Francesco Cetti (9 August 1726 – 20 November 1778) was an Italian Jesuit priest, zoologist and mathematician .
72-695: Cetti was born in Mannheim in Germany , but his parents were natives of Como . He was educated in Lombardy and at the Jesuit college at Monza . In 1765 he was sent to Sardinia to help improve the standard of education on the island. In 1766 he was appointed to the Chair of Mathematics at the University of Sassari , holding that position until his death. Cetti took long excursions in
144-410: A higher humidity in summer which causes a higher heat index. Snow is rare, even in the cold months. Precipitation occurs mostly during afternoon thunderstorms during the warmer period (average days of thunderstorms in a year is 40–50). The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate
216-509: A key role in Germany's war economy. This contributed to the fact that, on 27 May 1915, Ludwigshafen was the world's first civilian settlement behind the battle lines to be bombed from the air. French aircraft attacked the BASF plants, thereby killing twelve people. The precedent was set for this attack by Germany's repeated air raids against British civilian populations throughout southeastern Britain during
288-628: A new location. At the old location, there is a monument to Friedrich Schiller and the Zum Zwischen-Akt pub. The housing shortage led to the development of many new residential areas. In 1964, the City Hospital ( Städtisches Krankenhaus ) became part of the Heidelberg University for Clinical Medicine in Mannheim . In 1967, the University of Mannheim was established in the city. In 1975,
360-558: A result of the invention of the pre-combustion chamber by Prosper L'Orange , Benz & Cie. developed the world's first compact diesel-powered car at its motor works in Mannheim in 1923. In 1922, the Grosskraftwerk Mannheim (Mannheim large power station) was opened. By 1930, the city, along with its sister city of Ludwigshafen, which had developed out of the old Mannheim Rheinschanze, had a population of 385,000. During World War II , air raids on Mannheim completely destroyed
432-530: A settlement was therefore reached between Traitteur and the chamber, whereby all previous contracts were cancelled and compensation was set for Traitteur in government bonds . However, these were not paid to him even after long trials. The population of Mannheim grew rapidly towards the end of the 19th century, and as a consequence, the supply from the Käfertal waterworks was soon no longer sufficient. The city therefore needed its own water tower. The selected location
504-451: A temporary transport system. A number of major projects were completed in the 1980s and 1990s: a planetarium, an extension to the art gallery, the new Reiß Museum, Stadthaus, a new May Market ground, synagogue, mosque, State Museum for Technology and Work , Carl-Benz stadium and the Fahrlach tunnel were opened. Mannheim has lost many industrial jobs, although in the recent past, the city
576-518: Is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ), bordering closely on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with summer months often averaging above 21 degrees (71 F). Mannheim, population 315,000, is the 2nd largest city in Baden-Württemberg . Its location near the Rhine and Neckar rivers spurred Mannheim's industrialization and transition into a major city in the early 19th century. The city
648-502: Is Germany's leading university in the fields of business and economics and attracts students from around the world. Described by Die Zeit as the ' Harvard of Germany', it is seen as the training grounds of German business leaders. More than 12,000 students were enrolled in the 2013/14 semester. The university town also houses one of the medical schools of Heidelberg University (at the University Hospital Mannheim ),
720-407: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an Italian biologist is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an Italian mathematician is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mannheim Mannheim ( German pronunciation: [ˈmanhaɪm] ; Palatine German : Mannem or Monnem ), officially
792-507: Is a cathedral, a theatre which is considered good, an observatory, a gallery of pictures at the château, and some private collections. About two kilometres (one point two miles) below the town the Russian Army crossed the Rhine in 1813. Population 18,300. During the eighteenth century, Mannheim was the home of the " Mannheim School " of classical music composers . Mannheim was said to have one of
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#1732881482686864-522: Is a large château here belonging to the Grand Duke and a very good garden; part of the château was destroyed when the town was bombarded and has never since been repaired, the other part is occupied by the Grand Duchess, widow of the late Grand Duke who was succeeded by his uncle having left only three daughters. She is the sister of Eugene Beauharnais [sic; in fact, she was his second cousin]. There
936-510: Is home to many factories, offices and headquarters of several major corporations such as Roche , ABB , IBM , Siemens , Unilever and more. Mannheim's SAP Arena is home to German ice hockey record champions Adler Mannheim as well as the popular handball team Rhein-Neckar Löwen . Since 2014, Mannheim has been a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and holds the title of " UNESCO City of Music ". In 2020, Mannheim
1008-885: Is located at the confluence of the Upper Rhine and the Neckar in the Kurpfalz ( Electoral Palatinate ) region of northwestern Baden-Württemberg. The city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain , Germany's warmest region, between the Palatine Forest and the Oden Forest . Mannheim forms a continuous urban zone of around 500,000 inhabitants with Ludwigshafen am Rhein in the Rhineland-Palatinate , while some northern suburbs lie in Hesse . Hamburg
1080-481: Is surrounded by the Mannheim rose garden , the Mannheim art gallery , and a few semicircular arcade buildings . The park is a popular meeting area in the summer. A Christmas market is opened every winter. The park around the water tower was designed as a semicircular park from 1899 to 1903 by the Berlin architect, Bruno Schmitz . The park is surrounded by a roundabout which leads to four arcade houses . The park itself
1152-580: Is the Romanesque Mannheim Water Tower , completed in 1886 and rising to 60 metres (200 feet) above the highest point of the art nouveau area Friedrichsplatz . Mannheim is well-known for its inventions, including the automobile , the bicycle , and the tractor , which is why the city is often called the "city of inventions". The city is the starting and finishing point of the Bertha Benz Memorial Route , which follows
1224-481: Is the only other German city with such a presence in two states other than its own. Central Mannheim's streets and avenues are laid out in a grid pattern unusual for German cities, leading to its nickname Quadratestadt ( Square City ) and tourism slogan " Leben im Quadrat " (" Life in the Square "). Within a ring of avenues surrounding the city centre, there are squares, numbered from A1 to U6, instead of street names. At
1296-622: The Bundesgartenschau ( Federal horticulture show ) was celebrated in Luisen and Herzogenried parks. A number of pieces of infrastructure were developed for the show: the telecommunications tower and a second bridge across the Rhine (the Kurt Schumacher Bridge ) were built, the pedestrian zone was established, the new Rosengarten conference centre was opened and the Aerobus was installed as
1368-675: The FEI European Jumping Championships in 2007 14–19 August, in the MVV-riding stadium. In 2002, Hobby Horse Polo was invented in Mannheim, evoking the classical rivalry towards "polite society" in Heidelberg. The Maimarkt-Turnier Mannheim is an annual international horse show held during the Mannheimer Maimarkt since 1964. According to Forbes magazine, Mannheim is known for its exceptional inventive power and
1440-541: The Heidelberg Castle . In 1798, Johann Andreas of Traitteur, the Electoral Palatinate architect, wrote about these water transports: "Because of the lack of healthy, acceptable well water, as long as the court was in Mannheim, such necessary water was brought in daily from the mountains. As is well known, the court chamber had to keep a special water truck which drove to Heidelberg everyday to collect water from
1512-769: The Hochschule Mannheim , a branch of the Duale Hochschule of the State of Baden-Württemberg and several musical and theatrical academies, including the Pop Academy Mannheim, the Musikhochschule and the Theaterakademie. These institutions draw a large and diverse student body. Mannheim Water Tower The Water Tower ( German : Wasserturm ) is a well-known landmark of Mannheim , Germany. The water tower
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#17328814826861584-667: The Nine Years' War . After the rebuilding of Mannheim that began in 1698, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate was moved from Heidelberg to Mannheim in 1720 when Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine began construction of Mannheim Palace and the Jesuit Church ; they were completed in 1760. In 1819, Norwich Duff wrote of Mannheim: Mannheim is in the Duchy of Baden and situated at
1656-483: The Rhine Valley , the groundwater is not very deep under the earth's surface and is therefore often of poor quality. Consequently, during the reign of Elector Charles Louis (1680), the merchant Helferich Geil suggested channeling "mountain water from Rohrbach" (now a district of Heidelberg ) to Mannheim. Until the 19th century, the electoral court's water requirements were met by The Upper and Lower Prince Fountains at
1728-520: The University City of Mannheim ( German : Universitätsstadt Mannheim ), is the second-largest city in Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart , the state capital, and Germany 's 21st-largest city , with a population of around 317,000. The city is the cultural and economic centre of the Rhine-Neckar , Germany's seventh-largest metropolitan region , with nearly 2.4 million inhabitants. Mannheim
1800-506: The " Rhine shift ". In summer, temperatures sometimes rise up to 35 °C (95 °F) and higher. The highest recorded temperature was 39.8 °C (104 °F) on 7 August 2015. The daily lows during heat waves can be very high for the latitude (around 25 °C / 77 °F). In September 2016, the average temperature in Mannheim was 18.6 °C, highest in Baden-Württemberg. In comparison to other regions of Germany, Mannheim has
1872-451: The 2010s, partially due to its large university population. The following list shows the most significant groups of foreigners in the city of Mannheim by nationalities. In total 44,7% of all Mannheim inhabitants are from foreign descent. The Neckarstadt-West district has the biggest foreign population with 68,9%, while the Wallstadt district has the smallest one with 23,1%. A large part of
1944-599: The Electoral Palatinate major and administrative councilor, Johann Andreas of Traitteur, to address the issue regarding the water supply. The turning point of the endless discussion was finally reached with the intervention of Traitteur. He examined the watercourses above Rohrbach and the waterways on the other side of the Neckar River . On June 20, 1790, Traitteur finally submitted his memorandum. He stated in this memorandum that within two years, he will channel water from
2016-455: The Minister, Count Oberndorff. Since 1790, over 24,000 residents of Mannheim mainly obtained their drinking water from pumping wells. In the hot summer months when most of the water was withdrawn, the water smelled of foul broth. The suspended solids in the water did not have to settle because of rapid withdrawal. Likewise, the fortress ditches spread a terrible stench due to the evaporation of
2088-937: The Oststadt-Theater, the TIG7 (Theater im Quadrat G7), the Theater Oliv, the Freilichtbühne, the Theater31, the Theater ImPuls, the Theater Felina-Areal, the Mannheimer Puppenspiele, the Kleinkunstbühne Klapsmühl', Schatzkistl, and zeitraumexit . There are two nationally renowned football clubs in Mannheim, SV Waldhof Mannheim , who currently are playing in the third tier 3. Liga , but who have played in
2160-458: The Prince Fountain in the castle courtyard." In 1739, the minister of Hildesheim had eight fountains built on Parade Square. The architect Bibiena of Rohrbach was supposed to solve the problem of water shortage. However, he could no longer carry out this work. For more than 60 years, these fountains were without water and the citizens of Mannheim were faced with constant ridicule. In 1758,
2232-500: The actual water tower was what caused such an increase in the costs in building the waterworks. The building contractor Joseph Hoffman & Söhne in Ludwigshafen on the river Rhine, which also had a branch in Mannheim, was in charge of the construction work. They had to deposit a bail in the amount of 20,000 marks for this. However, the contractor apparently overlooked extending their bail, and they were immediately warned. The contractor
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2304-403: The already-existing structure was necessary to increase the volume. In 1955, the city announced an idea competition to expand the tower, which was won by the architect Rolf Vollhard. His design envisaged a modern extension of the tower, with an encompassing glass balcony serving as a separation between the old base and new extension. The winning design sparked outrage among the population, forcing
2376-548: The best court orchestras in Europe under the leadership of the conductor Carlo Grua . The royal court of the Palatinate left Mannheim in 1778, as Charles Theodore had become Elector of Bavaria and moved to Munich . Two decades later, in 1802, Mannheim was removed from the Palatinate and given to the Grand Duchy of Baden . In 1819, August von Kotzebue was assassinated in Mannheim. The climate crisis of 1816–17 caused famine and
2448-545: The city centre. Mannheim was heavily damaged during aerial bombing by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Allied bombing raids razed the city centre of Mannheim at night-time area bombing , killing thousands of civilians. In the meantime, 2,262 of Mannheim's Jews were sent to Nazi concentration camps . Some sources state that the first deliberate strategic bombing of
2520-416: The city of Mannheim invited architects to take a tour. It is not known, however, whether Halmhuber returned to Mannheim. The citizens of Mannheim were able to voluntarily register for access to the water supply from 1887. By the time the water tower was completed, there were only 2,263 waterline connections, with around 75,000 residents in the city. Even by 1900, only 5,170 connections were installed, although
2592-524: The city was a centre for political and revolutionary activity. In 1865, Friedrich Engelhorn founded the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory, BASF ) in Mannheim, but the factory was constructed across the Rhine in Ludwigshafen because Mannheim residents feared air pollution from its operations. From this dye factory, BASF has developed into the largest chemical company in
2664-517: The city was first recorded as Mannenheim in a legal transaction in 766, surviving in a twelfth-century copy in the Codex Laureshamensis from Lorsch Abbey . The name is interpreted as "the home of Manno", a short form of a Germanic name such as Hartmann or Hermann . Mannheim remained a mere village throughout the Middle Ages. In 1606, Frederick IV, Elector Palatine started building
2736-403: The confluence of the Rhine and Neckar over both of which there is a bridge of boats. This is the third town of this name having been twice burnt. The houses are large, and the streets are broad and at right angles to each other, and is one of the most airy clean towns I have seen in Germany. It was formerly fortified, but the fortifications were razed in 1806 and gardens fill their places. There
2808-467: The death of many horses in Mannheim. That year Karl Drais invented the first bicycle. Infrastructure improvements included the establishment of Rhine Harbour in 1828 and the construction of the first Baden railway , which opened from Mannheim to Heidelberg in 1840. Influenced by the economic rise of the middle class, another golden age of Mannheim gradually began. In the March Revolution of 1848 ,
2880-420: The dirt in the earth. The tower only had a temporary roof until the 1950s. Since there was a sharp rise of water consumption due to the reconstruction of the destroyed Mannheim town center, it was necessary to increase the water pressure. The city therefore planned to raise the volume of the water tower from 2,000 to 3,000 cubic meters. Given the roof was already destroyed during the war, no further destruction of
2952-459: The end deviated from his plans, he finally arrived in person in May 1888. The complete handover of all plans was delayed until October 1888. In the meantime, the city expansion following Friedrichsplatz had already begun to take shape and a first water fountain had been built on Friedrichplatz as well. On March 14, 1889, the tower was so far completed that the scaffolding could soon be removed. Once again,
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3024-499: The first German Football League which is called GFL1. As of 2018, between 500 and 900 people watch each game. Rhein-Neckar Löwen are a handball team playing in the professional German Handball League . The WWE visited Mannheim in 2008. Around 10,000 fans attended the event. UFC fighter Dennis Siver lives and trains in Mannheim. Mannheim hosted the European Show Jumping Championships in 1997, and
3096-632: The first half of 1915. When Germany lost the war in 1918, according to the peace terms, the left bank of the Rhine was occupied by French troops. The French occupation lasted until 1930, and some of Ludwigshafen's most elegant houses were erected for the officers of the French garrison. After the First World War , the Heinrich Lanz Company built the Bulldog, an advanced tractor, powered by heavy oil. As
3168-613: The former highest German ice hockey league known as Bundesliga ). The city is home to the Mannheim Tornados , the oldest operational baseball and softball club in Germany. The Tornados play in the first division of the Baseball Bundesliga and have won the championship 11 times, more than any other club. In 2003, the American football club Mannheim Bandits [ de ] was founded. The Mannheim Bandits are playing in
3240-511: The fortress of Friedrichsburg and the adjacent city centre with its grid of streets and avenues. On 24 January 1607, Frederick IV gave Mannheim the status of a "city", whether it really was one by then or not. Mannheim was mostly levelled during the Thirty Years' War around 1622 by the forces of Johan Tilly . After being rebuilt, it was again severely damaged by the French Army in 1689 during
3312-499: The immigrants are from the Balkans and European countries. The distribution of Mannheim's population by religious affiliation (as of December 31, 2020) is Roman Catholic 25.4%, Protestant 20.0%, and other/ none 54.6%. The National Theatre Mannheim was founded in 1779 and is the oldest "Stage" in Germany. In 1782 the premiere of Die Räuber , written by Friedrich Schiller , was shown. Recently, smaller stages have opened, such as
3384-480: The market square; however, the water necessary was still missing. Experts from Bavaria were assigned to Mannheim and the Electoral Palatinate chief engineer, Steimich, was sought for advice. He calculated that it would cost 210,000 guilders in order to channel the flowing water from the Rhine through the fortress ditches. However, it would cost the same value to construct a water pipeline directly from Rohrbach to Mannheim. This and further plans were therefore denied by
3456-595: The mountains near Rohrbach to Mannheim for drinking and domestic use in sufficient quantities in order to provide for twelve fountains, various public pipe fountains, the Mannheim Palace , and many private buildings. (A total of 54 wells were planned). Furthermore, Traitteur obliged to build the water line, in advance, at his own expense. Since Traitteur had claimed privileges, a commission met to deal with these provisions and imposed conditions on him (now there must be 130 wells), which forced Traitteur to change his plans. In
3528-546: The old fairground, and the new Schafweide tram line. The concept of the anniversary of the city is aimed at a diverse range of events without a dominant central event. In 2001, the City hospital was officially and legally awarded with the title University Hospital Mannheim . In 2023, Mannheim hosted the Bundesgartenschau 2023 (National Garden Show); the second time after 1975. Mannheim is located in Germany's warmest summer region,
3600-598: The plans to be discarded. In 1962, the Mannheim council decided to reconstruct the tower true to its original form, which was carried out in 1963. The reconstruction took place under the leadership of Ferdinand Mündel. The statue of Amphitrite on top of the tower, which was originally designed by Johannes Hoffart, was recreated by Hayno Focken. The tower was restored in 1986/1987 and has been under monumental protection since 1987. Several minor renovations have taken place since then. The tower stands in Frederick Square, which
3672-431: The population had risen to over 120,000 by then. The tower was badly hit during the bombing of Mannheim in World War II . The roof in particular was destroyed, but the water tank was comparatively easy to repair. The Mannheim-dialect poet, Erna Rück, wrote in her poem called "Mei liewes Mannem" ( "My Dear Mannheim" ): The water tower, the plank, Everything is of dearth, the heaviest hoarse voice sank Like
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#17328814826863744-401: The scientifically trained Jesuit Christian Mayer was sent to France to inspect all the water lines there. After his return, Father Mayer wrote a lot about hydraulics, but not a single water pipe was built. In 1770, Mannsperger, the cooper master of Mannheim, suggested that water from Rohrbach be channeled to Mannheim via wineskin (formerly called Kieferschlauch, or pine hose). His suggestion
3816-410: The second contract signed on March 1, 1791, the engineer pledged to complete the water line by the end of 1792 because there was a celebration for the golden anniversary of Charles Theodore's reign. In the end, Traitteur was forced to stop the work due to the lack of money (the outstanding "donation"—agreed advance or payment on account—of 30,000 guilders was not paid) and could not manage to comply to
3888-459: The southern base of that system is Mannheim Palace , one of the largest palace complexes in the world. It was the former home of the Prince-elector of the Electoral Palatinate, and now houses the University of Mannheim , which repeatedly receives top marks in business administration and is sometimes known as the " Harvard of Germany". The Mannheim May Market is the largest regional consumer exhibition of Germany. The civic symbol of Mannheim
3960-404: The terms of a third contract, although he had hired new workers to construct a stone quarry and two brick factories. The siege of Mannheim in 1795, however, put an end to all efforts. The French used the wooden pegs as firewood and the Austrians blocked out the duct for military reasons. In 1779, the court chamber stated that it was impossible to continue working on the water line. On March 22, 1798,
4032-406: The top tier, the Bundesliga ; and VfR Mannheim , winner of the German championship in 1949 , now playing in the sixth tier Verbandsliga Baden . The Adler Mannheim (formerly MERC, Mannheimer Eis- und Rollsport-Club) is an ice hockey team playing in the professional Deutsche Eishockey Liga , having won the German championship a total of eight times (7 times Deutsche Eishockey Liga and one time
4104-503: The tracks of the first long-distance automobile trip in history. A Großstadt (major city with more than 100,000 inhabitants) since 1896, Mannheim is now an important industrial and commercial city, a university town , and a major transportation hub between Frankfurt and Stuttgart, including an ICE interchange (the Mannheim Hauptbahnhof ), Germany's second-largest marshalling yard (the Mannheim Rangierbahnhof ), and Germany's largest inland port (the Mannheim Harbour ). The city
4176-434: The vicinity of Sassari, collating his discoveries in the Storia Naturale di Sardegna (Natural History of Sardinia) (1774–7). This has three volumes, covering mammals, birds and amphibians with fishes. A supplement on mammals was published in 1777. Cetti is commemorated in the name of the Cetti's warbler ( Cettia cetti ), which was collected on Sardinia by Alberto della Marmora . This article about an ornithologist
4248-424: The war occurred at Mannheim during a Royal Air Force night raid on 16 December 1940. Today around one third of the city consists of buildings from before 1950. In late March 1945, the Allied ground advance into Germany reached Mannheim, which was potentially well-defended by German forces. However, the German forces abandoned the city and the U.S. 44th Infantry Division entered unopposed on 29 March 1945. There
4320-410: The water after exposure and dehydration. A closed sewer system did not yet exist. There was a lack of rinsing water due to a drought, and waste, feces, etc. were left to rot on the street. During this time, this was the main cause of many illnesses, including typhus , which caused many Mannheim residents to die during the summer. Benjamin Thompson , an American physicist from Massachusetts , prompted
4392-419: The world. After opening a workshop in Mannheim in 1871 and patenting engines from 1878, Karl Benz patented the first motor car in 1886. He was born in Mühlburg (now part of Karlsruhe). The Schütte-Lanz company , founded by Karl Lanz and Johann Schütte in 1909, built 22 airships. The company's main competitor was the Zeppelin works. When World War I broke out in 1914, Mannheim's industrial plants played
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#17328814826864464-430: Was also behind schedule with the construction. On May 8, 1889, the construction management requested the contractor Joseph Hoffman & Söhne to complete all the work by May 10. Since the company had not fulfilled these requests, it now had to face consequences; the construction management now had hired "a corresponding number of sculptors for a daily allowance of 5.50 marks at your [the contractor's] expense". Halmhuber
4536-494: Was built from 1886 to 1889 on the present Frederick Square ( Friedrichsplatz ) by Gustav Halmhuber . The tower, which is 60 meters high and 19 meters in diameter, was Mannheim's first urban water tower. It initially had to meet with the required standards as a drinking water supply while maintaining steady water pressure. After the construction of the higher Luzenberg water tower in 1909, the Mannheim water tower served as an aboveground water tank until 2000. Since Mannheim lies on
4608-411: Was classified as a global city with ' Sufficiency ' status by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). Mannheim is a smart city ; the city's electrical grid is installed with a power-line communication network. A brick kiln excavated in 1929 in the Seckenheim district, which operated from 74 AD to the early second century, attests to settlement in Roman times. The name of
4680-406: Was considered insane and was rejected by a commission of the city council because it could not be completed with 200,000 guilders . In 1771, "Master Besinger" wanted to use a "barrel machine" ( scoop wheel ) to scoop the water from the Rhine River into the fortress ditches. The guilds , consisting of boatmen, protested against this plan. In the meantime, four new fountains had been constructed on
4752-468: Was economically dominated by manufacturing. The city tried in the past to prevent the establishment of service providers by designating some locations as industrial areas. A prime example of the current trend is the construction of the Victoria Tower (Victoria-Turm) in 2001, one of the tallest buildings in the city, on railway land. Mannheim celebrated its 400th anniversary with a series of cultural and other events throughout 2007. The 400th anniversary proper
4824-410: Was heavily damaged during WWII but soon regained prominence as an industrial centre, causing rapid population growth in the 1950s. Many motor, electronic and power plant companies came to Mannheim and other cities in the Rhine-Neckar Region, including Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg , which lies just kilometres up the Neckar. The population of Mannheim started to decline in the 1980s but began to rebound in
4896-431: Was ideal, since only short lines were necessary for households in the center of the city to reach Schwetzingerstadt, Lindenhof, and the then-emerging Oststadt. On July 1, 1886, the groundbreaking ceremony for the construction of waterworks took place. 1.975 million marks was approved as a loan for the project. However, the costs rose to 2,374,288 marks in the course of the three-year construction phase. The construction of
4968-405: Was in 2006, since Frederick IV, Elector Palatine laid the foundations of Mannheim citadel on 17 March 1606. In preparation for the anniversary, some urban activities were implemented, beginning in 2000: the building of the SAP Arena with access to the city's new eastern ring road, the rehabilitation of the pedestrian zone in Breite Straße, the arsenal and the palace, the complete transformation of
5040-402: Was later a large American military occupation presence in the Mannheim area with up to 10 barracks. The first one shut down in 2007 and the last was closed in 2013 (see United States military installations below). Rebuilding of the city began industriously. Mannheim Palace and the water tower ( Wasserturm ) eventually were rebuilt and the National Theatre was replaced by a new building at
5112-463: Was met with frustration with the construction company and could not move from Berlin to Mannheim; he no longer seemed interested in the Mannheim water tower. He sent an urgently requested plaster model of Frieze with Putti in poor packaging so that it arrived in Mannheim broken. He himself did not comply with several requests from the city to personally promote the construction. After he had sent further detailed plans for terraces and side turrets, which in
5184-581: Was ranked 11th among the Top 15 of the most inventive cities worldwide. Many significant inventions were made in Mannheim: The University of Mannheim is one of Germany's younger universities. Although founded in 1967, it has its origins in the Palatine Academy of Sciences , established in 1763, and the former Handelshochschule (Commercial College), founded in 1907. Situated in Mannheim Palace , it
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