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65-570: I.N.D.I.A (20) Opposition (15) Others (1) Nominated (9) The Municipal Corporation Chandigarh ( MCC ), also known as Chandigarh Municipal Corporation, is the civic body that governs the city of Chandigarh , the capital of Punjab and Haryana . The Municipal Corporation of Chandigarh, India was formed within the Union Territory of Chandigarh under the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act in 1976. The corporation

130-612: A regional and local authority. Contesting the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation elections for the first time, Aam Aadmi Party won 14 seats and became the single largest party in the council of total 35 elected seats. Sitting mayor Ravi Kant Sharma from BJP lost his seat to AAP candidate Damanpreet Singh. Composition of Chandigarh Municipal Corporation after 2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election . Two Congress members defected to BJP after election. Nominated Councillors The prime responsibilities of

195-693: A "mutual agreement" with "no bad blood" between the parties. On 21 February 2024, in a joint press conference, the Congress and the Samajwadi Party announced that the Congress will fight in 17 of the 80 seats in Uttar Pradesh , leaving the rest for other alliance members. There were also reported to be talks between the Congress and the SP for seat-sharing in Madhya Pradesh , in which the SP may be offered to contest

260-563: A National Pricing Commission. This is the case in many countries of the Middle East and North Africa ( Egypt , Jordan , Lebanon, Morocco , Syria , Tunisia ), as well as in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. In many countries, there are no objective criteria for tariff adjustments. Adjustments tend to be infrequent and often lag behind inflation so that cost recovery remains elusive. Some countries have created regulatory agencies at

325-545: A city-state, and a Union Territory does not have a legislative assembly of its own, even though it hosts the legislative assemblies of two states Punjab & Haryana , being a common capital of both states. It has its own Municipal Corporation (MCC), which acts as the local governing authority of the City Beautiful (Chandigarh). The MCC is one of the most powerful local authorities in the Republic of India as it serves both as

390-618: A fixed charge element. Some eastern European countries (Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic) use pricing systems based solely on volumetric pricing , with no fixed charge element at all. Increasing-block tariff systems are used by 87 of the 184 utilities in OECD countries surveyed, such as e.g. in Spain. Since the late 1980s there has been a trend in OECD countries away from decreasing-block tariffs, which are apparently only still found in some cities of

455-514: A four-person household in warm climate (e.g. in the Southern United States) including outdoor water use. However, there is not always a positive correlation between the level of household income and water consumption. Wastewater tariffs typically follow the same structure as water tariffs. They are typically measured based on the volume of water supplied, sometimes after subtracting an allowance made for estimated or actual outdoor use. In

520-614: A given year or over the average of several years, or purchasing power parity exchange rates). Furthermore, providing a global overview of water tariff levels is complicated by the large number of service providers (utilities). In urban areas in the United States alone, there are more than 4,000 water utilities. In Germany there are more than 1,200 utilities. Few countries in the world maintain national databases of water and wastewater tariffs charged by utilities. There are few countries that maintain national tariff databases, usually those with

585-507: A long-term objective, such as in Mexico . In the case of private service providers tariff adjustment rules are often laid out in concession or lease contracts, often providing for indexation to inflation . In some developing countries, water tariffs are set at the national level. Tariff increases are often considered a politically sensitive issue and have to be decided by the Cabinet of Ministers or

650-736: A part of the INDIA bloc in Bihar, by expressing dissatisfaction with the functioning of the government. He rejoined the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). The Rashtriya Lok Dal left the bloc to join the BJP-led NDA on 14 January 2024. Water tariff Most water utilities in the world are publicly owned, but some are privately owned or managed (see water privatization ). Utilities are network industries and natural monopolies . Economic theory predicts that unregulated private utilities set

715-613: A price of zero in the first block are found in Flanders and South Africa . Another measure is the cross-subsidization using different tariffs for different neighborhoods, as practiced in Colombia . A similar approach has been used at the national level in Portugal . The Portuguese economic water regulator carried out an affordability study that found out that 10.5% of the population paid more than 3% of their income for water and wastewater services. As

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780-647: A rate of return on capital [ref]. This often leads to a lack of maintenance and requires significant subsidies for both investment and operation. In developed countries water and, to a lesser degree, wastewater tariffs, are typically set close to or at the level of cost recovery, sometimes including an allowance for profit[ref]. Criteria for tariff setting Water tariffs are set based on a number of formal criteria defined by law, as well as informal criteria. Formal criteria typically include: Social and political considerations often are also important in setting tariffs. Tariff structure and levels are influenced in some cases by

845-550: A reference consumption of 15 cubic meters per household and month. The 2007-08 survey covered more than 150 cities in all 30 OECD member countries. The survey does not claim to be representative. The OECD survey was complemented by a survey of the industry information service Global Water Intelligence (GWI) conducted in 2007-2008 in parallel with the second OECD survey. The 2008 GWI survey covered 184 utilities in OECD countries and 94 utilities in non-OECD countries. GWI has repeated its survey every year from 2009 to 2012, increasing

910-421: A separate box, instead of them falling into the main box. Eventually, all VVPAT slips must be 100% counted, ensuring truly free and fair elections," read the resolution passed by the alliance at the meeting. Seat sharing was also to be done by either 31 December 2023 or mid-January 2024. It was also decided that protests will be held across the country on 22 December 2023 against the suspensions of opposition MPs in

975-423: A significant issue now or might become one in the future, if appropriate policy measures are not put in place." In developing countries the situation is more serious, not only because of lower incomes, but also because the poor are often not connected to the network. They usually pay a higher share of their meager incomes for lower quantities of water at often lower quality supplied by water vendors through trucks. On

1040-886: A specialized regulatory agency for the water sector such as England ( OFWAT ), Chile (SISS), Colombia (CRA) or Peru (SUNASS). Among the 310 cities in the GWI 2012 tariff survey the average combined water and wastewater tariff was US$ 1.98/m3 for the 15 m3/month "benchmark" customer used by the survey. Utilities in four of the surveyed cities provide residential water and wastewater services for free: Dublin and Cork (see Ireland ), as well as Belfast and Ashgabat in Turkmenistan . The lowest residential water and wastewater tariffs were found in Saudi Arabia (equivalent to US$ 0.03/m3) and in Havana, Cuba as well as Damascus, Syria (equivalent to US$ 0.04/m3). Rates in

1105-1060: Is no wastewater tariff at all. In other countries - such as Mexico, Turkey, Belgium, Portugal and Korea - wastewater tariffs are low relative to water tariffs. Finally, in many OECD countries - such as in Australia, Germany, Italy, the UK and the US - wastewater tariffs are now higher than water tariffs, reflecting increasing cost recovery rates and an increase in the prevalence of wastewater treatment. Wastewater tariffs from 126 countries and territories can be found here https://tariffs.ib-net.org/sites/IBNET/VisualSearch/IndexCurrentUSD?Weight=0&ServiceId=3&Yearid=0 Many utilities charge higher tariffs for commercial and industrial customers than for residential users, in an effort to cross-subsidy residential customers. The process of adjusting water tariffs differs greatly from one location to another. In many large countries (China, France, Germany, India, Mexico, South Africa and

1170-462: Is provided for free, followed by Uzbekistan with a water tariff equivalent to US$ 0.01 per m3 and no wastewater tariff There are two basic ways to calculate water and wastewater tariff levels for the purpose of comparing tariff levels between cities: One way is to calculate an average tariff for the utility. This is done by dividing total tariff revenues by the total consumption billed across all usage categories and all levels of consumption. Another way

1235-401: Is to determine a typical level of consumption and calculate the residential tariff that corresponds to this consumption. Depending on which of these two methods is used the resulting tariff can vary significantly for the same utility. The comparison of water and wastewater tariffs across countries is further complicated by the choice of the appropriate exchange rate ( nominal exchange rates for

1300-405: Is typically based on transparent and objective criteria set by law, in an attempt to move decision-making at least partly out of the realm of politics. The track record of these agencies has been diverse, usually mirroring the political and administrative traditions of each country. The responsiveness of demand to a change in price is measured by the price elasticity of demand , which is defined as

1365-486: The International Water Association . In addition, surveys of tariffs for commercial and industrial customers in selected OECD countries have also regularly been conducted by the consulting firm NUS . Linear volumetric tariffs are the most common form of water tariffs in OECD countries, being used by 90 out of 184 utilities surveyed by Global Water Intelligence in 2007 and 2008, either with or without

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1430-683: The 2024 Indian general election . The alliance passed a three-point resolution in its Mumbai meeting on 1 September 2023 to collectively contest 2024 Indian General elections. AAP declared candidates for three Lok Sabha seats in Assam after claiming they were tired of negotiations with Congress for seat sharing. The AAP is likely to fight on 4 seats whereas the Congress may get 3 seats in Delhi. The Congress and AAP declared that they will contest separately in Punjab, in what AAP supremo Arvind Kejriwal described as

1495-644: The Khajuraho seat. West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee announced on 24 January 2024 that the Trinamool Congress (TMC) party would run alone in the state's forthcoming general elections. Other members of the alliance will contest as part of there Secular Democratic Alliance . On 28 January 2024, Nitish Kumar resigned as the Chief Minister of Bihar and decided to leave the Mahagathbandhan alliance,

1560-535: The BJP for not fulfilling its promise of jobs and neglecting the country's poor and the majority. The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance comprises a diverse range of political parties from across India. The 37 member parties of the alliance are: Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand) [REDACTED] The following is the party-wise strength of INDIA parties in the Parliament of India : ( 27-vaccant ) According to

1625-643: The Central government. He is the chief executive officer who is responsible for the passing and implementation of the annual Municipal Corporation budget, its policies and programmes. All personnel of the Municipal Corporation work under the Commissioner's supervision and control. The current Municipal Commissioner of the Municipal Corporation Chandigarh is Anindita Mitra. Chandigarh being

1690-424: The Congress president Mallikarjun Kharge , the alliance's ideology revolves around the principles of developmentalism, inclusivity, and social justice. By combining their efforts, the member parties aim to protect democratic values, promote welfare and progress, and counter what they perceive as an ideology that threatens the idea of India. It was formed with the objective of defeating the incumbent BJP led NDA in

1755-634: The Indian Parliament . Some leaders said that the alliance would hold a grand joint rally at Patna on 30 January 2024, the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi , although this was not officially announced. The alliance held its 5th meeting virtually with some leaders not attending. Following the meeting, the Indian National Congress President Mallikarjun Kharge was declared the alliance chairperson. Members also had discussions about seat sharing. Nitish Kumar ,

1820-499: The Municipal Corporation's mayoral polls in January 2016. After the 2016 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election in January 2017, BJP's Asha Kumari Jaswal was elected as the mayor, BJP's Rajesh Kumar Gupta and Anil Dubey were elected as senior deputy mayor and deputy mayor respectively. In January 2019, Mayor elections, BJP candidate Rajesh Kumar Kalia was elected as the Mayor by defeating

1885-463: The Municipal Corporation, Office of the Mayor, for the first and fourth years, is reserved for women. According to the Municipal Corporation Chandigarh's website, the Corporation is composed of the following members: The Commissioner is the apex of the municipal administrative hierarchy that runs its administration. He is a senior government official (usually an I.A.S officer) and is appointed by

1950-427: The OECD member countries, affordability of water charges for low-income households is or could become a significant issue, according to the OECD. In developing countries, the poor are often not connected to the network and often pay a higher share of their meager incomes for lower quantities of water supplied by water vendors through trucks. On the other hand, utility bills paid by those fortunate enough to be connected to

2015-620: The United States in Clovis, CA are $ 0.42/m3. and $ 1.60/m3 in Seattle The highest water and wastewater tariffs were found in Aarhus, Denmark (US$ 9.21/m3), Essen, Germany (US$ 7.35/m3; not included in the OECD survey) Copenhagen, Denmark (US$ 7.09), and four Australian cities (Perth, Brisbane, Adelaide and Sydney) where the tariff for the benchmark user ranged from US$ 6.38/m3 - US$ 6.47/m3. Concerning wastewater tariffs, in some countries such as [Nigeria] there

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2080-527: The United States) the process of price adjustment takes place at the municipal level. Rules for price adjustments vary greatly. In the case of public service provision, tariffs are typically adjusted through a decision by the municipal council after a request by the municipal utility. Some countries, such as Germany , stipulate by law that all the financial costs of service provision must be recovered through tariff revenues. Other countries define cost recovery as

2145-542: The United States. Where fixed charges exist as part of two-part tariffs, there is a shift toward the reduction or even abolition of large minimum free allowances in OECD countries. For example, Australia and South Korea have both moved in this direction during the 1990s. Flat rates are still reported in Canada , Mexico , New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom . Concerning developing countries and transition economies , in

2210-513: The alliance forcing Modi to govern with his coalition, the NDA. The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance, commonly known by its backronym I.N.D.I.A. is an opposition front announced by the leaders of 28 parties to contest the 2024 Lok Sabha elections . The name was proposed during a meeting in Bengaluru and was unanimously adopted by the 28 participating parties. While some sources attribute

2275-482: The basic amenities and these tariff hikes led to a strong discontent among the voters. In 2016, Chandigarh was the second cleanest city of India . In 2016 BJP came to power in the corporation. In the years that followed, garbage from the city was not disposed of properly. The lack of a proper process or mechanism led to the garbage piled up at the Dadu Majra garbage dump site. In 2021, Chandigarh fell to 66 positions in

2340-445: The case of industries, wastewater tariffs are sometimes differentiated based on the pollutant load of the wastewater. In some cases wastewater tariffs are a fixed percentage of water tariffs, but usually they are set separately. In addition to regular bills, many utilities levy a one-time connection fee both for water and for sewer connections. The OECD conducted two surveys of residential water tariffs in 1999 and in 2007-08, using

2405-565: The chief minister of Bihar, was offered the post of national convenor of the alliance which he declined. Kumar went on to join the National Democratic Alliance in the 2024 Bihar political crisis two weeks later. The bloc held its first event together on 22 December 2023, when nationwide protests were launched against the suspensions of opposition MPs in the Indian Parliament . Congress President Mallikarjun Kharge , party leader Rahul Gandhi , NCP President Sharad Pawar , CPI(M) leader Sitaram Yechury and other leaders held protests against

2470-513: The civic body are to ensure cleanliness and sanitation in the city, illumination of street lights, maintenance of parks, and sewerage disposal. The city has both brick and pipe sewers laid in four phases. In September 2020, the civic body announced that it would upgrade and renew the 50-year-old sewerage system. The pilot project for the 24x7 water supply is expected to begin in Chandigarh in May 2021, which

2535-497: The cleanest cities in India. The city had always taken pride in the fact that it was one of the cleanest cities in the country. The fall in cleanliness became an important poll issue. The residents were upset with the downfall in the cleanliness. The government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in India damaged BJP's image as the voters felt that they were not given desired help in getting

2600-613: The country's largest opposition party, the Indian National Congress . The alliance is in opposition to the ruling National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the 2024 Indian general elections . In the 2024 general election, the alliance won 234 seats, gaining more than 100 seats from dissolution, and the majority of seats in states like Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , and West Bengal . The BJP lost its sole majority, with

2665-650: The desire to avoid an overly high burden for poor users. Political considerations in water pricing often lead to a delay in the approval of tariff increases in the run-up to elections. Another criterion for tariff setting is that water tariffs should be easy to understand for consumers. This is not always the case for the more complex types of tariffs, such as increasing-block tariffs and tariffs that differentiate between different categories of users. There are numerous different tariff structures. Their prevalence differs between countries, as shown by international tariff surveys. Water and wastewater tariffs include at least one of

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2730-547: The first block can vary from 5 cubic meters to 50 cubic meters per household and month. In South Africa , the first block of consumption of 6 cubic meters per household and month is even provided for free (free basic water). Average monthly water consumption varies depending on household size and consumption habits between about 4 cubic meters for a single-person household in temperate climate (e.g. in Germany) with no outdoor water use and about 50 cubic meters for

2795-441: The first meeting of the elected body of the Corporation was held. Tyagi was succeeded as Commissioner by S.K. Gathwal on 8 August 1996. In the Municipal Corporation, BJP candidate Arun Sood defeated Congress ' Mukesh Bassi by 21–15 votes for the post of Mayor, while BJP 's Davesh Moudgil and SAD 's Hardeep Singh defeated Congress ' Darshan Garg and Gurbax Rawat for the posts of Sr. Deputy Mayor and Deputy Mayor, respectively, in

2860-481: The following components: Many utilities apply two-part tariffs where a volumetric tariff is combined with a fixed charge. The latter may include a minimum consumption or not. The level of the fixed charge often depends on the diameter of the connection. Volumetric tariffs can The tariff for a first block on an IBT is usually set at a very low tariff with the objective to protect poor households that are assumed to consume less water than non-poor households. The size of

2925-490: The hospital beds and medical oxygen from their elected representatives. The sitting Councillors were found to be unapproachable when the public needed support. No major relief measure was taken by the local government. Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ( INDIA ) is a big tent multi-party political alliance of several political parties in India led by

2990-452: The ideas of a national alliance were first openly called on stage. Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar had said "I'll urge all parties, including Congress, to get together and then they (BJP) will lost badly". JD(U) spokesperson K. C. Tyagi had also stated that the foundation of the alliance was during this same rally. The first major Opposition parties' meeting, held in Patna , Bihar ,

3055-415: The independent candidate Satish Kainth by securing 16 votes out of the total 27 votes. Ravi Kant Sharma served as Mayor of Chandigarh till 2021 upon succeeding Raj Bala Malik. 2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election was held on 24 December 2021. Sarbjit Kaur was elected as the Mayor of the civic body after the elections. The mayor is the head of the Municipal Corporation. Of the five-year term of

3120-541: The individual customer’s ability to pay from the income side (through income assistance, water services vouchers, tariff rebates and discounts, bill re-phasing and easier payment plans, arrears forgiveness). An example of income assistance to poor users is the subsidy system applied in Chile . Tariff-related measures keep the size of water bills low for certain groups (e.g. refinement of increasing-block tariffs, tariff choice, tariff capping). Examples of increasing block tariffs with

3185-883: The largest OECD countries the share is 0.3% in the United States and Japan, 0.7% in France and 0.9% in Germany . However, micro-affordability is quite different. It measures the share of bills in the income of the poor, defined in an OECD affordability study as the lowest decile of the population. This share varies between 1.1% (Sweden, Netherlands, Italy) and 5.3% in the Slovak Republic, 9.0% in Poland and 10.3% in Turkey. The OECD concludes that in half its member countries (15 out of 30), affordability of water charges for low-income households "is either

3250-488: The list. The alliance's name was finalized and given the name Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance . The third meeting was held in Mumbai , Maharashtra from 31 August to 1 September. The meeting was hosted by Shiv Sena (UBT) President Uddhav Thackeray and saw Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi, and chief ministers of 5 states in attendance. Over the two-day deliberations, the alliance discussed major electoral issues for

3315-427: The national level that review requests for tariff adjustments submitted by service providers. The earliest and best-known example is the regulatory agency OFWAT, which was established for England and Wales in 1989. Some developing countries followed suit. They include Chile (1990), Colombia (1994), Honduras (2004), Kenya, Mozambique (1998), Peru (1994), Portugal (1997), and Zambia (2000). The review process

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3380-496: The network are very low in some developing countries. Different countries have introduced a variety of approaches to protect the poor from high water tariffs. The affordability of water charges can be measured by macro- and micro-affordability. Macro-affordability" indicators relate national average household water and wastewater bills to average net disposable household income. In OECD countries it varies from 0.2% (Italy and Mexico) to 1.4% (Slovak Republic, Poland and Hungary). In

3445-470: The non-representative GWI sample of 94 utilities in 54 countries, 59 used linear volumetric tariffs and 31 used increasing-block tariffs. However, utilities from Sub-Saharan Africa where increasing-block tariffs are very common are under-represented in the GWI sample with only 6 utilities. On the other hand, utilities from transition economies where linear volumetric tariffs are common are over-represented with 28 utilities. The survey thus probably underestimates

3510-570: The number of utilities surveyed to 310 in 2012. The data from the OECD/GWI surveys are widely quoted and, unlike the results of other global tariff surveys, have been indirectly made available to the public. The database of the International Benchmarking Network (IB-Net) for Water and Sanitation Utilities includes tariff data from more than 190 countries and territories tariffs.ib-net.org. Another tariff survey has been conducted by

3575-601: The other hand, utility bills paid by those fortunate enough to be connected to the network are often relatively low, especially in South Asia. Because of this situation the OECD does not recommend to use uniform "thresholds" for the affordability of water and wastewater bills. These "thresholds" are often quoted in the range of 3-5% of household income. Social protection measures to ensure that piped water remains affordable can be broadly classified into income support measures and tariff-related measures. Income support measures address

3640-420: The percentage change in demand divided by the percentage change in price. The price elasticity of drinking water demand by urban households is typically low. In European countries it ranges between -0.1 and -0.25, i.e. the demand for water decreases by 0.1% to 0.25% for every 1% increase in tariffs. In Australia and the United States price elasticity is somewhat higher in the range of -0.1 and -0.4. In about half

3705-516: The prevalence of increasing-block tariffs in non-OECD countries. There are different valid methods to compare water tariff levels. According to one method, the highest water and wastewater tariff in the world is found in Bermudas, equivalent to US$ 7.45 per m3 in 2017 (consumption of 15 m3 per month). The lowest water tariffs in the world are found in Turkmenistan and Cook Islands, where residential water

3770-425: The price of their product at a level that allows to extract a monopoly profit . However, in reality tariffs charged by utilities are regulated. They can be set below costs, at the level of cost recovery without a return on capital, or at the level of cost recovery including a predetermined rate of return on capital. In many developing countries tariffs are set below the level of cost recovery, even without considering

3835-442: The residents. AAP promised to provide free water up to 20,000 litres to each family in Chandigarh every month. In 2021, there was an acute shortage of parking spaces. As the problem aggravated BJP led corporation increased the parking charges in the city. The increase in the waste collection charges, water tariff and property tax rates during the last five years made the voters against the incumbent BJP. The increased expenditure for

3900-561: The suggestion of the name to Rahul Gandhi , the leader of the Indian National Congress (INC), others mention that it was suggested by Mamata Banerjee , the Trinamool Congress (TMC) supremo and chief minister of West Bengal . On September 25, 2022, Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) supremo Om Prakash Chautala hosted a rally in Fatehabad on the occasion of Former Deputy Prime Minister Devi Lal 's birth anniversary. During this rally,

3965-500: The suspensions of MPs under the banner "Save Democracy" at Jantar Mantar, New Delhi . The bloc's first joint rally was held in Patna , Bihar on 3 March 2024. The rally saw, among others, Kharge, Rahul Gandhi, Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) chief Lalu Prasad Yadav , former Bihar Deputy Chief Minister Tejashwi Yadav , Samajwadi Party supremo Akhilesh Yadav , and senior Left leaders Sitaram Yechury and D. Raja . Kharge attacked Kumar for frequently changing alliances and criticised

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4030-628: The upcoming general elections, carved out the coordination committee, and passed a three-point resolution to fight 2024 Indian general elections together 'as far as possible'. The fourth meeting was held in New Delhi on 19 December. The meeting was primarily held to discuss seat-sharing, joint rallies, and the prime ministerial face and/or convenor of the alliance. The alliance adopted a resolution to ensure maximum use of VVPATs in upcoming elections. "To enhance confidence in elections, VVPAT slips should be directly given to voters to self-verify and place in

4095-454: Was chaired by Nitish Kumar on 23 June 2023, when the proposal for a new alliance was put on the table. The meeting was attended by 16 Opposition parties. INLD was not included in this meeting. The second meeting, was held in Bengaluru , Karnataka on 17–18 July. It was chaired by UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi when the proposal for an alliance was accepted and ten more parties were added to

4160-549: Was initially to start in September 2020 and end in March 2022. On 8 April 2021, Chandigarh Smart City Ltd (CSCL) opened the bid by the joint venture firm between SB Engineering and Tap Presstressed Pvt Ltd that quoted a value lower than the reserved price of ₹ 162 crores. The CSCL board is yet to take the final decision. In 2021, the BJP ruled corporation had increased the water tariff by 200 times. This created widespread discontent among

4225-477: Was later extended to the union territory , Chandigarh, by the Punjab Municipal Corporation Law (Extension to Chandigarh) Act, 1994 (Act No.45 of 1994), which came into effect on 24 May 1994. Under a provision of Section 47 of the act, M.P. Tyagi was appointed as the first Commissioner of the Corporation w.e.f. on 19 June 1995. Tyagi continued to exercise mayoral powers until 23 December 1994, when

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