angoulême left Madrid and re-entered France on 23 November, leaving behind an occupying force of 45,000 men under the command of Bourmont . Spain was then progressively evacuated, but the French withdrawal was fully completed only in 1828. France's role in aiding to Ferdinand was key. The liberals thus negotiated their return in exchange for Ferdinand's oath to respect

2784-491: The third-rate HMS Agincourt in 1844. He took part in anti-piracy operations around north-west Borneo including the destruction of the forts at Brunei in July 1846. He was promoted to vice admiral on 14 January 1850 and became Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in 1852. Promoted to full admiral on 31 January 1856, he was appointed Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom on 16 May 1863 and then promoted to Admiral of

2842-460: The towns, where the liberals continued to resist for several more months. The city of A Coruña surrendered on 21 August, Pamplona on 16 September, and San Sebastián on 27 September. To the east and the southeast, General Molitor pushed back General Francisco Ballesteros into Aragon , pursuing him as far as Murcia and Granada , winning an engagement at Campillo de Arenas on 28 July and forcing his surrender on 4 August. At Jaén , he defeated

2900-597: The ultra-royalists pressured Louis XVIII to intervene. To temper their counter-revolutionary ardor, the Duc de Richelieu deployed troops along the Pyrenees Mountains along the France-Spain border, charging them with halting the spread of Spanish liberalism and the "yellow fever" from encroaching into France. In September 1822 this "cordon sanitaire" became an observation corps and then very quickly transformed itself into

2958-538: The vindication of its rights, and triumphant over the mean and mistaken policy that would have condemned it to a perpetuity of sloth, ignorance, bigoted superstition, and slavery.' The Journal not only describes Charles's journeys, but also gives a history of the nationalist uprisings against Spain, and some notes on the commerce and industry of the region. Just a few years earlier, in January 1818, Charles's cousin Thomas Cochrane , in disgrace and effectively sacked from

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3016-410: The west, Fort Santi-Pietri to the east and above all by the fortified peninsula of Fort de Trocadéro, where Colonel Garcés positioned 1700 men and 50 guns. Under the command of General Étienne Tardif de Pommeroux de Bordesoulle , soon joined by the Duke of Angoulême and Guilleminot, the infantry of generals Bourmont, Obert and Goujeon, the cavalry of Foissac-Latour, the artillery of Louis Tirlet and

3074-580: Was also buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, interred in the mausoleum alongside her husband. Survivors present at her funeral included her brother Major Cuffe, her son Lieutenant Thomas Belhaven Henry Cochrane (deputy governor of the Isle of Wight), her husband's two daughters by his first marriage, and their daughter Minna Cochrane. In January 1812, Cochrane married Matilda Lockhart-Ross, daughter of Lieutenant General Sir Charles Ross. They had two sons, including Alexander Dundas Ross Cochrane , and two daughters. After

3132-496: Was appointed Flag-Lieutenant to his father who had just been appointed Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth . In December 1822, he was promoted to Commander . It was now that Charles decided to resign his commission, and do some travelling. In 1823-1824, Charles travelled around South America. This was at a time when there were active revolutionary movement, struggling for independence from Spain . Charles had, in August 1820, already experienced some dangerous shore-life, when he and

3190-408: Was appointed as its first governor. At the time, military officers were appointed to direct colonies that did not yet have representative government. He directed the construction of Government House , located between Fort William and Fort Townshend, which has since been designated as a National Historic Site of Canada . He split the colony into three judicial districts over each of which he placed

3248-576: Was excluded, was signed at the Congress of Verona, allowing France to intervene in Spain to help restore Ferdinand VII as an absolute monarch. With the agreement from the Holy Alliance, on 28 January 1823 Louis XVIII announced that "a hundred thousand Frenchmen are ready to march, invoking the name of Saint Louis , to safeguard the throne of Spain for a grandson of Henry IV of France ". At the end of February, France's Chambers voted an extraordinary grant for

3306-606: Was killed at the Battle of Yorktown . Charles Stuart Cochrane appears as a character in Andrew Drummond 's novel, Novgorod the Great (2010). Both volumes are available on-line as follows: Both volumes are available on-line as follows: Thomas John Cochrane Admiral of the Fleet Sir Thomas John Cochrane , GCB (5 February 1789 – 19 October 1872) was a Royal Navy officer. After serving as

3364-600: Was led by the Duke of Angoulême , nephew of Louis XVIII and son of future King Charles X . The French name of the conflict is l'Expédition d'Espagne ("the Expedition of Spain"). In 1822, Ferdinand VII applied the terms of the Congress of Vienna , lobbied for the assistance of the other absolute monarchs of Europe, in the process joining the Holy Alliance formed by Russia, Prussia, Austria and France to restore absolutism. In France,

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