46-561: Chandraprabha (English: Lord of Moon ) or Chandranatha is the eighth Tirthankara of Tīrthaṅkara of Jainism in the present age ( Avasarpini ). According to traditional accounts, he was born to King Mahasena and Queen Lakshmana Devi at Chandrapuri to the Ikshvaku dynasty . According to Jain texts , his birth-date was the twelfth day of the Posh Krishna month of the Indian calendar. He
92-424: A Tirthankara ( IAST : tīrthaṅkara ; lit. ' ford -maker ' ) is a saviour and supreme preacher of the dharma (righteous path). The word tirthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha , a fordable passage across saṃsāra , the sea of interminable birth and death. According to Jains, tirthankaras are the supreme preachers of dharma , who have conquered saṃsāra on their own and made
138-501: A 21 feet (6.4 m) monolithic statue of Chandraprabha. Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Sonagiri , also known as Laghu Sammed Shikhar is a Siddha-Kṣetra , is considered one of the most important Jain Tirtha (pilgrimage site). The mulnayak is a 3 metres (9.8 ft) rock cut image of Chandraprabhu dating back to
184-558: A broad class of nature spirits , usually benevolent, but sometimes mischievous or capricious, connected with water, fertility, trees, the forest, treasure and wilderness. They appear in Hindu , Jain and Buddhist texts , as well as ancient and medieval era temples of South Asia and Southeast Asia as guardian deities. The feminine form of the word is IAST : Yakṣī or Yakshini ( Sanskrit : यक्षिणी , IAST : Yakṣiṇī ; Pali : Yakkhini ). In Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts,
230-613: A green complexion. Yakshas and their female counterparts are common in the Buddhist literature of Thailand , such as in The Twelve Sisters and Phra Aphai Mani . As ogres , giants, and ogresses, yakshas are present as well in Thai folklore . " ย ยักษ์ " ( yo yak ) is also used as an illustration in order to name the letter ย, the 34th consonant of the Thai alphabet , according to the traditional letter symbols Thai children use to memorise
276-798: A large list of yakshas that reside in the classical cities of ancient India who are invoked to seek the protection of the BuddhaDharma: "The deity Krakucchanda resides in Pataliputra . Aparajita resides in Sthuno. The great yaksha Bhadra resides in Saila. The great deity Manava resides in Uttara. The great sage Vajrapani though lives in Rajagrha Often dwells in Mount Grdhrakuta . The deity Garuda resides in
322-418: A major Jain text, lists 16 observances that lead to the bandha (bondage) of this karma : Five auspicious events called Pañca kalyāṇaka mark every tirthankara 's life: After attaining kevalajñāna , the tirthankara preaches the path to liberation in the samavasarana . According to Jain texts, devas (heavenly beings) erect the heavenly pavilion where devas , humans, and animals assemble to hear
368-497: A path for others to follow. After understanding the true nature of the self or soul, the Tīrthaṅkara attains kevala jnana (omniscience). A Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow them from saṃsāra to moksha (liberation). In Jain cosmology , the wheel of time is divided into two halves, Utsarpiṇī , the ascending time cycle, and avasarpiṇī , the descending time cycle (said to be current now). In each half of
414-476: Is an adoration to Chandraprabha. Chandraprabha is mentioned in the Buddhist scriptures . Chandraprabha is usually depicted in a lotus or kayotsarga posture, with a crescent moon symbol beneath him; each tīrthankara has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols. Like all tirthankaras , he is depicted with a Shrivatsa and downcast eyes. The earliest known sculpture of Chandraprabha
460-593: Is believed that during this speech, there is no unhappiness for miles around the site. Jainism postulates that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. The wheel of time is divided into two halves, Utsarpiṇī (ascending half cycle) and Avasarpiṇī (descending half cycle). 24 tirthankaras are born in each half of this cycle. In Jain tradition, the tirthankaras were royal in their final lives, and Jain texts record details of those lives. Their clan and families are also among those recorded in legendary stories. According to Jain canons, Rishabhanatha ,
506-497: Is considered the king of the yakshas and protector of the world ( Lokapāla ). His many epithets extol him as the overlord of numerous semi-divine species and the owner of the treasures of the world. Kubera is often depicted with a plump body, adorned with jewels, carrying a money-pot and a club. His vahana (vehicle) is the mongoose . He is often seen with Lakshmi , the Hindu goddess of wealth, fortune and prosperity. In Buddhism, he
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#1733086306102552-611: Is equated with Vaiśravaṇa . In Buddhist literature, the yakṣa are the attendants of Vaiśravaṇa , the guardian of the northern quarter, a beneficent god who protects the righteous. The term also refers to the Twelve Heavenly Generals who guard Bhaiṣajyaguru , the Medicine Buddha. The yakshas of many Buddhist stories are ugly ogres, reborn in that form because of sins committed during their past lives as humans. One such malevolent yaksha, Silesaloma, appears in
598-544: Is generally on the right-hand side of the Jina image while the yakshini is on the left-hand side. They are regarded mainly as devotees of the Jina and have supernatural powers. They are also wandering through the cycles of births and deaths just like the worldly souls, but have supernatural powers. The Harivamsapurana (783 CE) refers to them as Shasandevatas. Initially among the yakshas, Manibhadra and Purnabadra yakshas and Bahuputrika yakshini were popular. The yaksha Manibhadra
644-459: Is identifiable by the locks of hair falling on his shoulders. Sometimes Suparshvanath is shown with a small snake-hood. The symbols are marked in the centre or the corner of the statue's pedestal. The Jain sects Digambara and Śvetāmbara have different depictions of idols. Digambara images are naked without any ornamentation, whereas Śvetāmbara ones are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments. The images are often marked with Srivatsa on
690-464: Is represented either in the lotus position ( Padmasana ) or in the meditation Khadgasana ( Kayotsarga ) posture. The latter, which is similar to the military standing at attention , is a difficult posture to hold for long and is preferred by Jains because it minimizes the amount of the body in contact with the earth, and thus the risk to sentient creatures living in or on it. If seated, they are usually depicted seated with their legs crossed in front,
736-549: Is said to have become a siddha , a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its karma . Chandraprabha was the eighth Jain Tīrthankara of the present age ( avasarpini ). He was born to King Mahasena and Queen Lakshmana Devi at Chandrapuri , Varanasi on 12th day month Pausa in the Ikshvaku clan. Nine months before the birth of Chandraprabha , Queen Lakshmana Devi dreamt the sixteen most auspicious dreams . Mahasena named Tirthankar Chandraprabha because of his complexion
782-456: Is usual in Indian sculpture, the depiction takes relatively little interest in accurate depiction of musculature and bones but is interested in modeling outer surfaces as broad swelling forms. The ears are extremely elongated, alluding to the heavy earrings the figures wore in their early lives before they took the path to enlightenment, when most were wealthy, if not royal. Sculptures with four heads are not uncommon in early sculpture, but unlike
828-605: Is worshipped by the Jains affiliated with the Tapa Gachchha. During tenth and thirteenth centuries yaksha Saarvanubhuti, or Sarvahna and yakshinis Chakreshvari , Ambika , Padmavati , and Jwalamalini became so popular that independent temples devoted to them were erected. Yakshas and yakshinis are common among the Murtipujaka Śvētāmbara and Bispanthi Digambara Jains. The Digambara Terapanth movement opposes their worship. Among
874-717: The yakṣa narrator is a romantic figure, pining with love for his missing beloved. By contrast, in the didactic Hindu dialogue of the Yakṣapraśnāḥ "Questions of the Yakṣa ", it is a tutelary spirit of a lake that challenges Yudhiṣṭhira . In Mahavamsa poem of Sri Lanka, a local population is given the term Yakkhas. Prince Vijaya encountered the royalty of the yakkhas' queen, Kuveni , in her capital of Lanka pura and conquered them. Yakshas ( Thai : ยักษ์ , RTGS : Yak ) are an important element in Thai temple art and architecture . They are common as guardians of
920-420: The yakṣa s have a dual personality. On the one hand, a yakṣa may be an inoffensive nature- fairy , associated with woods and mountains; but there is also a darker version of the yakṣa , which is a kind of ( bhuta ) that haunts the wilderness and waylays and devours travellers, similar to the rakṣasas . Yakshas appear in Hindu , Jain and Buddhist texts. Several monumental yakshas are known from
966-676: The Jataka tales of the Pali Buddhist canon. In the story "Prince Five-Weapons and the Sticky-Haired Demon", Silesaloma is described as being the height of a palm tree, with sharp teeth and two yellow tusks, and a coat of thick, matted fur. A bodhisattva named Prince Panchayudha (Five-Weapons) attempted to kill Silesaloma, but all his attacks, from both his weapons and his bare hands, were thwarted by Silesaloma's sticky hair. Ultimately, Prince Panchayudha impressed Silesaloma with his bravery, and
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#17330863061021012-442: The tirthankara . A samavasarana is a three-level structure. The lowest level, made of rajat (silver), is the parking space for vehicles. The second is the svarna (gold) level. All animals reside in the svarna level, while the highest level, made of precious gems, is reserved for various important figures, such as kings and their families, the devas and the ascetics. Humans and animals hear a tirthankara 's speech in their language. It
1058-816: The tutelary deity of a city, district, lake, or well. Their worship, together with popular belief in nagas (serpent deities), feminine fertility deities, and mother goddesses, may have had its origin among the early Hindu people of India. Yaksha worship coexisted with the priest-conducted sacrifices of the Vedic period. They were later viewed as the steward deities of the earth and the wealth buried beneath. In early Indian art, male yakṣas are portrayed either as fearsome warriors or as portly, stout and dwarf-like . Yakṣiṇī s are portrayed as beautiful young women with happy round faces and full breasts and hips. In Hindu, Buddhist and Jain Religion, Kubera , wealth and prosperity,
1104-903: The 5th to 6th century. There are a total of 103 temples with 77 on hill and 26 in village. Saavira Kambada Basadi (Thousand Pillared Temple ) in Moodabidri (Jain Kashi), built in 1430 CE, is considered an architectural wonder and is one of the most important Jain centers in Karnataka. Vijayamangalam Jain temple was built in c. 678 C.E. by King Konguvelir of Velir dynasty . Important Chandraprabha temple complexes include: Tijara Jain temple , Jainimedu Jain temple , Chandravati , Kumbakonam Jain Temple , Mandaragiri , Prabhas Patan , Lunwa Jain temple , Chandranatha basadi Dharmasthala , and Chandraprabha temple, Pavagadh Tirthankara In Jainism ,
1150-527: The Murtipujaka Śvētāmbaras, the Tristutik Gaccha sect (both historical founded by Silagana and Devabhadra, and the modern sect organised by Rajendrasuri ) object to the worship of shruta-devatas. In Jainism, there are twenty-four yakshas and twenty-four yakshis that serve as śāsanadevatās for the twenty-four tirthankaras: These yakshas are as follows: In Kālidāsa 's poem Meghadūta , for instance,
1196-697: The Tirthankaras, particularly Rishabha. Yoga Vasishta, Chapter 15 of Vairagya Khanda, Sloka 8, gives the saying of Rama : I am not Rama. I have no desire for material things. Like Jina I want to establish peace within myself. Champat Rai Jain , a 20th-century Jain writer, claimed that the " Four and Twenty Elders " mentioned in the Book of Revelation (the final book of the Christian Bible ) are "Twenty-four Tirthankaras ". Yaksha The Yakshas ( Sanskrit : यक्ष , IAST : Yakṣa , Pali : Yakkha ) are
1242-1044: The Vipula mountain. Citragupta resides in Citemukha. The yaksha Vakula resides in Rajagrha. ... The yaksha king Mahagiri resides in Girinagara. The yaksha Vasava resides in Vaidisa . The yaksha Karttikeya resides in Rohitaka . This yaksha Kumara is renowned in the great city. ... Vaisravana who resides in the city Alakavati, Located along the jewelled stairway of the Buddha's descent, Is surrounded by billions of gods and goddesses. Such yakshas command huge and powerful contingents of troops To subjugate adversaries and enemies, Conquering all. They are famous throughout all directions. Imbued with great dignity and virtue, They come to aid In
1288-564: The battles between the heavens and asuras. These deities of virtues and great yaksha generals are located everywhere in Jambudvipa . They uphold and protect the Buddhadharma, generating compassion." Jains mainly maintain cult images of Arihants and Tirthankaras , who have conquered the inner passions and attained moksha. Yakshas and yakshinis are found in pair around the cult images of Jinas, serving as guardian deities. The yaksha
1334-409: The chest and Tilaka on the forehead. Srivatsa is one of the ashtamangala (auspicious symbols), which sometimes resembles fleur-de-lis , an endless knot , a flower, or a diamond-shaped symbol. The bodies of tirthankara statues are exceptionally consistent throughout over 2,000 years of the historical record. The bodies are rather slight, with very wide shoulders and a narrow waist. Even more than
1380-544: The chief Ganadhara and Aryika of the Chandraprabha disciples and Dinna and Vāruṇī according to Śvētāmbara . Jinastotrāņi is a collection of hymn dedicated to Chandraprabha along with Munisuvrata , Neminatha , Shantinatha , Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha. Svayambhūstotra by Acharya Samantabhadra is the adoration of twenty-four Tīrthankaras . Its five slokas ( aphorisms ) are dedicated to Tīrthankara Chandraprabha . With complexation bright as
1426-540: The comparable Hindu images, these represent four different tirthanakaras , not four aspects of the same deity. Multiple extra arms are avoided in tirthanakara images, though their attendants or guardians may have them. The first Tirthankara , Rishabhanatha is mentioned in Hindu texts like the Rigveda , Vishnupurana , and Bhagwata Purana . The Yajurveda mentions the name of three Tīrthaṅkaras: Ṛiṣhabha, Ajitnātha and Ariṣṭanemi. The Bhāgavata Purāṇa includes legends about
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1472-411: The cycle, exactly 24 tirthankaras grace this part of the universe. There have been infinitely many tirthankaras in the past. The first tirthankara in the present cycle (Hunda Avsarpini) was Rishabhanatha , who is credited with formulating and organising humans to live in a society harmoniously. The 24th and last tirthankara of the present half-cycle was Mahavira (599 BC–527 BC). History records
1518-640: The existence of Mahavira and his predecessor, Parshvanatha , the 23rd tirthankara . A tirthankara organises the sangha , a fourfold order of male and female monastics , srāvakas (male followers) and śrāvikā s (female followers). The tirthankara's teachings form the basis for the Jain canons . The inner knowledge of tirthankara is believed to be perfect and identical in every respect, and their teachings contain no contradictions. The degree of elaboration varies according to society's spiritual advancement and purity during their period of leadership. The higher
1564-613: The first tirthankara , founded the Ikshvaku dynasty , from which 21 other tirthankaras rose over time. Two tirthankaras – Munisuvrata , the 20th, and Neminatha , the 22nd – belonged to the Harivamsa dynasty. In Jain tradition, the 20 tirthankaras attained moksha on Mount Shikharji , in the present Indian state of Jharkhand . Rishabhanatha attained nirvana on Mount Ashtāpada (Mount Kailash), Vasupujya in Champapuri , Bihar , Neminatha on Mount Girnar , Gujarat , and Mahavira,
1610-463: The founder of a tirtha , a fordable passage across saṃsāra , the sea of interminable births and deaths. Tirthankaras are variously called "Teaching Gods", "Ford-Makers", "Crossing Makers", and "Makers of the River-Crossing. Jain texts propound that a special type of karma , the tīrthaṅkara nama-karma , raises a soul to the supreme status of a Tīrthaṅkara . The Tattvartha Sutra ,
1656-511: The gates in Buddhist temples throughout the country since at least the 14th century. Ceramic sculptures of guardian yakshas were produced in Thailand , during the Sukhothai and Ayutthaya periods , between the 14th and 16th centuries, at several kiln complexes in northern Thailand . They are mostly depicted with a characteristic face, having big round bulging eyes and protruding fangs , as well as
1702-532: The last tirthankara , at Pawapuri , near modern Patna . Twenty-one of the tirthankaras are said to have attained moksha in the kayotsarga (standing meditation posture), while Rishabhanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira are said to have done so in the Padmasana ( lotus position ). In chronological order, the names, emblems and colours of the 24 tirthankaras of this age are: The next 24 tirthankaras , who will be born in utsarpinī age, are: A tīrthaṅkara
1748-512: The level of society's spiritual advancement and purity of mind, the lower the elaboration required. While Jains document and revere tirthankaras , their grace is said to be available to all living beings regardless of religion. Tīrthaṅkaras are arihants who, after attaining kevala jñāna (pure infinite knowledge), preach the dharma . An Arihant is also called Jina (victor), one who has conquered inner enemies such as anger, attachment, pride, and greed. They dwell exclusively within
1794-546: The rays of the moon you had the radiated knowledge like another moon. You are worshiped by eminent beings; you are the Lord of learned ascetic; and had conquered all your karmas and internal passion. I bow to you, O Lord Chandraprabha, the processor of moonlike splendour. Chandraprabha is associated with crescent moon emblem, Naga tree, Vijya or Śyāma (Dig.) & Vijya (Svet.) Yaksha and Jwalamalini (Dig.) & Bhṛkuṭi (Svet.) Yakshi . Chandraprabha-charitra composed by Haribhadra
1840-436: The realm of their soul and are entirely free of kashayas , inner passions, and personal desires. As a result of this, unlimited siddhis , or spiritual powers, are readily available to them, which they use exclusively for living beings' spiritual elevation. Through darśana , divine vision, and deshna , divine speech, they help others attain kevalajñana and moksha (final liberation). The word tirthankara signifies
1886-611: The time of the Maurya Empire period. They are variously dated from around the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. These statues are monumental (usually around 2 metres tall), and often bear inscriptions related to their identification as yakshas. They are considered as the first known monumental stone sculptures in India. Two of these monumental yakshas are known from Patna , one from Vidisha and one from Parkham , as well as one yakshini from Vidisha. The yakṣas may have originally been
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1932-406: The toes of one foot resting upon the knee of the other leg, and the right hand lying over the left in the lap. Tirthankara images have no distinctive facial features, clothing, or (mostly) hairstyles, and are differentiated based on the symbol or emblem ( Lanchhana ) belonging to each tirthanakara except Parshvanatha . Statues of Parshvanatha have a snake crown. The first Tirthankara, Rishabha ,
1978-467: The yaksha decided to let him go. Panchayudha explained that Silesaloma's monstrous state was caused by wicked deeds from his past lives, and he taught the yaksha the five precepts , after which Silesaloma renounced violence and transformed into a friendly forest spirit. The Mahāmāyūrīvidyārājñī Sūtra, a text that dates back to fourth century or earlier (translated from the Sanskrit by Kumarajiva ), gives
2024-657: Was apathetic towards the ordinary delights and princely grandeur. He decided to renounced his worldly life, soon after his ascension to throne and after 3 months he obtained Kevala Jnana (omniscience) while mediating under Naga tree . After a many years of spreading his knowledge, he is said to have attained nirvana at Sammed Shikharji on the seventh day of the bright half of the month of faalgun . The yaksha and yakshi of Shantinatha are Śyāma and Jvālāmālinī according to Digambara tradition and Vijaya and Bhṛkuṭi according to Śvētāmbara tradition. According to Digambara Vaidarbha Svami and Varuṉā were
2070-609: Was installed by Maharajadhiraja Ramagupta of Gupta dynasty in 4th century CE. Chandraprabha has been popular amongst Jain everywhere in India. The iconography of Chandraprabha is particularly popular in Eastern India in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. Sculptures of Chandraprabha were also popular in Jain temples, Deogarh , Khajuraho Jain temples and Sonagiri . Guru mandir in Mandaragiri houses
2116-462: Was white as moon. According to Uttarapurana , Indra named him Chandraprabha because at his birth the earth and night-lotus were blossomed. Chandraprabha spent 2 1 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}} lakh pūrva as youth ( kumāra kāla ) and ruled His kingdom for 6 1 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}} lakh pūrva and 24 pūrvāṇga ( rājya kāla ). During his rule, Chandraprabhu
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