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75-527: [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:   "Charles-Blanc Prize"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( April 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Defunct annual history and sociology award of

150-562: A de jure or de facto official, administrative, or cultural language. Most of these countries are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), the community of 54 member states which share the official use or teaching of French. It is spoken as a first language (in descending order of the number of speakers) in France; Canada (especially in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick); Belgium ( Wallonia and

225-720: A French official to teachers in the department of Finistère , in western Brittany, included the following: "And remember, Gents: you were given your position in order to kill the Breton language". The prefect of Basses-Pyrénées in the French Basque Country wrote in 1846: "Our schools in the Basque Country are particularly meant to replace the Basque language with French..." Students were taught that their ancestral languages were inferior and they should be ashamed of them; this process

300-715: A Master of Arts from Wesley Theological Seminary in Washington D.C. After working the local news beat for The Washington Post and becoming White House correspondent for The Wall Street Journal , Martin joined ABC News in 1992. At ABC, Martin reported for Nightline , and was awarded an Emmy for a report that aired on Day One . In 2001, she hosted the PBS show Life 360 . Beginning in April 2007, she hosted Tell Me More for National Public Radio (NPR) for seven years, focusing on topics of race, religion, and spirituality. Upon

375-431: A comprehensive academic study entitled "The World's 10 most influential languages". In the article, Weber ranked French as, after English, the second-most influential language of the world, ahead of Spanish. His criteria were the numbers of native speakers, the number of secondary speakers (especially high for French among fellow world languages), the number of countries using the language and their respective populations,

450-543: A foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050. French is the fastest growing language on the continent (in terms of either official or foreign languages). French is increasingly being spoken as a native language in Francophone Africa, especially in regions like Ivory Coast , Cameroon , Gabon, Madagascar , and

525-639: A period of prosperity and prominence among European nations. Richelieu established the Académie française to protect the French language. By the early 1800s, Parisian French had become the primary language of the aristocracy in France. Near the beginning of the 19th century, the French government began to pursue policies with the end goal of eradicating the many minorities and regional languages ( patois ) spoken in France. This began in 1794 with Henri Grégoire 's "Report on

600-494: A relic of the old nominal case system of Latin longer than most other Romance languages (with the notable exception of Romanian which still currently maintains a case distinction), differentiating between an oblique case and a nominative case. The phonology was characterized by heavy syllabic stress, which led to the emergence of various complicated diphthongs such as -eau which would later be leveled to monophthongs. The earliest evidence of what became Old French can be seen in

675-650: A result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. French has a long history as an international language of literature and scientific standards and is a primary or second language of many international organisations including the United Nations , the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ,

750-536: A variant of Canadian French , is spoken in parts of New England . Missouri French was historically spoken in Missouri and Illinois (formerly known as Upper Louisiana ), but is nearly extinct today. French also survived in isolated pockets along the Gulf Coast of what was previously French Lower Louisiana , such as Mon Louis Island , Alabama and DeLisle, Mississippi (the latter only being discovered by linguists in

825-453: A working language along with English and German ; in some institutions, French is the sole working language (e.g. at the Court of Justice of the European Union ). French is also the 16th most natively spoken language in the world, the sixth most spoken language by total number of speakers , and is among the top five most studied languages worldwide, with about 120 million learners as of 2017. As

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900-437: Is 95%, and in the French collectivity of Wallis and Futuna , it is 84%. In French Polynesia and to a lesser extent Wallis and Futuna, where oral and written knowledge of the French language has become almost universal (95% and 84% respectively), French increasingly tends to displace the native Polynesian languages as the language most spoken at home. In French Polynesia, the percentage of the population who reported that French

975-467: Is a widespread second language among the Lebanese people , and is taught in many schools along with Arabic and English. French is used on Lebanese pound banknotes, on road signs, on Lebanese license plates , and on official buildings (alongside Arabic). Today, French and English are secondary languages of Lebanon , with about 40% of the population being Francophone and 40% Anglophone. The use of English

1050-484: Is also a working language in nonprofit organisations such as the Red Cross (alongside English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic and Russian), Amnesty International (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Italian), Médecins sans Frontières (used alongside English, Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic), and Médecins du Monde (used alongside English). Given

1125-608: Is different from Wikidata Articles containing French-language text Incomplete lists from April 2021 French language French ( français [fʁɑ̃sɛ] or langue française [lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire . French evolved from Gallo-Romance ,

1200-628: Is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories ( Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon ). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, making up just under 4% of the population. Furthermore, while French is not an official language in Ontario , the French Language Services Act ensures that provincial services are available in

1275-549: Is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French. Actual usage of French varies depending on the region and social status. One-third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English

1350-404: Is known as Old French. The period of Old French spanned between the 8th and 14th centuries. Old French shared many characteristics with Latin. For example, Old French made use of different possible word orders just as Latin did because it had a case system that retained the difference between nominative subjects and oblique non-subjects . The period is marked by a heavy superstrate influence from

1425-462: Is often considered to be a useful skill by business owners in the United Kingdom; a 2014 study found that 50% of British managers considered French to be a valuable asset for their business, thus ranking French as the most sought-after foreign language there, ahead of German (49%) and Spanish (44%). MIT economist Albert Saiz calculated a 2.3% premium for those who have French as a foreign language in

1500-775: Is one of the official languages of such major international and regional courts, tribunals, and dispute-settlement bodies as the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights , the Caribbean Court of Justice , the Court of Justice for the Economic Community of West African States , the Inter-American Court of Human Rights , the International Court of Justice , the International Criminal Tribunal for

1575-618: Is taught in universities around the world, and is one of the world's most influential languages because of its wide use in the worlds of journalism, jurisprudence , education, and diplomacy. In diplomacy, French is one of the six official languages of the United Nations (and one of the UN Secretariat 's only two working languages ), one of twenty official and three procedural languages of the European Union , an official language of NATO ,

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1650-538: Is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value. French is an official language of the Pacific Island nation of Vanuatu , where 31% of the population was estimated to speak it in 2023. In the French special collectivity of New Caledonia , 97% of the population can speak, read and write French while in French Polynesia this figure

1725-479: Is the native language of about 23% of the Swiss population, and is spoken by 50% of the population. Along with Luxembourgish and German, French is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg , where it is generally the preferred language of business as well as of the different public administrations. It is also the official language of Monaco . At a regional level, French is acknowledged as an official language in

1800-492: Is the second-most spoken language (after English) in the states of Maine and New Hampshire . In Louisiana , it is tied with Spanish for second-most spoken if Louisiana French and all creoles such as Haitian are included. French is the third most spoken language (after English and Spanish) in the states of Connecticut , Rhode Island , and New Hampshire . Louisiana is home to many distinct French dialects, collectively known as Louisiana French . New England French , essentially

1875-424: Is the sole official language in the province of Quebec , where some 80% of the population speak it as a native language and 95% are capable of conducting a conversation in it. Quebec is also home to the city of Montreal , which is the world's fourth-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism

1950-738: The Aosta Valley region of Italy where it is the first language of approximately 50% of the population, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands . It is also spoken in Andorra and is the main language after Catalan in El Pas de la Casa . The language is taught as the primary second language in the German state of Saarland , with French being taught from pre-school and over 43% of citizens being able to speak French. The majority of

2025-587: The Brussels-Capital Region ); western Switzerland (specifically the cantons forming the Romandy region); parts of Luxembourg; parts of the United States (the states of Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont); Monaco; the Aosta Valley region of Italy; and various communities elsewhere. French is estimated to have about 310 million speakers, of which about 80 million are native speakers. According to

2100-600: The Democratic Republic of Congo . There is not a single African French , but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages . Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth. It is also where the language has evolved the most in recent years. Some vernacular forms of French in Africa can be difficult to understand for French speakers from other countries, but written forms of

2175-509: The Democratic Republic of the Congo . In some North African countries, though not having official status, it is also a first language among some upper classes of the population alongside indigenous languages, but only a second one among the general population. In 2015, approximately 40% of the Francophone population (including L2 and partial speakers) lived in Europe, 36% in sub-Saharan Africa and

2250-530: The European Union , French was the dominant language within all institutions until the 1990s. After several enlargements of the EU (1995, 2004), French significantly lost ground in favour of English, which is more widely spoken and taught in most EU countries. French currently remains one of the three working languages, or "procedural languages", of the EU, along with English and German. It is the second-most widely used language within EU institutions after English, but remains

2325-547: The Francien dialect is one that not only continued but also thrived during the Middle French period (14th–17th centuries). Modern French grew out of this Francien dialect. Grammatically, during the period of Middle French, noun declensions were lost and there began to be standardized rules. Robert Estienne published the first Latin-French dictionary, which included information about phonetics, etymology, and grammar. Politically,

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2400-399: The French colonial empire , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is an official language in 27 countries , as well as one of the most geographically widespread languages in the world, with about 50 countries and territories having it as

2475-820: The International Olympic Committee , the Council of Europe , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Organization of American States (alongside Spanish, Portuguese and English), the Eurovision Song Contest , one of eighteen official languages of the European Space Agency , World Trade Organization and the least used of the three official languages in the North American Free Trade Agreement countries. It

2550-609: The Oaths of Strasbourg and the Sequence of Saint Eulalia , while Old French literature began to be produced in the eleventh century, with major early works often focusing on the lives of saints (such as the Vie de Saint Alexis ), or wars and royal courts, notably including the Chanson de Roland , epic cycles focused on King Arthur and his court , as well as a cycle focused on William of Orange . It

2625-735: The World Trade Organization , the International Olympic Committee , the General Conference on Weights and Measures , and the International Committee of the Red Cross . French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin ) that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance dialects spoken in northern France. The language's early forms include Old French and Middle French . Due to Roman rule, Latin

2700-502: The 1990s) but these varieties are severely endangered or presumed extinct. French is one of two official languages in Haiti alongside Haitian Creole . It is the principal language of education, administration, business, and public signage and is spoken by all educated Haitians. It is also used for ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations, and church masses. The vast majority of the population speaks Haitian Creole as their first language;

2775-742: The 20th century, when it was replaced by English as the United States became the dominant global power following the Second World War . Stanley Meisler of the Los Angeles Times said that the fact that the Treaty of Versailles was written in English as well as French was the "first diplomatic blow" against the language. During the Grand Siècle (17th century), France, under the rule of powerful leaders such as Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV , enjoyed

2850-574: The Académie Française Award Charles-Blanc Prize ( French : Prix Charles Blanc ) Awarded for Author(s) of works in the fields of History or Sociology First awarded 1898 Last awarded 1994 Website www .academie-francaise .fr /prix-charles-blanc The Charles-Blanc Prize ( French : Prix Charles Blanc ) was an annual award of the Académie Française for

2925-620: The Académie française References [ edit ] ^ "Prix Charles Blanc - Académie française" . Académie Française . Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles-Blanc_Prize&oldid=1145206879 " Category : Académie Française awards Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2021 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Short description

3000-682: The Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it has a large population of federal government workers, who are required to offer services in both French and English, and is just across the river from the Quebecois city of Gatineau . According to the United States Census Bureau (2011), French is the fourth most spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all dialects of Chinese are similarly combined. French

3075-886: The Caribbean that are collectively referred to as the French West Indies , namely Guadeloupe , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , and Martinique . French is the official language of both French Guiana on the South American continent, and of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , an archipelago off the coast of Newfoundland in North America. French was the official language of the colony of French Indochina , comprising modern-day Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia . It continues to be an administrative language in Laos and Cambodia, although its influence has waned in recent decades. In colonial Vietnam,

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3150-524: The Empire, this local elite had been slowly abandoning Gaulish entirely, but the rural and lower class populations remained Gaulish speakers who could sometimes also speak Latin or Greek. The final language shift from Gaulish to Vulgar Latin among rural and lower class populations occurred later, when both they and the incoming Frankish ruler/military class adopted the Gallo-Roman Vulgar Latin speech of

3225-476: The Germanic Frankish language , which non-exhaustively included the use in upper-class speech and higher registers of V2 word order , a large percentage of the vocabulary (now at around 15% of modern French vocabulary ) including the impersonal singular pronoun on (a calque of Germanic man ), and the name of the language itself. Up until its later stages, Old French , alongside Old Occitan , maintained

3300-621: The Indian Ocean, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas, and 1% in Asia and Oceania. French is the second most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively, approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language. French is the second most taught foreign language in the EU. All institutions of the EU use French as

3375-591: The Latin spoken in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl —languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French ( Francien ) largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to

3450-402: The OIF, approximately 321 million people worldwide are "able to speak the language" as of 2022, without specifying the criteria for this estimation or whom it encompasses. In Francophone Africa, it is spoken mainly as a second language. However it has also become a native language in a number of urban areas, especially in regions like Ivory Coast , Cameroon , Gabon, Madagascar , and

3525-413: The announcement by NPR of the cancellation of Tell Me More , to be effective August 1, 2014, Martin criticized NPR leadership for failure to institutionalize support for the program and questioned NPR's commitment to serving African-American listeners and other people of color, admitting that she had "scar tissue" as a result of the cancellation. She and the show's producer, Carline Watson, remained with

3600-20882: The author(s) of works in the fields of History and Sociology. The prize was awarded from 1898 to 1994, and was named after French art critic and historian, Charles Blanc . Recipients [ edit ] [REDACTED] This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( April 2021 ) Year Author Work Class 1994 Noël Alexandre Silver 1994 Alain Landurant Symbols of medieval manuscripts Bronze 1994 Nicole Wild 19th century sets and costumes Bronze 1993 Daniel Arasse Le Détail, Pour une histoire rapprochée de la peinture Silver 1992 Jean-Louis Ferrier  [ fr ] L’Aventure de l’art au XIXe siècle Silver 1992 Sophie Monneret L’Aventure de l’art au XIXe siècle Silver 1991 Bernard Bro  [ fr ] La Beauté sauvera le monde Silver 1989 René-Jean Clot La Peinture aux abois Silver 1989 Jacques Thuillier Nicolas Poussin Silver 1988 Jean-Claude Daufresne Louvre et Tuileries Silver 1987 Michel Martin Les monuments équestres de Louis XIV. Une grande entreprise de propagande monarchique Silver 1986 Pascal Bonafoux Rembrandt, autoportrait 8,000 Francs 1985 Pierre Daix L’Ordre et l’Aventure. Peinture, modernité et répression totalitaire 4,000 Francs 1984 Francis Toulouse Le jugement de Cambyse Silver 1983 Jean Desvoisins L’univers de Toulouse-Lautrec 3,000 Francs 1983 Viviane Forrester Van Gogh ou l’enterrement dans les blés 3,000 Francs 1983 Jean Le Pichon Le mystère du Couronnement de la Vierge 2,500 Francs 1983 Geneviève Noufflard André Noufflard, Berthe Noufflard, leur vie, leur peinture 1983 Saint-Jean Bourdin Analyses des très riches heures du duc de Berry 3,000 Francs 1982 Denise Basdevant Portrait du sculpteur-peintre Antoine Bourdelle au théâtre des Champs-Élysées Silver 1982 François Chamoux La civilisation hellénistique 5,000 Francs 1982 Marcel Giry Le Fauvisme, ses origines, son évolution Silver 1982 Hélène Renard Le Rêve et les Naïfs 3,000 Francs 1982 Maurice Sérullaz Delacroix 5,000 Francs 1981 Philippe Beaussant François Couperin 4,000 Francs 1981 Gilbert Rouget  [ fr ] La Musique et la Transe 4,000 Francs 1980 Danielle Elisseeff  [ fr ] La civilisation de la Chine classique 5,000 Francs 1979 Sophie Monneret L’impressionnisme et son époque 3,000 Francs 1978 Jean-Pierre Jouffroy  [ fr ] Le Jardin des délices, de Jérôme Bosch 3,000 Francs 1978 Pierre Mazars À l’écoute des peintres 2,000 Francs 1977 Roloff Beny La Perse, pont de Turquoise 1977 Seyyed Hossein Nasr La Perse, pont de Turquoise 1976 Paul Ardouin Essai d’une psychanalyse de la lumière 500 Francs 1976 Pierre Miquel  [ fr ] Le paysage français au XIXe siècle 5,000 Francs 1975 Hélène Besnard-Giraudias  [ fr ] Les Sibylles de Sienne 3,000 Francs 1975 Danielle Elisseeff  [ fr ] La civilisation japonaise 3,000 Francs 1974 Jean Chatelain  [ fr ] Dominique Vivant Denon et le Louvre de Napoléon 2,000 Francs 1973 Roger Bonniot Gustave Courbet en Saintonge 1,000 Francs 1973 Jean Bouret  [ fr ] L’École de Barbizon 2,000 Francs 1972 Liliane Brion-Guérry  [ fr ] L’année 1913. Les formes esthétiques de l’œuvre d’art à la veille de la première guerre mondiale 1,000 Francs 1971 Marianne Roland-Michel Anne Valayer-Coster 1,000 Francs 1970 Robert Fernier Gustave Courbet 500 Francs 1970 Clément Gardet L’Apocalypse des ducs de Savoie 500 Francs 1969 Jean-Paul Crespelle La Folle Époque 500 Francs 1966 Maurice-Ivan Sicard Goya, son temps et ses personnages 300 Francs 1965 Jean-Paul Crespelle Montmartre vivant 500 Francs 1965 Marcelle Wahl Création picturale et ordre cérébral 500 Francs 1963 Jean Renoir Renoir 500 Francs 1962 Henri Perruchot  [ fr ] La vie de Gauguin 250 Francs 1961 Jules Combarieu Histoire de la Musique 1,000 Francs 1961 René Dumesnil Histoire de la Musique 1,000 Francs 1961 François de Hérain Peintres et sculpteurs écrivains d’art 500 Francs 1961 Henri Perruchot La vie de Manet 1,000 Francs 1961 Robert Rey Poussin 500 Francs 1960 Madeleine Ochsé Un art sacré pour notre temps 30,000 Francs 1959 Gabriel Vannereau Saint-Pélerin d’Auxerre, évêque et martyr, le saint au serpent 20,000 Francs 1958 Victor-Lucien Tapié  [ fr ] Baroque et classicisme 10,000 Francs 1957 Denise Aimé-Azam Mazeppa: Géricault et son temps 1956 Charles-Pierre Bru Esthétique de l’Abstraction 2,000 Francs 1955 Jacqueline Copper-Royer Un joli métier d'art: La Marqueterie de paille 2,000 Francs 1955 Pierre Merle L’Homme, le Rythme, la Symétrie 2,000 Francs 1955 Jean Vermaest Ma vieille rue Saint-Jacques 2,000 Francs 1954 Blanche Vogt  [ fr ] L’Isle-Adam, perle de l’Île-de-France 2,000 Francs 1953 Roger Avermaete Rembrandt et son temps 2,000 Francs 1951 Hélène Adhémar Watteau, sa vie, son œuvre 1,200 Francs 1951 Jean de Fontanes Histoire des métiers d’art 1950 Fred Bérence Laurent le Magnifique ou La quête de la perfection 800 Francs 1950 Gisèle d'Assailly  [ fr ] Avec les peintres de la réalité poétique 800 Francs 1949 Thadée Natanson  [ fr ] Peints à leur tour 2,000 Francs 1949 Jacques-Gabriel Prod'homme Glück 2,000 Francs 1948 Fred Bérence Michel-Ange ou La volonté de puissance 1,000 Francs 1947 Maurice-Pierre Boyé La mêlée romantique 1,160 Francs 1946 Paul Vuillaud La pensée ésotérique de Léonard de Vinci 1,160 Francs 1945 Jean-Bernard Bouvier Cingria 1,600 Francs 1944 Lucien Rudrauf Eugène Delacroix 1,900 Francs 1943 Louis Hautecoeur Littérature et peinture en France du XVIIe au XXe siècle 1,500 Francs 1942 Georges Doyen L'Architecture rurale et bourgeoise en France 1,000 Francs 1942 Robert Hubrecht L'Architecture rurale et bourgeoise en France 1,000 Francs 1942 Robert Rey La Peinture moderne 2,000 Francs 1942 Jeanne Villette L'Ange dans l'Art d'Occident 2,400 Francs 1941 John Rewald Cézanne. Sa vie, son œuvre, son amitié pour Zola 2,400 Francs 1940 Georges Méautis Les chefs-d'œuvre de la peinture grecque 1,200 Francs 1939 Guillaume de Jerphanion La voix des monuments 600 Francs 1939 Marthe Kolb Ary Scheffer et son temps 600 Francs 1938 René Clozier L'architecture, éternel livre d'images 1,000 Francs 1938 Micchel Florisoone Van Gogh 1,000 Francs 1938 Charles-Joseph Quiévreux Synthèse de l'Histoire générale des Beaux-Arts 1,000 Francs 1938 Raymond Rey La sculpture romane languedocienne 1,000 Francs 1937 Judith Cladel Rodin, sa vie glorieuse et inconnue 1,000 Francs 1937 Louise Clément-Carpeaux La vérité sur l'œuvre et la vie de J.-B. Carpeaux 1,000 Francs 1937 Jean Girou L'Itinéraire en Terre d'Aude 1,000 Francs 1937 Gueorgui Kreskentievich Loukomski L'École de Michel-Ange de Pirro Ligorio 1,000 Francs 1937 Léon Van Vassenhove Vienne éternelle 1,000 Francs 1936 Daniel Baud-Bovy Les maîtres de la gravure suisse 1,000 Francs 1936 Félia Litvine  [ fr ] Ma vie et mon art 1,000 Francs 1935 Raymond Bayer  [ fr ] L'esthétique de la grâce 1,000 Francs 1935 Joseph Desaymard Chabrier d'après ses lettres 500 Francs 1935 Philippe Fauré-Frémier Sculpture religieuse 500 Francs 1935 Germaine Maillet Peinture religieuse 500 Francs 1934 Marie-Thérèse Dromart-Mairot Le fond de la Joconde 500 Francs 1934 François Fosca  [ fr ] Daumier 1,500 Francs 1934 Pierre-Barthélemy Gheusi Le Blason 2,000 Francs 1933 Gaston Baty Vie de l'art théâtral 500 Francs 1933 Raymond Christoflour Fernand Maillaud 500 Francs 1933 Marguerite Coleman Amboise et Léonard de Vinci à Amboise 1,000 Francs 1933 Robert Lambry Le dessin chez les petits 500 Francs 1933 Gueorgui Kreskentievich Loukomski Jules Romain 500 Francs 1933 Urbain Mengin Les deux Lippi 500 Francs 1933 Claude Sézan Les poupées anciennes 500 Francs 1932 Pierre Chirol  [ fr ] Rouen 1,000 Francs 1932 Jean Delbée Le sourd et le muet 500 Francs 1932 Émile-François Julia Antoine Bourdelle 500 Francs 1932 Daniel Marquis-Sébie Le message de Bourdelle 500 Francs 1932 Hubert Pierquin Reflets d'art 500 Francs 1932 Kemeri Sandor Le visage de Bourdelle 500 Francs 1931 Jean Alazard L’Orient et la peinture française au XIXe siècle 500 Francs 1931 Marc Delmas Georges Bizet 500 Francs 1931 Jean Stern François Joseph Belanger architecte des menus plaisirs 1,000 Francs 1931 Julien Tiersot La chanson populaire et les écrivains romantiques 1,000 Francs 1931 Fernand Vallon Au Louvre avec Delacroix 500 Francs 1931 Maurice Vloberg La madone aux roses 500 Francs 1930 André Chagny  [ fr ] Sites et monuments de la région de Crémieu 1,000 Francs 1930 Jean de Nicolay Les principes de la peinture d’après les maîtres 1,000 Francs 1929 Pierre Francastel Girardon 1,000 Francs 1929 Louis Guimbaud Saint-Non et Fragonard 500 Francs 1929 Edomond Joly Le poème byzantin à Venise 500 Francs 1929 Louise Lefrançois-Pillion Les sculpteurs de Reims 500 Francs 1928 Georges Bonnenfant  [ fr ] L’Église Saint-Taurin d’Évreux et sa châsse 1,000 Francs 1928 Jean-Baptiste Daranatz  [ fr ] Curiosités du pays basque 500 Francs 1928 François Gebelin  [ fr ] Les châteaux de la Renaissance 500 Francs 1928 Cécile Jéglot La vie de la Vierge dans l’Art 1,000 Francs 1928 Félix Raugel Les grandes orgues des églises de Paris et du département de la Seine 1,000 Francs 1927 Hector Lefuel François-Honoré-Georges-Jacob Desmalter 500 Francs 1927 André Mabille de Poncheville  [ fr ] Carpeaux 1,000 Francs 1927 Henry Prunières La vie et l’œuvre de Claudio Monteverdi 1,000 Francs 1927 Louis Réau L’art français aux États-Unis 500 Francs 1927 Raymond Rey Les vieilles églises fortifiées du Midi de la France. La cathédrale de Cahors 500 Francs 1926 Émile Poiteau Adrien Demont et Virginie Demont-Breton 500 Francs 1926 Léon Rosenthal  [ fr ] Manet, aquafortiste et lithographe 1,000 Francs 1926 Achille Segard Jean Gossard dit Mabuse 1,000 Francs 1925 Jean Alazard Le portrait florentin de Botticelli à Bronzino 1,000 Francs 1925 André Blum L’œuvre gravé d’Abraham Bosse. Abraham Bosse et la société française au XVIIe siècle 500 Francs 1925 Jean Cordey Vaux-le-Vicomte 500 Francs 1925 Amédée Gastoué Le cantique populaire en France 500 Francs 1925 Gustave Soulier Les influences orientales dans la peinture toscane 1,000 Francs 1924 Paul Courteault  [ fr ] La place royale de Bordeaux 1,000 Francs 1924 Henri Liebrecht  [ fr ] Histoire du théâtre français à Bruxelles au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles 1,000 Francs 1924 Marcel Nicolle  [ fr ] Critique d’art, ancien et moderne 1,000 Francs 1923 Charles Bouvet Les Couperin 500 Francs 1923 Edmond Joly L’œillet de Séville 1,000 Francs 1923 Louis Réau L’art russe, de Pierre le Grand à nos jours 1,000 Francs 1923 Sirieyx de Villers  [ fr ] L’Art antique, en douze promenades au Musée du Louvre 500 Francs 1922 Louis Hourticq De Poussin à Watteau 1,000 Francs 1921 Henri Boissonnot Histoire et description de la cathédrale de Tours 500 Francs 1921 Joseph Calmette  [ fr ] François Rude 500 Francs 1921 Louis Gielly L’âme siennoise 500 Francs 1921 Camille Mauclair Watteau 500 Francs 1921 Louis Schneider Claudio Monteverdi 500 Francs 1920 Adolphe Boschot Une vie romantique : Hector Berlioz 1,400 Francs 1920 Auguste Marguillier La destruction des monuments sur le front occidental 500 Francs 1920 Raymond Ritter  [ fr ] Le château de Pau 500 Francs 1919 Alfred Bel Les industries de la céramique à Fès 400 Francs 1919 Maurice Landrieux  [ fr ] La cathédrale de Reims 1,000 Francs 1919 André Pératé  [ fr ] Sienne 1,000 Francs 1918 Robert Dubois-Corneau Pâris de Montmartel 500 Francs 1918 V. Hardy La cathédrale de Saint-Pierre de Lisieux 500 Francs 1918 Paul Léon Les monuments historiques 1,000 Francs 1917 Samuel Rocheblave Le goût en France. Les Arts et les Lettres 1,000 Francs 1917 Benjamin Vallotton  [ fr ] Les Racines 1,400 Francs 1916 Jean de Foville Pisanello 800 Francs 1916 Joseph de Marliave Études musicales 600 Francs 1916 André Girodie Martin Schongauer et l'art du Haut-Rhin au XVe siècle 400 Francs 1916 Georges-Antoine-François-Ludovic Lavergne de Tressan 600 Francs 1916 Gabriel Leroux Les origines de l'édifice hypostyle en Grèce, en Orient et chez les Romains 1,000 Francs 1915 Paul Cornu Ensemble de son œuvre 1,000 1915 Jules Écorcheville 400 Francs 1915 Albéric Magnard 1,000 Francs 1914 Édouard André Alexandre Lunois 500 Francs 1914 Marie Bengesco Mélanges sur l’art français 400 Francs 1914 Alexis Forel  [ fr ] Voyage au pays des sculpteurs romans 500 Francs 1914 Louis Gillet La Peinture, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles 500 Francs 1913 Louis Hautecœur Rome et la Renaissance de l’Antiquité à la fin du XVIIIe siècle 500 Francs 1913 Paul-André Lemoisne Eugène Lami 500 Francs 1913 Louise Pillion Les sculpteurs français du XIIIe siècle 500 Francs 1913 Edmond Pillon Watteau et son école 500 Francs 1913 Henri Stein  [ fr ] Augustin Pajou 500 Francs 1912 Auguste Boppe  [ fr ] Les peintres du Bosphore au XVIIIe siècle 500 Francs 1912 Jacques de Biez  [ fr ] Emmanuel Frémiet 500 Francs 1912 Edmond Frisch de Fels Ange-Jacques-Gabriel 400 Francs 1912 Paul Gout  [ fr ] Le Mont Saint-Michel 500 Francs 1912 Eugène Méhu Salles en Beaujolais 500 Francs 1911 Daniel Baud-Bovy En Grèce par monts et par vaux 500 Francs 1911 Frédéric Boissonnas En Grèce par monts et par vaux 500 Francs 1911 Jean de Foville Histoire de la peinture classique 500 Francs 1911 Fernand de Girardin Iconographie de J.-J. Rousseau 400 Francs 1911 Marcel Reymond Le Bernin 500 Francs 1911 Archille Segard Giov-Antonio Bazzi detto Sodoma et la fin de l’École de Sienne au XVIe siècle 500 Francs 1910 François-Louis Bruel Inventaire de la Collection de Vinck 700 Francs 1910 René Jean Baptiste de Savigny de Moncorps Almanachs illustrés du XVIIIe siècle 700 Francs 1910 Urbain Mengin Benozzo Gozzoli 1,000 Francs 1909 Gustave Clausse  [ fr ] Les Sforza et les arts en Milanais 900 Francs 1909 Louis Hourticq La Peinture, des origines au XVIe siècle 500 Francs 1909 Joséphin Péladan Textes choisis de Léonard de Vinci 500 Francs 1908 Adolphe Boschot Un romantique sous Louis Philippe : Hector Berlioz (1831-1842) 500 Francs 1908 Jules Combarieu La musique, ses lois, son évolution 800 Francs 1908 Louis Gillet Raphaël 500 Francs 1907 Raymond Fournier-Sarlovèze  [ fr ] Les peintres de Stanislas-Auguste II 500 Francs 1907 Cyrille Gabillot Le peintre des fêtes galantes 500 Francs 1907 Jacques-Gabriel Prod'homme Les symphonies de Beethoven (1800-1827) 800 Francs 1906 Alphonse Bertrand Versailles 500 Francs 1906 Louis Bréhier Les basiliques chrétiennes, les églises romanes, les églises byzantines, les églises gothiques 500 Francs 1906 Paul Gaultier  [ fr ] Le Rire et la Caricature 1,400 Francs 1905 Daniel Baud-Bovy Peintres genevois 500 Francs 1905 Émile Bertaux  [ fr ] Rome 1,000 Francs 1905 Émile Dacier  [ fr ] Le Musée de la Comédie-Française (1680-1905) 400 Francs 1905 Arthur Hustin Le Palais du Luxembourg 500 Francs 1904 Gustave Cahen Eugène Boudin, sa vie et son œuvre 500 Francs 1904 Pierre Gusman La villa impériale de Tibur 2,000 Francs 1903 Maurice Dreyfous  [ fr ] Dalou, sa vie et son œuvre 500 Francs 1903 Paul Eudel  [ fr ] L’orfèvrerie algérienne et tunisienne 500 Francs 1903 Louis Flandrin Hippolyte Flandrin 1,000 Francs 1903 Louis Juglar Le style dans les arts et sa signification historique 500 Francs 1902 Victor Champier  [ fr ] Le Palais Royal d’après des documents inédits (1629-1900) 800 Francs 1902 Louis Dimier Le Primatice 800 Francs 1902 Henry Lapauze  [ fr ] Les dessins d’Ingres 800 Francs 1902 Gustave-Roger Sandoz Le Palais Royal d’après des documents inédits (1629-1900) 800 Francs 1900 Pierre Gusman Pompéi, la ville, les monuments, les arts 2,000 Francs See also [ edit ] Académie Française Former prizes awarded by

3675-455: The country near French-speaking Quebec, however, it is the foreign language more commonly taught. Vowel phonemes in French Michel Martin A Brooklyn , New York native, Michel McQueen attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire as part of the fifth class of women to graduate from the formerly all-male school. In 1980, Martin graduated cum laude from Radcliffe College of Harvard University . In 2016, Martin earned

3750-404: The demographic prospects of the French-speaking nations of Africa, researcher Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry wrote in 2014 that French "could be the language of the future". However, some African countries such as Algeria intermittently attempted to eradicate the use of French, and as of 2024 it was removed as an official language in Mali and Burkina Faso . Significant as a judicial language, French

3825-448: The economic power of the countries using the language, the number of major areas in which the language is used, and the linguistic prestige associated with the mastery of the language (Weber highlighted that French in particular enjoys considerable linguistic prestige). In a 2008 reassessment of his article, Weber concluded that his findings were still correct since "the situation among the top ten remains unchanged." Knowledge of French

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3900-489: The elites primarily spoke French, while many servants who worked in French households spoke a French pidgin known as " Tây Bồi " (now extinct). After French rule ended, South Vietnam continued to use French in administration, education, and trade. However, since the Fall of Saigon and the opening of a unified Vietnam's economy, French has gradually been effectively displaced as the first foreign language of choice by English in Vietnam. Nevertheless, it continues to be taught as

3975-406: The first government authority to adopt Modern French as official was the Aosta Valley in 1536, while the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (1539) named French the language of law in the Kingdom of France . During the 17th century, French replaced Latin as the most important language of diplomacy and international relations ( lingua franca ). It retained this role until approximately the middle of

4050-439: The former Yugoslavia , International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea the International Criminal Court and the World Trade Organization Appellate Body . It is the sole internal working language of the Court of Justice of the European Union , and makes with English the European Court of Human Rights 's two working languages. In 1997, George Weber published, in Language Today ,

4125-715: The gender of the corresponding word in Gaulish. The estimated number of French words that can be attributed to Gaulish is placed at 154 by the Petit Robert , which is often viewed as representing standardized French, while if non-standard dialects are included, the number increases to 240. Known Gaulish loans are skewed toward certain semantic fields, such as plant life ( chêne , bille , etc.), animals ( mouton , cheval , etc.), nature ( boue , etc.), domestic activities (ex. berceau ), farming and rural units of measure ( arpent , lieue , borne , boisseau ), weapons, and products traded regionally rather than further afield. This semantic distribution has been attributed to peasants being

4200-401: The language are very closely related to those of the rest of the French-speaking world. French is the second most commonly spoken language in Canada and one of two federal official languages alongside English. As of the 2021 Canadian census , it was the native language of 7.7 million people (21% of the population) and the second language of 2.9 million (8% of the population). French

4275-424: The language, although it has now given way to Tamil and English. A former French mandate , Lebanon designates Arabic as the sole official language, while a special law regulates cases when French can be publicly used. Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". The French language in Lebanon

4350-501: The language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely Eastern Ontario and Northern Ontario . Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island and the Port au Port Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique Newfoundland French dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The Ontarian city of Ottawa ,

4425-428: The last to hold onto Gaulish. The beginning of French in Gaul was greatly influenced by Germanic invasions into the country. These invasions had the greatest impact on the northern part of the country and on the language there. A language divide began to grow across the country. The population in the north spoke langue d'oïl while the population in the south spoke langue d'oc . Langue d'oïl grew into what

4500-420: The necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language". When public education was made compulsory , only French was taught and the use of any other ( patois ) language was punished. The goals of the public school system were made especially clear to the French-speaking teachers sent to teach students in regions such as Occitania and Brittany . Instructions given by

4575-413: The network as "part of an initiative to incorporate the kind of coverage of issues of race, identity, faith, gender and family that appear on the show." From 2015 until 2023, Martin served as the host of Weekend All Things Considered and the Consider This Podcast. She is also known for her panel appearances on Real Time with Bill Maher . In 2010, Martin and MSNBC anchor David Shuster taped

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4650-475: The other main foreign language in the Vietnamese educational system and is regarded as a cultural language. All three countries are full members of La Francophonie (OIF). French was the official language of French India , consisting of the geographically separate enclaves referred to as Puducherry . It continued to be an official language of the territory even after its cession to India in 1956 until 1965. A small number of older locals still retain knowledge of

4725-401: The preferred language of certain institutions or administrations such as the Court of Justice of the European Union , where it is the sole internal working language, or the Directorate-General for Agriculture . Since 2016, Brexit has rekindled discussions on whether or not French should again hold greater role within the institutions of the European Union. A leading world language , French

4800-407: The rest largely speak French as a first language. As a French Creole language , Haitian Creole draws the large majority of its vocabulary from French, with influences from West African languages, as well as several European languages. It is closely related to Louisiana Creole and the creole from the Lesser Antilles . French is the sole official language of all the overseas territories of France in

4875-414: The total number of French speakers will reach approximately 500 million in 2025 and 650 million by 2050, largely due to rapid population growth in sub-Saharan Africa . OIF estimates 700 million French speakers by 2050, 80% of whom will be in Africa. In a study published in March 2014 by Forbes , the investment bank Natixis said that French could become the world's most spoken language by 2050. In

4950-619: The two official languages—along with Dutch —of the Brussels-Capital Region , where it is spoken by the majority of the population (approx. 80%), often as their primary language. French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian, and Romansh , and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland, called Romandy , of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions, and some cantons have bilingual status: for example, cities such as Biel/Bienne and cantons such as Valais , Fribourg and Bern . French

5025-508: The urban intellectual elite. The Gaulish language likely survived into the sixth century in France despite considerable Romanization . Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French contributing loanwords and calques (including oui , the word for "yes"), sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence, and influences in conjugation and word order. Recent computational studies suggest that early gender shifts may have been motivated by

5100-425: The use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words. In Belgium, French is an official language at the federal level along with Dutch and German. At the regional level, French is the sole official language of Wallonia (excluding a part of the East Cantons , which are German-speaking ) and one of

5175-481: The workplace. In 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese . In English-speaking Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, French is the first foreign language taught and in number of pupils is far ahead of other languages. In the United States, French is the second-most commonly taught foreign language in schools and universities, although well behind Spanish. In some areas of

5250-402: The world's French-speaking population lives in Africa. According to a 2023 estimate from the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , an estimated 167 million African people spread across 35 countries and territories can speak French as either a first or a second language . This number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as

5325-531: Was during the period of the Crusades in which French became so dominant in the Mediterranean Sea that became a lingua franca ("Frankish language"), and because of increased contact with the Arabs during the Crusades who referred to them as Franj , numerous Arabic loanwords entered French, such as amiral (admiral), alcool (alcohol), coton (cotton) and sirop (syrop), as well as scientific terms such as algébre (algebra), alchimie (alchemy) and zéro (zero). Within Old French many dialects emerged but

5400-447: Was gradually adopted by the inhabitants of Gaul. As the language was learned by the common people, it developed a distinct local character, with grammatical differences from Latin as spoken elsewhere, some of which is attested in graffiti. This local variety evolved into the Gallo-Romance tongues, which include French and its closest relatives, such as Arpitan . The evolution of Latin in Gaul

5475-684: Was known in the Occitan-speaking region as Vergonha . Spoken by 19.71% of the European Union's population, French is the third most widely spoken language in the EU, after English and German and the second-most-widely taught language after English. Under the Constitution of France , French has been the official language of the Republic since 1992, although the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates

5550-575: Was shaped by its coexistence for over half a millennium beside the native Celtic Gaulish language , which did not go extinct until the late sixth century, long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The population remained 90% indigenous in origin; the Romanizing class were the local native elite (not Roman settlers), whose children learned Latin in Roman schools. At the time of the collapse of

5625-554: Was the language they use the most at home rose from 67% at the 2007 census to 74% at the 2017 census. In Wallis and Futuna, the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 10% at the 2008 census to 13% at the 2018 census. According to a demographic projection led by the Université Laval and the Réseau Démographie de l'Agence universitaire de la Francophonie ,

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