33-484: Cercopithecinae – 13 genera Colobinae – 10 genera sister: Hominoidea Old World monkeys are primates in the family Cercopithecidae ( / ˌ s ɜːr k oʊ p ɪ ˈ θ ɛ s ɪ d iː / ). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons (genus Papio ), red colobus (genus Piliocolobus ), and macaques (genus Macaca ). Common names for other Old World monkeys include
66-416: A dimorphic species. The olfactory bulb to endocranial volume ratio is considered to be on the lower end of the strepsirrhine spectrum, perhaps as a result of the organism's rostrum . In relation to other anthropoids, the frontal lobes of A. zeuxis are considered to be rather small but the olfactory bulbs are not considered to be small when taking into account the body size of A. zeuxis . Overall,
99-455: A sister group of Old World monkeys in the catarrhines , which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore, cladistically , apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups, such as Parapithecidae , are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus , in which case
132-416: A tubular ectotympanic (ear bone), and eight, not twelve, premolars in catarrhines, giving them a dental formula of: 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 Several Old World monkeys have anatomical oddities. For example, the colobus monkeys have stubs for thumbs to assist with their arboreal movement, the proboscis monkey has an extraordinary nose, while the snub-nosed monkeys have almost no nose at all. The penis of
165-552: A water source. Gestation in the Old World monkeys lasts between five and seven months. Births are usually single, although, as with humans, twins occur occasionally. The young are born relatively well-developed, and are able to cling onto their mother's fur with their hands from birth. Compared with most other mammals, they take a long time to reach sexual maturity, with four to six years being typical of most species. In most species, daughters remain with their mothers for life, so that
198-441: Is placed in its own genus, then there is one documented species named A. zeuxis . The type specimen for the species is CGM26901. Its scientific name means "linking Egyptian ape". There is controversy over whether or not Aegyptopithecus should be a genus on its own or whether it should be moved into the genus Propliopithecus . Aegyptopithecus zeuxis was a species that had a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 , with
231-408: Is relatively broad. The orbits are dorsally oriented and relatively small which suggested that this was a diurnal species . This species showed some postorbital constriction . The interorbital distance of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis is large much like that found in colobines . A sagittal crest developed in older individuals and extends over the brow ridges . This species had an auditory region which
264-418: Is similar to that found in platyrrhines , having no bony tube and the tympanic fused to the lateral surface of the bulla. The humerus has a head which faces posteriorly and is narrower than primates that practice suspensory behavior . The humerus also shares some features with extinct hominoids : a large medial epicondyle and a comparatively wide trochlea . This species had an ulna that compares to
297-486: Is the male mandrill, around 70 centimetres (28 in) in length, and weighing up to 50 kilograms (110 lb) Old World monkeys have a variety of facial features; some have snouts , some are flat-nosed, and many exhibit coloration. Most have tails, but they are not prehensile . Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting numerous environments: tropical rain forests , savannas , shrublands , and mountainous terrain. They inhabited much of Europe in
330-669: The Barbary macaques of Gibraltar . Most Old World monkeys are at least partially omnivorous , but all prefer plant matter, which forms the bulk of their diet. Leaf monkeys are the most vegetarian, subsisting primarily on leaves, and eating only a small number of insects, while the other species are highly opportunistic, primarily eating fruit, but also consuming almost any food items available, such as flowers, leaves, bulbs and rhizomes , insects, snails, and even small vertebrates. The Barbary macaque 's diet consists mostly of leaves and roots, though it will also eat insects and uses cedar trees as
363-626: The Cercopithecinae , which are mainly African, but include the diverse genus of macaques , which are Asian and North African, and the Colobinae , which includes most of the Asian genera, but also the African colobus monkeys. The Linnaean classification beginning with the superfamily is: The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional paraphyly of monkeys : Apes emerged as
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#1733086140257396-584: The Faiyum Governorate of central Egypt . Aegyptopithecus zeuxis fossils were originally thought to be between 35.4 and 33.3 million years old, based on initial analysis of the formation in which they were found. However, analysis by Erik Seiffert in 2006 concluded that the age of the Gabal Qatrani Formation should be revised. His assessment of more recent evidence indicates an age of between 30.2 and 29.5 million years ago. If Aegyptopithecus
429-586: The Japanese macaque . Most species are omnivorous , with diets ranging from fruits, leaves, seeds, buds, and mushrooms to insects, spiders, and smaller vertebrates. All species possess cheek pouches in which they can store food. Gestation lasts around six to seven months. Young are weaned after three to 12 months and are fully mature within three to five years. The life expectancy of some species can be as long as 50 years. The Cercopithinae are often split into two tribes , Cercopithecini and Papionini , as shown in
462-532: The Jebel Qatrani Formation of modern-day Egypt . Aegyptopithecus is believed to be a stem - catarrhine , a crucial link between Eocene and Miocene fossils. Aegyptopithecus zeuxis has become one of the best known extinct primates based on craniodental and postcranial remains. Aegyptopithecus was discovered by Elwyn Simons in 1966 in the Gabal Qatrani Formation , located in
495-438: The colobus monkeys , to fully terrestrial forms, such as the baboons. The smallest is the talapoin , with a head and body 34–37 cm in length, and weighing between 0.7 and 1.3 kilograms, while the largest is the male mandrill (the females of the species being significantly smaller), at around 70 cm in length, and weighing up to 50 kilograms. Most Old World monkeys have tails (the family name means "tailed ape"), unlike
528-449: The talapoin , guenon , colobus , douc (douc langur, genus Pygathrix ), vervet , gelada , mangabey (a group of genera), langur , mandrill , drill , surili ( Presbytis ), patas , and proboscis monkey . Phylogenetically, they are more closely related to apes than to New World monkeys , with the Old World monkeys and apes diverging from a common ancestor between 25 million and 30 million years ago. This clade , containing
561-478: The ulna and distal articular surface of the humerus indicate that A. zeuxis was not only an arboreal quadruped, but also large and slow. Studies in dental microwear and microsutures focusing on its molars, suggest that Aegyptopithecus was probably a frugivore . It is also possible that Aegyptopithecus ate hard objects on occasion. Aegyptopithecus lived in the Fayum area of northern Egypt. Today, this area
594-551: The Old World monkeys and the apes, diverged from a common ancestor with the New World monkeys around 45 to 55 million years ago. The individual species of Old World monkey are more closely related to each other than to apes or any other grouping, with a common ancestor around 14 million years ago. The smallest Old World monkey is the talapoin , with a head and body 34–37 centimetres (13–15 in) in length, and weighing between 0.7 and 1.3 kilograms (1.5 and 2.9 lb). The largest
627-580: The apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus as well as (under an even more expanded definition) even the Platyrrhini emerged within the Old World monkeys. Historically, monkeys from the "Old World" (Afro-Arabia), somehow drifted to the "New World" some 40 million years ago, forming the "New World monkeys" (platyrrhines). Apes would emerge later within the Afro-Arabia group. Old World monkeys are medium to large in size, and range from arboreal forms, such as
660-518: The availability of food and other resources. Cercopithecinae The Cercopithecinae are a subfamily of the Old World monkeys , which comprises roughly 71 species, including the baboons , the macaques , and the vervet monkeys . Most cercopithecine monkeys are limited to sub-Saharan Africa , although the macaques range from the far eastern parts of Asia through northern Africa , as well as on Gibraltar . The various species are adapted to
693-415: The basic social group among Old World monkeys is a matrilineal troop. Males leave the group on reaching adolescence, and find a new troop to join. In many species, only a single adult male lives with each group, driving off all rivals, but others are more tolerant, establishing hierarchical relationships between dominant and subordinate males. Group sizes are highly variable, even within species, depending on
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#1733086140257726-588: The brain to body weight ratio of A. zeuxis is considered to be strepsirrhine-like and perhaps even non-primate like. Aegyptopitheccus zeuxis is thought to have been sexually dimorphic . Tooth size, craniofacial morphology, brain size, and body mass all indicate this. Due to A. zeuxis being sexually dimorphic, the social structure is thought to have been polygynous with intense competition for females. Three femoral remains were found in Quarry I (DPC 5262 and 8709) and Quarry M (DPC 2480). Paleomagnetic dating puts
759-555: The different terrains they inhabit. Arboreal species are slim, delicate, and have a long tail, while terrestrial species are stockier and their tails can be small or completely nonexistent. All species have well-developed thumbs. Some species have ischial callosities on their rump, which can change their colour during their mating periods. These monkeys are diurnal and live together in social groups. They live in all types of terrain and climate, from rain forests, savannah , and bald rocky areas, to cool or even snowy mountains, such as
792-500: The divergence between hominoids ( apes ) and cercopithecids (Old World monkeys). It is known from a single species, Aegyptopithecus zeuxis , which lived around 38-29.5 million years ago in the early part of the Oligocene epoch. It likely resembled modern-day New World monkeys , and was about the same size as a modern howler monkey , which is about 56 to 92 cm (22 to 36 in) long. Aegyptopithecus fossils have been found in
825-430: The extinct members of the genus Alouatta . On the foot bones, this species had a grasping hallux . Aegyptopithecus zeuxis shares characteristics with haplorrhines such as a fused mandibular and frontal symphyses, postorbital closure, and superior and inferior transverse tori . Based on dental dimensions and femoral remains the body mass of A. zeuxis is estimated to be 6.708 kg. The functional length of
858-572: The femur is estimated to be 150 mm, which is larger than Cebus apella and smaller than Alouatta seniculus . In Egypt's Fayum Depression a subadult female cranium, CGM 85785, was discovered by Rajeev Patnaik. This specimen's cranial capacity was found to be 14.63 cm and reanalysis of a male endocast (CGM 40237) estimates a cranial capacity of 21.8 cm . These estimates dispel earlier ones of approximately 30 cm . These measurements give an estimated male to female endocranial ratio of approximately 1.5, indicating A. zeuxis to be
891-443: The femur, which is deeper than that of "later" catarrhines. Also, based on overall femoral morphology, A. zeuxis is thought to have been robust. The phalanges of the hands and feet suggest powerful grasping consistent with arboreal quadrupedalism. The humerus also suggests arboreal quadrupedalism. This is based on the pronounced brachialis flange and stabilizing muscles on brachial flexors rather than extensors. In addition,
924-407: The list of genera below. Homo Pan Hylobates Macaca Papio Theropithecus Cercocebus Chlorocebus Erythrocebus Miopithecus Colobus Pygathrix Nasalis Trachypithecus Aegyptopithecus Aegyptopithecus ("Egyptian ape", from Greek Αίγυπτος "Egypt" and πίθηκος "ape") is an early fossil catarrhine that predates
957-409: The lower molars increasing in size posteriorly. The molars showed an adaptation called compartmentalizing shear, which is where the cutting edges involved in the buccal phase serve to surround basins in such a way that food is cut into fragments that are trapped and then ground during the lingual phase. The canines of this species were sexually dimorphic . The ascending mandibular ramus of this species
990-524: The male mandrill is crimson and the scrotum is lilac ; the face is also brightly colored. The coloration is more pronounced in dominant males. The Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting numerous environments: tropical rain forests , savannas , shrublands , and mountainous terrain. They inhabited much of Europe during the Neogene period; today the only survivors in Europe are
1023-652: The past; today, the only survivors in Europe are the Barbary macaques of Gibraltar . Whether they were native to Gibraltar or were brought by humans is unknown. Some Old World monkeys are arboreal , such as the colobus monkeys; others are terrestrial , such as the baboons . Most are at least partially omnivorous , but all prefer plant matter, which forms the bulk of their diets. Most are highly opportunistic, primarily eating fruit, but also consuming almost any food item available, such as flowers, leaves, bulbs and rhizomes , insects, snails, small mammals, and garbage and handouts from humans. Two subfamilies are recognized,
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1056-479: The sites at 33 Ma, consistent with the Oligocene epoch. Based on the estimated femoral neck angle (120-130 degrees) the femur is similar to that of a quadrupedal anthropoid. The greater trochanter 's morphology is inconsistent with that of leaping primates, serving as further evidence of the animal's quadrupedalism . Aegyptopithecus is thought to have been an arboreal quadruped due to the distal articular region of
1089-544: The tailless apes. The tails of Old World monkeys are not prehensile , unlike those of the New World monkeys (platyrrhines). The distinction of catarrhines from platyrrhines depends on the structure of the rhinarium , and the distinction of Old World monkeys from apes depends on dentition (the number of teeth is the same in both, but they are shaped differently). In platyrrhines, the nostrils face sideways, while in catarrhines, they face downward. Other distinctions include both
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