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69-672: Charging Bull (sometimes referred to as the Bull of Wall Street or the Bowling Green Bull ) is a bronze sculpture that stands on Broadway just north of Bowling Green in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City . The 7,100-pound (3,200 kg) bronze sculpture, standing 11 feet (3.4 m) tall and measuring 16 feet (4.9 m) long, depicts a bull , the symbol of financial optimism and prosperity . Charging Bull

138-541: A Maserati the colour of arterial blood. The three of us followed in the rich girl's Mercedes . Although almost brand-new, it was already dented and scarred by careless driving. One reviewer said about Haden-Guest's book The Last Party: Studio 54, Disco and the Culture of the Night : British socialite and writer Anthony Haden-Guest has been a champion party-goer for more than 30 years. There are few people more qualified to lead

207-476: A bull , the symbol of financial optimism and prosperity , leaning back on its haunches and with its head lowered as if ready to charge. The sculpture is both a popular tourist destination, which draws thousands of people a day, as well as a symbol of Wall Street and the Financial District, being described as "one of the most iconic images of New York" and a "Wall Street icon." Children also frequently climb

276-548: A die-in on the surrounding traffic plaza. In June 2020, Charging Bull was covered in a tarp and monitored by police to protect it from vandalism attempts during the George Floyd protests in New York City . The history of the sculpture and its sculptor was presented in the 2014 Italian documentary film Il Toro di Wall Street , released internationally as The Charging Bull . In Mr. Robot , Darlene Alderson ( Carly Chaikin )

345-475: A patina , a process that allows some control over the colour and finish. Another form of sculptural art that uses bronze is ormolu , a finely cast soft bronze that is gilded (coated with gold) to produce a matte gold finish. Ormolu was popularized in the 18th century in France and is found in such forms as wall sconces (wall-mounted candle holders), inkstands, clocks and garnitures . Ormolu wares can be identified by

414-588: A 2002 article in The Washington Post , "People on The Street say you've got to rub the nose, horns and testicles of the bull for good luck, tour guide Wayne McLeod would tell the group on the Baltimore bus, who would giddily oblige." A 2004 article in The New York Times said, "Passers-by have rubbed—to a bright gleam—its nose, horns and a part of its anatomy that, as Mr. Benepe put it gingerly, 'separates

483-438: A 2014 New York design festival was intended to be reminiscent of both the golden calf and Charging Bull . Further comparisons to the golden calf have been made by Jewish and Christian religious commentators. As a prominent symbol of Wall Street and capitalism generally, Charging Bull has been the frequent target of vandalism, particularly as an act of civil disobedience . Shortly after the collapse of Lehman Brothers during

552-424: A bronze casting, either from the original moulds or from a new mould made from the refined plaster positive. Once a production mould is obtained, a wax (hollow for larger sculptures) is then cast from the mould. For a hollow sculpture, a core is then cast into the void, and is retained in its proper location (after wax melting) by pins of the same metal used for casting. One or more wax sprues are added to conduct

621-521: A bunch of good writers, often half-drunk, but still very good writers. That doesn't exist any more. Where do they go? They probably go and teach at Bard . In response to a suggestion that Peter Fallow in the Tom Wolfe novel The Bonfire of the Vanities (1987) was based on British expatriate journalist Christopher Hitchens , Hitchens said that Haden-Guest was a more likely candidate. A website maintained by

690-507: A charging bull and a bear, placed in front of the Frankfurt, Germany Stock Exchange in 1985 as part of the 400th celebration of the exchange. Following the success of the original sculpture, Di Modica created a number of variations of the Charging Bull which have been sold to private collectors. Charging Bull has been a subject of criticism from an anti-capitalist perspective, such as in

759-484: A clear ring when tapped, showing that they are made of bronze, not a cheaper alloy such as spelter or pewter . Anthony Haden-Guest Anthony Haden-Guest (born 2 February 1937) is a British-American writer, reporter, cartoonist , art critic , poet, and socialite who lives in New York City and London. He is a frequent contributor to major magazines and has had several books published. Born in Paris, Haden-Guest

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828-599: A guest on Charlie Rose while promoting his book True Colors: The Real Life of the Art World . In 2017 Haden-Guest released a spoken word album The Further Chronicles of Now with accompanying music written and performed by Keith Patchel . Haden-Guest is known for being humorously irreverent, as seen in the following quote on Gawker : The massive streak of Puritanism in America has reasserted itself, especially amongst liberals. When I moved to New York there were still

897-452: A musical number, one visitor told a reporter that the bull's appearance in the film was a reason for his visit to New York City. Despite the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , Charging Bull remained a popular tourist attraction. In addition to having their pictures taken at the front end of the bull, many tourists pose at the back of the bull, near the large testicles "for snapshots under an unmistakable symbol of its virility ." According to

966-455: A reader, as he does in The Last Party , past the velvet ropes and doorman and into the tornado of 1970s disco, drug excess, and excessive sex that was Studio 54 . Unlike some of his contemporaries whose memories are dulled by years of hard living, Haden-Guest seems to actually recall many of his experiences at Studio. His book is therefore part personal memoir, part reportage. Haden-Guest was

1035-522: A relatively high percentage of women among their senior leadership and installed in anticipation of International Women's Day the following day. It depicts a girl four-foot (1.2 m) high, promoting female empowerment. After Di Modica filed complaints about Fearless Girl , it was removed in November 2018 and relocated to outside the New York Stock Exchange. A plaque with footprints was placed on

1104-642: A similar Charging Bull sculpture by Di Modica was installed in Shanghai on commission by the Shanghai city authority; it is informally called the Bund Bull . Two years later, Di Modica unofficially installed another Charging Bull sculpture outside the Amsterdam Stock Exchange on Beursplein , Amsterdam . In 2019, Professional Bull Riders authorized Di Modica to craft a scaled replica of Charging Bull as

1173-468: A subject of criticism from an anti-capitalist perspective. The Occupy Wall Street protests used the bull as a symbolic figure around which to direct their critiques of corporate greed. A 2011 image from Adbusters portraying a dancer posed in an attitude position atop the sculpture was used to promote the forthcoming protests. The first gathering of Occupy took place around the sculpture on September 17, 2011, before moving to Zuccotti Park . Because of

1242-536: A unanimous resolution from the local community board saying they constituted a hazard to pedestrians. On September 14, 2017, three months after U.S. president Donald Trump formally announced the United States' withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on climate change , an artist attempting to highlight U.S. popular support for the accord doused the head of the sculpture in a blue pigment. In 2019, Charging Bull

1311-549: Is 90% copper and 10% tin. The great civilizations of the old world worked in bronze for art, from the time of the introduction of the alloy for tools and edged weapons. Dancing Girl from Mohenjo-daro , belonging to the Indus Valley Civilisation and dating back to c.  2500 BCE , is perhaps the first known bronze statue. Life-sized bronze statues in Ancient Greece have been found in good condition; one

1380-399: Is a popular tourist destination that draws thousands of people a day, symbolizing Wall Street and the Financial District. The sculpture was created by Italian artist Arturo Di Modica in the wake of the 1987 Black Monday stock market crash. Late in the evening of Thursday, December 14, 1989, Di Modica arrived on Wall Street with Charging Bull on the back of a truck and illegally dropped

1449-407: Is removed to reduce the likelihood of interior corrosion. Incomplete voids created by gas pockets or investment inclusions are then corrected by welding and carving. Small defects where sprues and vents were attached are filed or ground down and polished. For a large sculpture, the artist will usually prepare small study models until the pose and proportions are determined. An intermediate-sized model

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1518-512: Is shown castrating the statue. Charging Bull has featured in several films set in Manhattan , including The Big Short , The Wolf of Wall Street , and Hitch . The statue appears in the 2011 remake of Arthur in which Russell Brand and Luis Guzman respectively as Arthur and his butler crash into it with a Batmobile while dressed as Batman and Robin handing the bovine a giant severance package. In The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010),

1587-489: Is the seawater-preserved bronze Victorious Youth that required painstaking efforts to bring it to its present state for museum display. Far more Roman bronze statues have survived. The ancient Chinese knew both lost-wax casting and section mould casting, and during the Shang dynasty created large numbers of Chinese ritual bronzes , ritual vessels covered with complex decoration, which were buried in sets of up to 200 pieces in

1656-428: Is the son of Peter Haden-Guest , a United Nations diplomat who later became the 4th Baron Haden-Guest . His mother was Elisabeth Haden-Guest , née Louise Ruth Wolpert. As Haden-Guest was born before his parents' marriage, upon his father's death the peerage passed to his younger half-brother, Christopher Guest , a comedian, actor, writer, director, musician and Grammy Award -winning composer. A humorous blurb on

1725-405: Is then constructed with all of the final details. For very large works, this may again be scaled to a larger intermediate. From the final scale model, measuring devices are used to determine the dimensions of an armature for the structural support of a full-size temporary piece, which is brought to rough form by wood, cardboard, plastic foam, and/or paper to approximately fill the volume while keeping

1794-559: The New York Daily News wrote in 1998 that the statue's placement was "beginning to look a mite permanent." According to an article in Art Monthly , Di Modica, as well as officials and New Yorkers, "view it as a permanent feature of Lower Manhattan." In 2004, Di Modica announced that Charging Bull was for sale, on condition the buyer did not move it from its location. The sculpture remained unsold by 2008. Di Modica continued to own

1863-693: The Sunday Telegraph , Vanity Fair , The New Yorker , Paris Review , Whitehot Magazine , Sunday Times , Esquire , GQ (UK) , The Observer , Radar and other major publications. In 1979 he was awarded a New York Emmy for writing and narrating the PBS documentary The Affluent Immigrants . He also wrote Down the Programmed Rabbit-Hole , a collection of essays on 1970s corporate figures. Haden-Guest frequently turns to upscale Manhattan social life for his subject matter as seen in

1932-650: The 2008 financial crisis , the bull's scrotum was painted blue . Leading up to a protest on May 12, 2011, the bull was tagged in at least two locations, once again including the scrotum, with the Anarchist "circle-A" iconography, prompting the New York City Police Department to temporarily install barricades around the sculpture. The barriers returned that fall during the Occupy Wall Street protests, and remained in place until March 25, 2014, despite

2001-576: The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to reinstall it two blocks south of the Exchange, in Bowling Green, facing up Broadway just north of Whitehall Street . Charging Bull was rededicated at its new location with a ceremony on December 21, 1989. The sculpture technically has a temporary permit allowing it to stand on city property since the city does not own the sculpture, but

2070-523: The Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011, and has also been compared to the biblical golden calf worshiped by the Israelites shortly after their Exodus from Egypt. The 7,100-pound (3,200 kg) sculpture is in a cobblestone-paved traffic median of Broadway just north of Bowling Green. The sculpture is adjacent to 26 Broadway to the east and 25 Broadway to the west. It stands 11 feet (3.4 m) tall and measures 16 feet (4.9 m) long. It depicts

2139-575: The Romanesque Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège is described as both bronze and brass. In the Bronze Age, two forms of bronze were commonly used: "classic bronze", about 10% tin, was used in casting; and "mild bronze", about 6% tin, was hammered from ingots to make sheets. Bladed weapons were mostly cast from classic bronze, while helmets and armour were hammered from mild bronze. According to one definition, modern "statuary bronze"

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2208-422: The artistic copyright to the statue, and filed several lawsuits against firms making replicas. For instance, Di Modica sued Wal-Mart and other companies in 2006 for selling replicas of the bull and using it in advertising campaigns. Three years later, Di Modica sued Random House for using a photo of the bull on the cover of a book discussing the collapse of financial services firm Lehman Brothers . As soon as

2277-594: The equestrian statue of Richard the Lionheart . But the value of the bronze for uses other than making statues is disadvantageous to the preservation of sculptures; few large ancient bronzes have survived, as many were melted down to make weapons or ammunition in times of war or to create new sculptures commemorating the victors, while far more stone and ceramic works have come through the centuries, even if only in fragments. As recently as 2007 several life sized bronze sculptures by John Waddell were stolen, probably due to

2346-567: The heir presumptive to the barony is actor Nicholas Guest , younger half-brother of Anthony and brother to Christopher. He also has a half-sister, Elissa Haden Guest . Haden-Guest formerly penned a weekend column on art collection for the Financial Times and was the original male voice on Cristina's single " Disco Clone ". His drawings have appeared in The New York Observer and he has contributed articles and stories to

2415-486: The Financial District, said in 1993: "People are crazy about the bull. It captured their imagination." Adrian Benepe , a later New York City parks commissioner, said in 2004, "It's become one of the most visited, most photographed and perhaps most loved and recognized statues in the city of New York. I would say it's right up there with the Statue of Liberty ." A 2003 Bollywood film, Kal Ho Naa Ho , featured Charging Bull in

2484-410: The artist starts with a full-sized model of the sculpture, most often a non-drying oil-based clay such as Plasticine model for smaller sculptures or for sculptures to be developed over an extended period (water-based clays must be protected from drying), and water-based clay for larger sculptures or for sculptures for which it is desired to capture a gestural quality – one that transmits

2553-444: The back cover of The Chronicles of Now , a book of Haden-Guest's cartoons , reads as follows: Boring, pompous, and a complete and utter waste of time. I don’t know what my brother was thinking. —Christopher Guest. Through Christopher Guest, Haden-Guest is brother-in-law of actress Jamie Lee Curtis . Due to the laws of peerage, the barony cannot be passed to children who are adopted, as are Christopher Guest's daughters. Therefore,

2622-479: The bronze cools, it shrinks a little, making it easier to separate from the mould. Their strength and ductility (lack of brittleness) is an advantage when figures in action poses are to be created, especially when compared to various ceramic or stone materials (such as marble sculpture ). These qualities allow the creation of extended figures, as in Jeté , or figures that have small cross sections in their support, such as

2691-402: The bull from the steer.'" A 2007 newspaper account agreed that a "peculiar ritual" of handling the "shining orbs" of the statue's scrotum seems to have developed into a tradition. On March 7, 2017, a bronze sculpture by Kristen Visbal , Fearless Girl , was installed facing Charging Bull. It was commissioned to advertise for an index fund that comprises gender-diverse companies that have

2760-553: The bull's feet. The act was carried out by organizers promoting Sapien.Network, an in-development social media network. In fall 2021, artist Nelson Saiers placed a series of sculptures next to the Bull to comment on the Federal Reserve's monetary policy and inflation. The first, "Cheap Money is Out of Order," featured a gumball machine filled with $ 10 bills offered for 25 cents with an "Out of Order!" sign taped to its face. In 2010,

2829-457: The condition that he never move it from Bowling Green. Lewis also purchased the rest of the 16ft edition which he installed on his various golf courses. In 2012, Di Modica met the London-based art dealer, Jacob Harmer, and shortly afterwards entered into his first formal representation agreement with Harmer's dealership, Geist, based on Mount Street , Mayfair . From 2013, Harmer began documenting

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2898-598: The evening of December 14, 1989, they installed it beneath a 60-foot (18 m) Christmas tree in the middle of Broad Street in front of the New York Stock Exchange Building as a Christmas gift to New Yorkers. That day, hundreds of onlookers stopped to see it as Di Modica handed out copies of a flier about his artwork. NYSE officials called police later that day, and the NYPD seized the sculpture and placed it into an impound lot . The ensuing public outcry led

2967-524: The following sample of his work from Rolling Stone : The lead singer had been married to one of those decadent European rich so numerous in Manhattan nowadays—" International White Trash ," as the uncharitable put it—and there was a sizeable splinter group of fashionable uptown faces cruising among the downtown regulars, their expressions mingling curiosity, distaste, alarm. We fetched drinks. Making small talk would have been strenuous ... We left. He got into

3036-560: The formal art market. By 2000 he had built up a roster of wealthy private collectors. He ate in Cipriani Downtown most days whilst in New York where he met new clients and entertained his existing ones. Di Modica put the original 16ft Charging Bull on the market in 2004 with an asking price of $ 5m. Joe Lewis, the British billionaire and ex-owner of Christies, later purchased the sculpture on

3105-666: The life of the artist, commissioning new sculptures, buying back historical works and building a global market. In October 2018, the first major work by Modica came to auction, a 6ft polished bronze version of Charging Bull at Phillips London which was the first in an edition of eight and marked "1987–89". The sculpture sold for £309,000 ($ 405,000). In March 2019, a stainless steel version of Charging Bull came to auction at Sotheby's New York and despite being in poor condition, sold for $ 275,000. In Arturo Di Modica: The Last Modern Master , his representative confirms selling 4ft sculptures for up to $ 496,000. Charging Bull has often been

3174-451: The model is made in wax, possibly formed over a core, or with a core cast in place, if the piece is to be hollow. If no mould is made and the casting process fails, the artwork will also be lost. After the metal has cooled, the external ceramic or clay is chipped away, revealing an image of the wax form, including core pins, sprues, vents, and risers. All of these are removed with a saw and tool marks are polished away, and interior core material

3243-402: The molten metal into the sculptures - typically directing the liquid metal from a pouring cup to the bottom of the sculpture, which is then filled from the bottom up in order to avoid splashing and turbulence. Additional sprues may be directed upward at intermediate positions, and various vents may also be added where gases could be trapped. (Vents are not needed for ceramic shell casting, allowing

3312-413: The motion of the sculptor in addition to that of the subject. A mould is made from the clay pattern, either as a piece mould from plaster, or using flexible gel or similar rubber-like materials stabilized by a plaster jacket of several pieces. Often a plaster master will be made from this mould for further refinement. Such a plaster is a means of preserving the artwork until a patron may be found to finance

3381-480: The original site of Fearless Girl . In November 2019, city officials announced that they wished to move Charging Bull to a plaza outside the New York Stock Exchange due to safety concerns at Bowling Green. Officials stated that because Charging Bull is located on a traffic median with large crowds, it was vulnerable to terrorist attacks, citing examples such as the 2017 truck attack on the nearby West Side Highway . Local community group Downtown Alliance supported

3450-431: The protests, the bull was surrounded by barricades and guarded by police until 2014. Charging Bull has been likened to the golden calf worshiped by the Israelites during their Exodus from Egypt . During Occupy Wall Street on multiple occasions an interfaith group of religious leaders led a procession of a golden calf figure that was modeled on the bull. A large papier-mâché piñata made by Sebastian Errazuriz for

3519-517: The relocation in a meeting with city officials in May 2020. At the time, updated plans called for Charging Bull to be located at the corner of Broad Street and Wall Street, north of Fearless Girl . The PDC declined to endorse relocation in June 2020. On October 18, 2021, a statue of Harambe , a gorilla, was placed facing the statue in a similar manner to Fearless Girl and thousands of bananas were placed under

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3588-516: The relocation, but Di Modica opposed it. The New York City Department of Transportation (DOT) had filed an application with the New York City Public Design Commission (PDC) to relocate Charging Bull , but subsequently withdrew the application, which a city spokesperson said was due to uncertainty over the new location. Residents of Manhattan Community District 1 , which includes the Financial District, expressed opposition to

3657-416: The sculpture comes alive and chases Nicolas Cage 's character down Broadway. The sculpture can be seen floating through space at the end of Don't Look Up (2021) after presumably being blown into orbit by the comet's impact. Bronze sculpture Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mould. Then, as

3726-485: The sculpture following the 1987 stock market crash . The sculpture was Di Modica's idea. Having arrived penniless in the United States in 1970, Di Modica felt indebted to the nation for welcoming him and enabling his career as a successful sculptor. Charging Bull was intended to inspire each person who came into contact with it to carry on fighting through the hard times after the 1987 stock market crash. Di Modica later recounted to art writer Anthony Haden-Guest , "My point

3795-418: The sculpture outside of the New York Stock Exchange Building . After being removed by the New York City Police Department later that day, Charging Bull was installed at Bowling Green on December 20, 1989. Despite initially having only a temporary permit to be located at Bowling Green, Charging Bull became a popular tourist attraction. Di Modica may have been influenced by a pair of huge metallic sculptures,

3864-461: The sculpture was set up at Bowling Green, it became "an instant hit." One of the city's most photographed artworks, it has become a tourist destination in the Financial District. "Its popularity is beyond doubt," an article in The New York Times said of the artwork. "Visitors constantly pose for pictures around it." Henry J. Stern , the city parks commissioner when the statue first appeared in

3933-422: The sculpture's surface emphasize the brute force of the creature. The work was designed and placed so that viewers could walk around it, which also suggests the creature's own movement is unrestricted — a point reinforced by the twisting posture of the bull's body, according to Durante. Charging Bull , then, shows an aggressive or even belligerent force on the move, but unpredictably...[I]t's not far-fetched to say

4002-423: The sculpture. In Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide , Dianne Durante describes the sculpture: The Bull ' s head is lowered, its nostrils flare, and its wickedly long, sharp horns are ready to gore; it's an angry, dangerous beast. The muscular body twists to one side, and the tail is curved like a lash: the Bull is also energetic and in motion. The bronze color and hard, metallic texture of

4071-481: The sprue to be simple and direct). The complete wax structure (and core, if previously added) is then invested in another kind of mould or shell, which is heated in a kiln until the wax runs out and all free moisture is removed. The investment is then soon filled with molten bronze. The removal of all wax and moisture prevents the liquid metal from being explosively ejected from the mould by steam and vapour. Students of bronze casting will usually work in direct wax, where

4140-491: The temporary permission has lasted since 1989, when city officials said the new location would not be permanent. Art on loan is usually limited to a year's display, and although the city does not buy art, it does accept donations. By 1993, Di Modica wanted to sell the statue to recover the $ 320,000 cost of manufacturing it. However, there was only one major bid for the statue: a hotel in Las Vegas that offered $ 300,000. A writer in

4209-518: The theme is the energy, strength, and unpredictability of the stock market. Di Modica told the New York Daily News in 1998: That bull is one of an edition of five...I'm hoping the other four will be going to cities all over the world, whenever somebody buys them. The bull was cast by the Bedi-Makky Art Foundry in Greenpoint, Brooklyn . Di Modica spent $ 360,000 to create, cast, and install

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4278-726: The thirteenth century the Chola dynasty in South India represented the pinnacle of bronze casting in India. Making bronzes is highly skilled work, and a number of distinct casting processes may be employed, including lost-wax casting (and its modern-day spin-off investment casting ), sand casting and centrifugal casting . The term "bronze" is also applied to metal sculptures made by electrotyping (or galvanoplasty), although these sculptures are typically pure copper and their fabrication does not involve metal casting. In lost-wax or investment casting,

4347-464: The tombs of royalty and the nobility. Over the long creative period of Egyptian dynastic art, small lost-wax bronze figurines were made in large numbers; several thousand of them have been conserved in museum collections. The 7th-8th century Sri Lankan Sinhalese bronze statue of Buddhist Tara , now in the British Museum, is an excellent example of Sri Lankan bronze statues. From the ninth through

4416-600: The trophy for the champion of their annual Monster Energy PBR Unleash the Beast bull riding major event, the Monster Energy Buck Off at the Garden major. It was first presented during the 2020 event to João Ricardo Vieira . Di Modica worked the majority of his career alone, from his SoHo studio without representation. By the 1990s, Di Modica's artwork had achieved global icon status, but he continued to work outside of

4485-425: The value of the metal after the work has been melted. There are many different bronze alloys. Typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin . Alpha bronze consists of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are used to make coins and a number of mechanical applications. Historical bronzes are highly variable in composition, as most metalworkers probably used whatever scrap

4554-497: The weight low. Finally, plaster, clay or other material is used to form the full-size model, from which a mould may be constructed. Alternatively, a large refractory core may be constructed, and the direct-wax method then applied for subsequent investment. Before modern welding techniques, large sculptures were generally cast in one piece with a single pour. Welding allows a large sculpture to be cast in pieces, then joined. After final polishing, corrosive materials may be applied to form

4623-486: Was on hand; the metal of the 12th-century English Gloucester Candlestick is bronze containing a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, iron, antimony, arsenic with an unusually large amount of silver – between 22.5% in the base and 5.76% in the pan below the candle. The proportions of this mixture may suggest that the candlestick was made from a hoard of old coins. The Benin Bronzes are really brass , and

4692-413: Was to show people that if you want to do something in a moment things are very bad, you can do it. You can do it by yourself. My point was that you must be strong." Another artist, Domenico Ranieri, enlarged the model of the bull and worked with Di Modica to bring out the fine points of the sculpture. In an act of guerrilla art , Bedi-Makky Art Foundry and Di Modica trucked it to Lower Manhattan . Late in

4761-415: Was vandalized twice. On September 7, a man from Dallas struck the sculpture with a banjo , leaving a sizable dent in the horn. Professional Bull Riders donated money from its ticket sales to pay for fixes to the horn, and Di Modica personally came to the site the following month to repair his creation. Then, on October 7, activists from Extinction Rebellion hurled fake blood over the sculpture and staged

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