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65-901: Charles Cameron may refer to: Charles Cameron (architect) (1743–1812), Scottish architect who worked in Russia Charles Cameron (colonial administrator) (1766–1820), British officer and Governor of the Bahamas, 1804–20 Charles Cameron (cricketer) (1819–?), Irish cricketer Charlie Cameron (footballer, born 1886) (1886–1957), Australian rules footballer who played for South Melbourne and Geelong Charles Cameron (footballer, born 1907) (1907–1960), Australian rules footballer who played for North Melbourne and Fitzroy Charlie Cameron (footballer, born 1874) (1874–1936), Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy Charlie Cameron (footballer, born 1994) , Australian rules footballer who plays for

130-404: A model town , was built near Tsarskoye Selo to Cameron's plan. It was designed to be viewed from the walkways of Cameron's Gallery and represent Constantinople , the coveted target of Catherine's Greek project ; the name of the town and its cathedral clearly alluded to Hagia Sophia . Catherine decreed that the streets of Sofia must blend with the roads of Tsarskoye Selo park. Cameron arranged

195-773: A Scot by nationality and a Jacobite, great draughtsman, well versed in antique monuments and well known for his book on the Baths of Rome . At the moment we are making a garden with him on a terrace..." Catherine also wrote that Cameron was raised at the Roman court of James Francis Edward Stuart ("James III and VIII") and that he was a nephew of Jean Cameron of Glendessary . Cameron settled first in Chernyshev House in Saint Petersburg but soon moved to his own house in Tsarskoye Selo ; it

260-410: A desire to design everything down to the smallest detail, ensuring a sense of unity in their design. In Adam interiors, all the furnishings were custom designed to accord with the decoration of the room in a unified harmony. Often the carpets were woven to match the intricate patterns of the ceiling above, while every fitting including sconces, mirrors, and doorknobs also received a custom design emulating

325-715: A few days in London, where they visited the Mansion House, London , St Stephen Walbrook , St Paul's Cathedral , Windsor, Berkshire, in the company of Thomas Sandby who showed them his landscaping at Windsor Great Park and Virginia Water Lake . They sailed from Dover arriving in Calais on 28 October 1754. He joined Charles Hope-Weir , brother of the Earl of Hopetoun in Brussels and together they travelled to Rome. Hope agreed to take Adam on

390-623: A more severe, Greek phase of the classical revival, as practised by James "Athenian" Stuart . The Adam brothers employed several draughtsmen who would go on to establish themselves as architects, including George Richardson , and the Italian Joseph Bonomi , who Robert originally hired in Rome. During their lifetime Robert and James Adam published two volumes of their designs, Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam (in 1773–1778 and 1779;

455-503: A new style of architectural decoration, one which was more archaeologically accurate than past neoclassical styles, but nonetheless innovative and not bound only by ancient precedents. In Works in Architecture , co-authored by Robert and James, the brothers stated that Graeco-Roman examples should "serve as models which we should imitate, and as standards by which we ought to judge." The discoveries being made in Herculaneum and Pompeii at

520-538: A new, relatively modest Neoclassical building in Tsarskoye Selo near the older Rococo Catherine Palace . Clerisseau, Catherine's first choice, produced drafts for a gigantic and expensive Roman structure based on the Baths of Diocletian , that were rejected out of hand but later influenced Quarenghi and Cameron. In 1782 Cameron started his first standalone building, the Cold Baths, a two-story bathhouse in mixed Italian-Greek classicism with luxurious interiors (notably

585-501: A part of the Blair Adam estate which included Dowhill Castle , to Robert. From his father, Robert inherited an extensive library and extended it. On William Adam's death, John Adam inherited both the family business and the position of Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance. He immediately took Robert into partnership, later to be joined by James Adam. The Adam Brothers' first major commission

650-586: A practice in London, where he was joined by his younger brother James . Here he developed the " Adam Style ", and his theory of "movement" in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of the most successful and fashionable architects in the country. Adam held the post of Architect of the King's Works from 1761 to 1769. Robert Adam was a leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death. He influenced

715-686: A square). However, the project became a white elephant for Robert and his brothers, with uncertain financing and costs spiralling out of control. The houses were built on a huge artificial terrace resting on vaulted substructures on the level of the Thames, which Robert Adam was certain could be leased to the British government as warehouses. However, this intention failed to materialize; the Adam brothers were left with huge debts and, in 1772, had to lay off 3,000 workmen and cease building. Robert Adam himself moved into one of

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780-679: A third volume was published posthumously, in 1822). Adam had long suffered from stomach and bowel problems, probably caused by a peptic ulcer and irritable bowel syndrome . While at home – 11 Albemarle Street , London – on 1 March 1792, one of the ulcers burst, and on 3 March Adam died. The funeral was held on 10 March; he was buried in the south aisle of Westminster Abbey . The pall-bearers were several of his clients: Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch ; George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry ; James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale ; David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield ; Lord Frederick Campbell and Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet . Knowing he

845-408: A total change in the architecture of this country: and his fertile genius in elegant ornament was not confined to the decoration of buildings, but has been diffused to every branch of manufacture. His talents extend beyond the lie of his own profession: he displayed in his numerous drawings in landscape a luxuriance of composition, and an effect of light and shadow, which have scarcely been equalled...to

910-496: Is Guru Maharaj Ji? Charles Cameron (army officer) (1779–1827), achieved the rank of lieutenant-colonel, Commandant at Port Dalrymple, Tasmania Charles R. Cameron (1875–1946), member of the United States Foreign Service [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

975-466: The Baths of Titus and Nero 's Domus Aurea , digging into subterranean remains that were rediscovered only in the 20th century. According to Dmitry Shvidkovsky , Cameron met in Rome with another Charles Cameron, a Jacobite and a true member of the Lochiel clan, (likely Dr Archibald's son) and "borrowed" the life story of the latter to embellish his own. Cameron returned from Italy around 1769 and published

1040-539: The Baturyn Palace of count Kirill Razumovsky ; according to contemporary researchers, Baturyn was a collaborative effort led by Nikolay Lvov and Cameron's involvement cannot be reliably measured. Lukomsky also wrote that in 1800–1801 Cameron temporarily left Russia for England; according to Colvin, this opinion is unsubstantiated: in 1800–1801 Cameron worked in Pavlovsk, then owned by Maria Fyodorovna, where he built

1105-733: The Harewood House collection of Chippendale's work. In North America, the Federal style owes much to neoclassicism as practised by Adam. In Europe, Adam notably influenced Charles Cameron , the Scotsman who designed apartments in the Catherine Palace , Tsarskoye Selo and other Russian palaces for Catherine the Great . However, by the time of his death, Adam's neoclassicism was being superseded in Britain by

1170-817: The Society of Antiquaries in 1761, the same year he was appointed Architect of the King's Works (jointly with Sir William Chambers ). His younger brother James succeeded him in this post when he relinquished the role in 1768 to devote more time to his elected office as member of Parliament for Kinross-shire . Adam rejected the Palladian style, as introduced to England by Inigo Jones , and advocated by Lord Burlington , as "ponderous" and "disgustful". However, he continued their tradition of drawing inspiration directly from classical antiquity , during his four-year stay in Europe. Adam developed

1235-543: The 1920s. It was lost after his arrest, apart from the fragments used in his book on Vincenzo Brenna , first printed in 2006. In the last quarter of the 20th century Anthony Glenn Cross researched Cameron's life as part of the British diaspora in Saint Petersburg and tracked his family connections; John Martin Robinson contributed studies of Cameron's early career in England. A definitive modern biography of Cameron, The empress and

1300-562: The Admiralty passed to Andreyan Zakharov . Lukomsky noted that Cameron, who once executed Catherine's soaring dreams, was hardly interested in building barracks and repairing gateways. Cameron's personality remains a "shadowy figure": being "proud, aloof and difficult", he had a talent for alienating people. He did not participate in the social life of the English diaspora in Saint Petersburg; he had few Russian friends, did not speak Russian and

1365-504: The Agate Pavilion). In 1784–1787 it was expanded with a two-story gallery ( Cameron's Gallery ), mixing natural stone Roman ground floor with a lightweight, snow-white upper floor gallery marked with unusually wide spacing between columns. The gallery, adorned with statues of foreign poets and philosophers, became Catherine's favourite promenade for years. It was flanked with a formal garden on one side and an English landscape park on

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1430-638: The Brisbane Lions Charles Cameron (magician) (1927–2001), Scottish magician Sir Charles Cameron, 1st Baronet (1841–1924), Member of Parliament for Glasgow 1874–1885, Glasgow College 1885–1895, Glasgow Bridgeton 1897–1900 Charles Cameron (physician) (1830–1921), Irish chemist, physician and writer Charles Duncan Cameron (1825–1870), British soldier serving as British consul in Ethiopia Charles Hay Cameron (1795–1880), jurist Charles Cameron (author), wrote Who

1495-632: The French architect and artist Charles-Louis Clérisseau , and the Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi . Here, he became acquainted with the work of the pioneering classical archaeologist and art historian, theorist Johann Joachim Winckelmann . On his return journey, Adam and Clerisseau spent time intensively studying the ruins of Diocletian's Palace at Spalatro in Dalmatia (now known as Split , in modern Croatia ). These studies were later published as Ruins of

1560-554: The Grand Duke. The palace could have belonged to anyone... not to the tsar of Russia in waiting." Conflicts between Cameron and Paul and Maria date back to the couple's Grand Tour of Europe (1781–1782). Maria complained about Cameron's delays since 1782. Constrained financially, Paul and Maria closely watched Cameron's progress and regularly curbed his far-reaching, expensive plans. Cameron also displayed signs of aversion to their management since 1782, but court intermediaries downplayed

1625-557: The Granges had seven surviving children. During retirement Cameron and his wife lived in Paul's favourite palace, Saint Michael's Castle . The redundant and still incomplete castle was converted to living quarters and housed up to 900 residents, including the Camerons and future field marshal Diebitsh . Cameron died in 1812, before Napoleon's invasion of Russia ; his widow secured a pension from

1690-812: The Ionic Pavilion of Three Graces. Alexander, who succeeded Paul in March 1801, appointed Cameron the chief architect of the Russian Admiralty During this brief (1802–1805) employment Cameron designed the Naval Hospital in Oranienbaum and two unrealized drafts for the Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt . He also worked in Pavlovsk, restoring the palace after a fire. In 1805 Cameron finally retired; his tenure at

1755-725: The Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia in 1764. He returned to Britain in 1758 and set up in business in London with his brother James Adam. They focused on designing complete schemes for the decoration and furnishing of houses. Palladian design was popular, and Robert designed a number of country houses in this style, but he evolved a new, more flexible style incorporating elements of classical Roman design alongside influences from Greek , Byzantine and Baroque styles. The Adam brothers' success can also be attributed to

1820-461: The Russian Government, sold Cameron's library and either returned to England or died in Saint Petersburg. The first comprehensive English biography of Cameron was written by Georgy Lukomsky , veteran of Russian neoclassical revival school, and published in 1943 in England with introduction by David Talbot Rice . Nikolay Lanceray had compiled substantial material on Cameron earlier, in

1885-502: The Temple of Memory was razed by Paul of Russia in 1797. Pavlovsk, the largest landscape park in 18th century Russia (1,500 acres), is attributed to a succession of architects, starting with Cameron and ending with Carlo Rossi . Cameron built the original palace core that survives to date, the Temple of Friendship, Private Gardens, Aviary, Apollo Colonnade and the Lime Avenue and planned

1950-481: The architect , was published by Dmitry Shvidkovsky in English in 1996 (most recent Russian edition: 2008). Cameron's concise biography in the fourth edition of Howard Colvin 's Biographical Dictionary of British Architects cites all the English sources listed above. Robert Adam Robert Adam FRSE FRS FSAScot FSA FRSA (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a British neoclassical architect , interior designer and furniture designer . He

2015-481: The arrival of Bonnie Prince Charlie and his Highlanders, who occupied Edinburgh during the Jacobite rising of 1745 . At the end of the year, Robert fell seriously ill for some months, and it seems unlikely that he returned to university, having completed only two years of study. On his recovery from illness in 1746, he joined his elder brother John as apprentice to his father. He assisted William Adam on projects such as

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2080-691: The building of Inveraray Castle and the continuing extensions of Hopetoun House . William's position as Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance also began to generate much work, as the Highlands were fortified following the failed Jacobite revolt. Robert's early ambition was to be an artist rather than architect, and the style of his early sketches in the manner of Salvator Rosa are reflected in his earliest surviving architectural drawings, which show picturesque gothic follies . William Adam died in June 1748, and left Dowhill,

2145-401: The concept of movement to his interiors also. His style of decoration, described by Pevsner as "Classical Rococo ", drew on Roman " grotesque " stucco decoration. Adam's work had influenced the direction of architecture and design across the western world. In England his collaboration with Thomas Chippendale resulted in some of the finest neoclassicist designs of the time, most notably in

2210-763: The conflict for a while. By 1785 it became public: Cameron quarreled with Paul over costs of Pavlovsk and Paul himself detested Cameron as Catherine's agent. Between 1786 and 1789 Cameron's duties in Pavlovsk passed to an Italian, Vincenzo Brenna , hired by Paul in 1782. Dismissed by Paul, Cameron continued working on Catherine's own projects until her death in 1796. Upon ascension to power in 1796, Paul fired Cameron from all his contracts and deprived him of his house in Tsarskoye. Cameron experienced financial difficulties and had to sell his collection of books to Pavel Argunov . His activities during Paul's reign are largely unknown. Georgy Lukomsky wrote than in 1799 Cameron redesigned

2275-507: The development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America . Adam designed interiors and fittings as well as houses. Much of his work consisted of remodelling existing houses, as well as contributions to Edinburgh's townscape and designing romantic pseudo-mediaeval country houses in Scotland. He served as the member of Parliament for Kinross-shire from 1768 to 1774. Adam

2340-506: The exact year of Cameron's birth, which may be either 1743, 1745 or 1746. Cameron trained in London with his father and with the architect Isaac Ware . After Ware's death in 1766 Cameron settled on continuing his late master's work on a new edition of Lord Burlington 's Fabbriche Antiche , a project that required personal studies and surveys of ancient Roman architecture . He spent 1767 in London, preparing prints of works by Andrea Palladio , and arrived in Rome in 1768. There, he surveyed

2405-400: The first decade of her reign to emerging Neoclassicism in the 1780s. She leaned to French variety of neoclassicism ( Clerisseau , Ledoux ) mixed with ancient Roman motifs. Catherine, perhaps the first of European monarchs, realized that the emerging style had the potential to become a definitive form of imperial art. She spared no expense in hiring foreign architects and craftsmen trained in

2470-623: The houses in the Adelphi, along with supportive friends like David Garrick and Josiah Wedgwood , who opened a showroom for his ceramics in one of the houses. In 1774, a public lottery authorised under the Adam Buildings Act 1772 ( 13 Geo. 3 . c. 75) was held to raise funds for the brothers, which allowed them to avert bankruptcy. Adam was elected a fellow of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce in 1758 and of

2535-492: The last Jacobite to be executed and a brother of the chief Donald Cameron of Lochiel . Walter visited Archibald shortly before his execution and may have assisted his wife and children, one of whom was named Charles. Talbot Rice claimed that Charles Cameron was in fact this son of Dr. Archibald. Cameron used the Lochiel coat of arms for his personal bookplate , although modern researchers since David Talbot Rice question his claim of Lochiel lineage. Researchers also disagree on

2600-544: The last period of his life, Mr Adam displayed an increasing vigour of genius and refinement of taste: for in the space of one year preceding his death, he designed eight great public works, besides twenty five private buildings, so various in their style, and so beautiful in their composition, that they have been allowed by the best judges, sufficient of themselves, to establish his fame unrivalled as an artist. He left nearly 9,000 drawings, 8,856 of which (by both Robert and James Adam) were subsequently purchased in 1833 for £200 by

2665-519: The least due to Cameron's own efforts to shake off the bad reputation he had earned in the 1770s in London Details of Cameron’s origins are uncertain. He was probably the son of Walter Cameron, a London carpenter. However, he claimed descent from the Camerons of Lochiel , a Scottish clan deeply involved in the Jacobite rising of 1745 . Walter Cameron was certainly friendly with Dr Archibald Cameron,

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2730-427: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Cameron&oldid=1256190350 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Charles Cameron (architect) Cameron's British neoclassicism

2795-524: The living quarters of the Village and the Chinese Bridges over the canal. During Paul's reign Cameron's buildings were stripped of exterior finishes and later rebuilt by Vasily Stasov in 1817. In 1780–1784 he redecorated the formerly Rococo halls of the main Catherine Palace built by Bartolomeo Rastrelli in the 1750s; what started as a modest remodelling soon resulted in the most lavish interiors of

2860-593: The main contractor, was ruined by litigation with the property owner and had to sell his son's art collection to raise funds. Charles sued his father, who was jailed in Fleet Prison for debt. In 1791, when Cameron applied for a membership in the Architect's Club of London, he was barred admission due to this and other episodes that had stained his reputation in England. Empress Catherine 's tastes in architecture evolved from Rococo and Gothic Revival architecture in

2925-525: The major urban architects of the eighteenth century ... an accomplished designer and decorator in a neoclassical style that has affinities with that of Robert Adam . His style is sufficiently individual to exonerate him from the imputation of being merely an imitator... Although still a Palladian , Cameron was a pioneer of Greek Revival in Russia." Apart from the well-researched Catherinian period (1779–1796), Cameron's life story remains poorly documented, not in

2990-602: The motifs of the room. The Adam practice was not without mishap, however. In 1768 the brothers purchased a 99-year lease for a marshy plot of land beside the Thames in Westminster , where they built a 24-house terrace development known as the Adelphi . The project was very ambitious and is the first instance where terraced houses were designed individually to give unified harmony to the whole development (previously terraced houses were built to one replicated design, side-by-side around

3055-678: The neoclassical manner. She instructed Baron Melchior Grimm , her European agent in matters of art and antiques, to hire Italian architects because "the Frenchmen we have here know too much and build dreadful houses – because they know too much." These Italians, Giacomo Quarenghi and the relatively unknown Giacomo Trombara  [ it ] , arrived in Russia after Cameron. Cameron arrived in Russia in 1779, also invited by Catherine's agents. Exact details of Cameron's hire remain vague, but on 23 August 1779 an enthusiastic Catherine wrote to Grimm that "At present I am very taken with Mr. Cameron,

3120-512: The next 10 years, and, along with works at many other barracks and forts, provided Robert with a solid foundation in practical building. In the winter of 1749–1750, Adam travelled to London with his friend, the poet John Home . He took the opportunity for architectural study, visiting Wilton , designed by Inigo Jones , and the Queens Hermitage in Richmond by Roger Morris . His sketchbook of

3185-421: The original landscape, but true authorship of Pavlovsk as a whole should be credited to empress Maria Feodorovna . The Temple of Friendship was the first building in Pavlovsk, followed by the main palace. Cameron's Pavlovsk was far from Paul's vision of what an imperial residence should be: it lacked moats, forts and all other military paraphernalia so dear to Paul; "Cameron created a markedly private world for

3250-692: The other. In the beginning of the Gallery project Cameron himself acted as Catherine's recruiter , hiring fellow Scotsmen to work in Tsarskoye Selo. 73 craftsmen, including William Heste and Adam Menelaws , agreed to move to Russia (many took their families with them), causing a futile protest of the Foreign Office . The number was too high for Cameron, and the Scots eventually dispersed to other projects; Menelaws became assistant to Nikolay Lvov . Sophia ,

3315-541: The results of his studies in 1772 (reissues 1774, 1775) under the title The Baths of the Romans explained and illustrated... with proper scientific commentaries in English and French. Cameron's life between 1769 and his departure to Russia in 1779 remains barely known. Archives attest to his involvement in only one construction contract in London, for an Adam style building in Hanover Square (1770–1775). Walter Cameron,

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3380-607: The setting for triumphant procession for visiting dignitaries. Peter Hayden drew parallels between Cameron's landscaping in Sophia with that of Stowe House park, notably the similarity between Cameron's Temple of Memory and the Temple of Concord and Victory built at Stowe by an unknown architect in the 1740s. Another direct quote from Stowe is the Pyramid Tomb over the grave of Catherine's three Italian greyhounds ; it survived to date but

3445-525: The streets to make an impression that they all radiate from the Gallery. The streets were brightly lit at night when Catherine was present at Tsarskoye. More historical allegories were scattered in the park: the lake with Rinaldi 's rostral column represented the Black Sea ; Doric ruins symbolized the former might of Ancient Greece . These follies , scattered along the road to Catherine Palace, doubled as

3510-538: The time provided ample material for Robert Adam to draw on for inspiration. The Adam brothers' principle of "movement" was largely Robert's conception, although the theory was first written down by James. "Movement" relied on dramatic contrasts and diversity of form, and drew on the picturesque aesthetic. The first volume of the Adam brothers' Works (1773) cited Kedleston Hall , designed by Robert in 1761, as an outstanding example of movement in architecture. By contrasting room sizes and decorative schemes, Adam applied

3575-891: The tour at the suggestion of his uncle, the Marquess of Annandale , who had undertaken the Grand Tour himself. While in Brussels the pair attended a Play and Masquerade , as well as visiting churches and palaces in the city. Travelling on to Tournai , then Lille , where they visited the citadel designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban . By 12 November 1754 Adam and Hope were in Paris where they took lodgings in Hotel de Notre Dame. Adam and Hope travelled on to Italy together, before falling out in Rome over travelling expenses and accommodation. Robert Adam stayed on in Rome until 1757, studying classical architecture and honing his drawing skills. His tutors included

3640-484: The trip also shows a continuing interest in Gothic architecture . Among his friends at Edinburgh were the philosophers Adam Ferguson and David Hume and the artist Paul Sandby whom he met in the Highlands. Other Edinburgh acquaintances included Gilbert Elliot, William Wilkie , John Home and Alexander Wedderburn . On 3 October 1754, Robert Adam in the company of his brother James (who went as far as Brussels) set off from Edinburgh for his Grand Tour , stopping for

3705-448: The whole palace, reminiscent of Palladio , Raphael , Robert Adam and Clerisseau yet blending into Cameron's unmistakingly own style. As early as 22 June 1771 Catherine praised the architect: "There are not yet but two rooms to do and there one rushes, because just here one sees nothing to equal it. I confess that I myself will not tire during nine weeks of watching this." Catherine had another specific task for Cameron: she envisaged

3770-507: Was 15, he was taught to read works by Virgil , Horace , Sallust and parts of Cicero and in his final year Livy . In autumn 1743, he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh , and compulsory classes for all students were: the Greek language , logic , metaphysics and natural philosophy . Students could choose three elective subjects, Adam attended classes in mathematics, taught by Colin Maclaurin , and anatomy, taught by Alexander Monro primus . His studies were interrupted by

3835-497: Was an isolated episode in Russian architecture, then dominated by Italian artists ( Francesco Rastrelli , Antonio Rinaldi , Giacomo Quarenghi , Vincenzo Brenna , Carlo Rossi , and many others). According to his first biographer Georgy Lukomsky, "Cameron remains one of the greatest exponents of British taste and British Art abroad, and if he has been so completely forgotten in his own country, it would seem only right to rectify this omission". Howard Colvin ranked Cameron "one of

3900-412: Was born on 3 July 1728 at Gladney House in Kirkcaldy , Fife, the second son of Mary Robertson (1699–1761), the daughter of William Robertson of Gladney, and architect William Adam. As a child he was noted as having a "feeble constitution". From 1734 at the age of six Adam attended the Royal High School, Edinburgh where he learned Latin (from the second year lessons were conducted in Latin) until he

3965-430: Was disliked for his attitude of "English superiority". In 1784 Cameron married Catherine Busch, daughter of the imperial gardener John Busch. They had a daughter, Mary, however, her birth has not been evidenced by church records. Mary Cameron, engaged to James Grange, left Russia in 1798. Grange returned to Russia in 1803, and, according to Anthony Cross, could have helped Cameron's career revival in 1803–1805. By 1839

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4030-480: Was dying, he drafted his will on 2 March 1792. Having never married, Adam left his estate to his sisters Elizabeth Adam and Margaret Adam. His obituary appeared in the March 1792 edition of The Gentleman's Magazine : It is somewhat remarkable that the Arts should be deprived at the same time of two of their greatest ornaments, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Mr Adam: and it is difficult to say which of them excelled most in his particular profession... Mr Adam produced

4095-576: Was later taken from him by emperor Paul. Cameron, a Londoner, had no practical experience in landscaping prior to 1779. Peter Hayden suggested that Cameron learned the trade from his father-in-law, John Busch ( anglicised Bush), who worked in Tsarskoye Selo since 1771. Cameron's career in Russia started with expansion of the Chinese Village in Tsarskoye Selo park, borrowing design ideas from William Chambers . The theatre of Chinese Village had already been in place, designed by Antonio Rinaldi and Ivan Neelov ; Cameron's undisputed additions are

4160-406: Was the decoration of the grand state apartments on the first floor at Hopetoun House, followed by their first "new build" at Dumfries House . For the Board of Ordnance, the brothers were the main contractor at Fort George , a large modern fort near Inverness designed by military engineer Colonel William Skinner . Visits to this project, begun in 1750, would occupy the brothers every summer for

4225-459: Was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John , Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance , after William's death. In 1754, he left for Rome, spending nearly five years on the continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clérisseau and Giovanni Battista Piranesi . On his return to Britain he established

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