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25-662: Chamling is one of the Kirati languages spoken by the Chamling(Rodung) one of the Rai subgroup (Dikhalichha, Mulihachha, Ditumachha, Mansungcha, Lipuhochha, Malekungchha, Maidhung, Kherasung, Rakhomi,Horosungchha etc) of Nepal , India and Bhutan . Alternate renderings and names include Chamling , Chamlinge and Rodong . It is closely related to the Bantawa (some Bantawa-speaking communities call their language "Camling") and Puma languages of

50-662: A Khambu subgroup that consists of three languages, Kulung , Nachiring , and Sampang . Camling may also be a Khambu language. Sound changes defining each subgroup (Gerber & Grollmann 2018): Independent branches (formerly part of "Western Kiranti") that are unclassified within Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan): The Khambu branch is defined by the following sound changes. Research on proto-Kiranti includes work on phonology and comparative morphology by George van Driem , reconstructions by Michailovsky (1991) and Sergei Starostin 1994. Michailovsky and Starostin differ by

75-580: A coherent group, but rather a paraphyletic one due to lack of shared innovations . Gerber & Grollmann (2018) presented additional evidence supporting the paraphyletic nature of Kiranti. A Central-Eastern Kiranti group is considered to be valid by Gerber & Grollmann (2018), but they consider "Western Kiranti" unclassified within Trans-Himalayan languages . Independent branches (formerly part of "Western Kiranti") that are unclassified within Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan): Grollmann (2023) identifies

100-529: A few more districts of eastern Nepal, the southeastern neighbour Indian state of Sikkim , the hill city of Darjeeling , Kalimpong in the Indian state of West Bengal and the kingdom of Bhutan . Despite its geographic prevalence, the actual number of Chamling speakers is estimated to be 10,000, spread across small tribes and villages. Many members of the Chamling ethnic and tribal communities are no longer fluent in

125-566: A total of eight diphthongs in Sunwar: /ai/ [aɪ], /aĩ/ [aɪ̃], /au/ [au], /eu/ [eu], /oi/ [oi], /oĩ/ [oĩ], /ui/ [ui], /uĩ/ [uĩ] According to Borchers, a principled way to distinguish diphthongs from a sequence of two monophthongs does not exist in the Sunwar language. As exemplified by Borchers, this table consists of examples of contrasts between diphthongs : Syllable Structure of Sunwar: C(C)V(V)(C)(C) According to Borchers, “all case markers in

150-634: Is a Kiranti language of the Sino-Tibetan language family spoken in Nepal and India by the Sunuwar people . It was first comprehensively attested by the Himalayan Languages Project . It is also known as Kõits Lo ( कोइँच लो  ; kõica lo ), Kiranti-Kõits ( किराँती-कोइँच  ; kirā̃tī-kõich ), Mukhiya ( मुखिया  ; mukhiyā ). The Sunwar language is one of the smaller members of

175-601: Is an example of a sentence that is formed by a NP and a VP. The NP contains a noun and a VP contains a verb and an adverb. khamo your D nung name N de? what N khamo nung de? your name what D N N "what is your name?" This is an example of two NP's forming a sentence. One NP contains "khamo nung" (" your name" ) and the second NP contains "de" (" what"). 8.Rai, Tara Mani and Sizar Tamang (2014) A sociolinguistic survey of Chamling: A Tibeto-Burman language. https://cdltu.edu.np Kirati languages George van Driem had formerly proposed that

200-607: Is commonly spoken in a cluster of Sunuwar villages, located around the region of the core spoken language. These villages are scattered alongside the river banks of Likhu Khola , in two bordering central-eastern districts of Nepal, distant from the main Nepalese road system: in the Okhaldhū۠ngā District (part of Koshi Province ), around the village of Vacul; and in the Rāmechāp District (part of Bagmati Province ), around

225-530: Is true. Sunuwar speakers from Nepal and Sikkim , northeastern India , use the Sunuwar alphabet ( ISO 15924 script code: Sunu ) for printed materials such as newspapers and literature. The alphabet, also known as Sunuwar alphabet, Sunuwar Lipi, Koĩts Lipi, was promoted in 1932 by Karna Bahadur Sunuwar (1926-1991), and got official recognition in Sikkim and Eastern Nepal where it is taught in schools. The Sunuwar script,

250-442: Is unrelated to any other scripts (even if some letter shapes have some resemblance to Latin and Limbu letter forms with similar phonetic value), and behaves like an alphabet with 35 base letters, written left-to-right, with syllabic features, extended with combining diacritics. The script also features its own set of decimal digits. Unlike other Indic scripts derived from Brahmic, the Sunuwar alphabet includes no combining vowel signs:

275-595: The Devanagari abugida, also used for writing Nepali . In 2005, another syllabic alphabet or abugida was developed for Sunuwar; it is known as Tikamuli. Sunwar phonology is significantly influenced by the language of Nepali . The Sunwar language has a mid-sized arrangement of thirty-two consonantal phonemes : According to Borchers, there are eleven vowel phonemes in Sunwar: ⟨a⟩ [a~ɑ], /ā / [aː], /e/ [e~ɛ], /i/ [i], /o/ [o], /u/ [u], / ū/ [uː~y], /ã/ [ã~ɑ̃], /ã̄/ [ãː], /ẽ/ [ẽ~ɛ̃], /ĩ/ [ĩ] There are

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300-554: The Tibeto-Burman language family. About 40,000 speakers are residing in eastern Nepal. The language is commonly known as Koic, for many ethnic Sunwar and Sunwar speakers also refer to the language as “ Sunuwar, Koinch , Koinch or Koincha (कोइँच); Kõits Lo (कोइँच लो), Kiranti-Kõits (किराँती-कोइँच) or Mukhiya (मुखिया).” Moreover, most Sunwar speakers have the surname (सुनुवार), Sunuvār in Latin script . The Sunuwar language

325-536: The Chamling language, which is taught only in remote areas in the Udayapur District. Like Bantawa, Chamling is an endangered language. Many people in these areas speak a variety of Chamling that is mixed with the Nepali language , which is the official language of Nepal. Most Chamling-speaking people are Hindus or practitioners of Kiranti Mundum. Chamling uses many bound morphemes, many of which denote possession or

350-626: The Kiranti language family in eastern Nepal, and it belongs to the broader Sino-Tibetan language family . Chamling has SOV word order. The Chamling language is one of the languages of the ancient Kiranti culture, which existed well before vedic period 3500–5000 in South Asia . Important versions of the Mundum — the main religious text forming the religious foundation of the Kirant Mundum religion and

375-526: The Kiranti languages were part of a Mahakiranti family, although specialists are not completely certain of either the existence of a Kiranti subgroup or its precise membership. LaPolla (2003), though, proposes that Kiranti may be part of a larger " Rung " group. There are about two dozen Kiranti languages. Among the better known are Limbu , Sunuwar , Bantawa , Chamling , Khaling , Bahing , Yakkha , Wayu , Dungmali , Lohorung , and Kulung . Kiranti verbs are not easily segmentable, due in large part to

400-499: The Sunwar language are suffixes .” As exemplified by Borchers, this table consists of the noun case markers. -amī ~-ī m ~ -m OC things, locations -kal animals animals locations time time A dual marker can be associated with dual/pair or the cardinal number ‘two’. Example of dual marker by Borchers: iciṅā Now āl. niʃi child. DU chan exist- NPT . 3P iciṅā āl. niʃi chan Now child. DU exist-NPT.3P Now I have two children. In

425-543: The change of possession of something. anga my D a-khim my house N hinge be V anga a-khim hinge my {my house} be D N V "I have a house" This is 3. an example of a sentence that is formed by an NP and a VP. The NP contains a determiner and a noun, and the VP contains a verb. a-challa-ci my brothers N oda here V paina not Adverb a-challa-ci oda paina {my brothers} here not N V Adverb "my brothers are not here" This

450-518: The cultural heritage of the various Kirati people — are composed in Camling; such versions are distinctive to the Camling-speaking tribes and a guide to their distinctive religious practices and cultural identity. The Chamling language is used by small communities in eastern Sagarmatha Zone , in central Khotang District , Bhojpur District and scattered areas in northern Udayapur District and

475-581: The inherent vowel is now removed in most cases from the normal orthography in the middle of words, only used in isolation (i.e. no longer written when following a leading consonant, unless it is at end of words). A number of glyphic forms (conjuncts using consonants in half forms) were added to the script after this orthographic change for more easily writing consonant clusters, instead of writing multiple consonants with virama signs. Although Sunwar has no traditional written language in Nepal, most literate speakers use

500-422: The number of stop series reconstructed (three vs four) and the interpretation of the correspondences. Opgenort introduces the reconstruction of preglottalized resonants; his reconstruction is generally based on Starostin's four series system. More recently, Jacques proposed a reconstruction of proto-Kiranti verb roots based on Michailovsky's system, and analyzes the other initial correspondences (in particular,

525-513: The presence of portmanteau morphemes , crowded affix strings, and extensive (and often nonintuitive) allomorphy . Thus their relationship to each other has been a subject of debate. Overall, Kiranti languages are classified: Ethnologue adds Tilung language to Western Kiranti, based on Opgenort (2011). Opgenort (2005) classifies the Kiranti languages as follows, and recognizes a basic east-west division within Kiranti. Historical linguists , as early as 2012, do not consider Kiranti to be

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550-443: The script was initially a pure alphabet and the base consonants initially did not have any inherent vowel. But a second version of the script modified the orthographic rules to imply its presence, where the inherent vowel would be altered when appending any independent vowel letters, or suppressed by using a virama (or halant) sign in some consonant clusters or for consonants in final position of syllables. The independent letter form for

575-435: The series reconstructed as non-aspirated unvoiced stops by Starostin) as due to morphological alternations and inter-Kiranti borrowing. In addition, he presents a preliminary discussion of the reconstruction of stem alternation and stress patterns on the basis of Khaling and Dumi . Reconstructions Sunuwar language Sunwar , Sunuwar , or Koinch ( कोइँच ; kõich ; other spellings are Koinch and Koincha),

600-561: The villages of Pahare and of Kũbhu Kãsthālī for a smaller group of Sunwar speakers. The majority of the Sunwar speakers live on the southern border area of this region, between the villages of Pahare and Vacul. Located 1,800 meters above sea level, their fields aren’t all fallow from year round cultivation (Borchers, 2008). Therefore, many Sunwar households are farmers, own a small lot of land and livestock. Moreover, each village often visits their neighboring village markets to purchase inaccessible goods such as spices, sugar, tea, and salt. In

625-424: The winter, they experience no snow but freezing temperatures. In warmer weather, they experience a lot of rainfall, in the summer, monsoon rainfall. Especially between June and August, it is when they experience the most rain, more so monsoon rainfall. According to Borchers, there are other villages located outside of the core region. The Surel are claimed to be Sunwar speakers however there are no certainties that it

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