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105-549: Cercanías Madrid is the commuter rail service that serves Madrid , the capital of Spain , and its metropolitan area. It is operated by Cercanías Renfe , the commuter rail division of Renfe , the former monopoly of rail services in Spain. Its total length is 370 km. The first railroad line departing from Madrid (the second in Spain and the third in the Iberian Peninsula ) was built in 1851 between Madrid and Aranjuez . Soon

210-462: A C-2 train will be signed El Escorial or Cercedilla rather than Chamartín , and a C-8 train will rather be signed Guadalajara than Atocha. There is no line C-6 because it was combined with line C-5 . In 2004 construction was begun on a second central line to link Atocha and Chamartín , to relieve the heavy traffic in the old tunnel (built during the 1930s and 1940s, when materials were scarce and poor). Opening on July 9, 2008, it included

315-576: A fairground attraction very popular in the 1930s. The introduction of the RENFE 440 series trains in Madrid on two commuter lines in 1975 is considered to be the beginning of the modern Cercanías Madrid network. The development of the towns around Madrid as bedroom communities only started in the late 1960s, in two different parts of the metropolitan area: The main Madrid- Zaragoza - Barcelona line followed

420-487: A monopoly , it was exclusively responsible for the transport of passengers and goods on its lines, as well as for the management of its infrastructure. It was founded in Spain at the beginning of 1941, after the end of the Spanish Civil War , and existed for almost 64 years until its dissolution on December 31, 2004. In compliance with European rail transport regulations, RENFE was divided into two new entities: Adif ,

525-470: A branch line located far away from central Madrid in the Sierra de Guadarrama , operates from 9:30 am to 10:30 pm. The frequency of the trains depends on the size of the towns served and the traffic on the line. The central section of the network, from Atocha to Chamartín , through Recoletos and Nuevos Ministerios , has trains every 3–4 minutes (of various lines) on weekday peak hours; the farther branches of

630-651: A city's central business district, and often share right-of-way with intercity or freight trains. Some services operate only during peak hours and others use fewer departures during off peak hours and weekends. Average speeds are high, often 50 km/h (30 mph) or higher. These higher speeds better serve the longer distances involved. Some services include express services which skip some stations in order to run faster and separate longer distance riders from short-distance ones. The general range of commuter trains' travel distance varies between 15 and 200 km (10 and 125 miles), but longer distances can be covered when

735-446: A critical situation with gigantic annual deficits, and the fact is that its trains run mainly on only 5000 km of the 13000 km of track it manages: there were too many lines that were not profitable. For this reason, the 1984 Contract Program was agreed upon, whereby on January 1, 1985, 914 km of track were closed and 933 km were left for freight use only: 12 lines and 132 stations were left without service. In addition,

840-611: A difficult task due to the scarcity of economic resources. The lack of spare parts and wear and tear of the material was the cause of many serious accidents, such as the one that took place in Torre del Bierzo in January 1944 , the most serious in the history of Spain. In 1949 the General Plan for Reconstruction and Urgent Reforms (known at the time as the Guadalhorce Plan ) was approved with

945-560: A great qualitative leap in long-distance travel. Two years later, in 1954, the first Centralized Traffic Control Center was inaugurated, located between Ponferrada and Brañuelas . Coinciding with the end of the decade, two events of great importance took place: in 1958 the Zamora - Ourense railroad, whose construction had begun in 1927 and which had dragged on until now, came into service. First " Suizas " for commuter traffic. However, this period of progress and investments planned by RENFE within

1050-413: A headway rather than a published timetable and use dedicated tracks (underground or elevated), whereas commuter rail often shares tracks, technology and the legal framework within mainline railway systems, and uses rolling stocks with more seating and higher speed for comfort on longer city-suburban journeys. However, the classification as a metro or rapid rail can be difficult as both may typically cover

1155-458: A maximum of 5 coaches. They have been designed as a replacement for the old 440/440R series in the CIVIS services. In Madrid there are only 465 series. The 446 and 447 series trains can serve in two composition: a single composition of three cars (called tren corto or short train) and a double composition of six cars (called tren largo or long train) As the double composition is the most usual, when

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1260-577: A metropolitan area exclusively, run on separate tracks in the centre, and often feature purpose-built rolling stock. The fact that the terminology is not standardised across countries (even across English-speaking countries) further complicates matters. This distinction is most easily made when there are two (or more) systems such as New York's subway and the LIRR and Metro-North Railroad , Paris' Métro and RER along with Transilien , Washington D.C.'s Metro along with its MARC and VRE , London's tube lines of

1365-471: A new division by zones was implemented, creating a total of seven zones, which received the same name where their center was located: Madrid -North, Madrid- Atocha , Seville , Valencia , Barcelona , Bilbao and Leon . In the case of Madrid it was divided in two, so that the railroads leaving Madrid to the north had their center in the North Station (nowadays Príncipe Pío Station ) while those leaving to

1470-548: A new station at Sol of the Metro where trains stop instead of at Recoletos on the old line. The tunnel is now in use by the C-3 and C-4 . Rather strangely for such a night-living city as Madrid , trains do not operate late at night, mostly for union and safety reasons. The first train to operate on weekdays is the 5:07 C-5 train from Móstoles/El Soto; the rest of the lines (except C-9 ) start to operate around 5:30 am. Line C-9, being

1575-492: A service is operated by a single composition it is announced previously. Cercanias is part of the Madrid Regional Transport Consortium ( Consorcio Regional de Transportes de Madrid ) and follows its zoning system, based in concentric zones around Madrid. The price of the trips inside the network depends on the number of zones crossed. Prices of one single trip ticket , in euro as of April 2015: There

1680-685: A single state company, the Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles , RENFE. Among the most important nationalized companies were the Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España (1858-1941), the Compañía del Ferrocarril de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante (1856-1941) and the Compañía Nacional de los Ferrocarriles del Oeste (1928-1941). The Compañía de los Ferrocarriles Andaluces , due to its dismal economic results, had already passed under State control in 1936, through its integration into

1785-409: A terminus station for many passenger trains, to become a passing station, which eventually ended up imposing the unification of the two zones into one, called "Zona Centro". The opening of Chamartín Station in 1967, which led to the decline of Estación del Norte , also had an influence on this, and its responsibilities were transferred to Atocha Station. In order to avoid an unassigned number, number 2

1890-738: A wide Iberian gauge line between Madrid and Móstoles was built, substituting the narrow gauge line closed in 1970. At this time, the services were full part of the normal RENFE services, and the cars and stations had the standard livery of the rest of the company. In the 1980s, services started to operate between Madrid-Chamartín and the new town of Tres Cantos , serving also the Autonomous University of Madrid campus, in Cantoblanco. In 1989, RENFE divided its services in business areas ( áreas de negocio ), each one with its own symbols and livery . The gold and blue colors were substituted by

1995-967: A wide variety of different features and service frequencies, but is often used in contrast to rapid transit or light rail . Some services share similarities with both commuter rail and high-frequency rapid transit ; examples include German S-Bahn in some cities, the Réseau Express Régional (RER) in Paris, the S Lines in Milan, many Japanese commuter systems, the East Rail line in Hong Kong, and some Australasian suburban networks, such as Sydney Trains . Many commuter rail systems share tracks with other passenger services and freight . In North America, commuter rail sometimes refers only to systems that primarily operate during rush hour and offer little to no service for

2100-535: Is also the bonotren , that allows ten trips (prices range from € 5.65 to 26.20) and the abono mensual that allows two trips a day during a natural month (prices range from € 20.00 to 70.00) The abono mensual should not be confused with the Abono Transportes , which allows the use of the entire transport network – not just trains. CIVIS is a special service which operates on some lines: first on C-10 and C-3 , and later on C-2 . The CIVIS services uses

2205-874: Is especially the case for lines operated by Korail , such as the Gyeongui-Jungang Line , the Gyeongchun Line , the Suin-Bundang Line , or the Gyeonggang Line . Even some lines not operated by Korail, such as the AREX Line, the Seohae Line or the Shinbundang Line mostly function as commuter rail. Lastly, even for the "numbered lines" (1–9) of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway which mostly travel in

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2310-591: Is heavily used by commuters in the Greater Tokyo Area , who commute between 100 and 200 km (62 and 124 mi) by Shinkansen . To meet the demand of commuters, JR sells commuter discount passes. Before 2021, they operated 16-car bilevel E4 Series Shinkansen trains at rush hour, providing a capacity of 1,600 seats. Several lines in China, such as the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway and

2415-417: Is often a case of asset sweating , by using a single large combined fleet for intercity and regional services. Loco hauled services are usually run in push-pull formation, that is, the train can run with the locomotive at the "front" or "rear" of the train (pushing or pulling). Trains are often equipped with a control cab at the other end of the train from the locomotive, allowing the train operator to operate

2520-1836: Is one suburban rail called the Chittagong Circular Railway . Another suburban railway called the Dhaka Circular Railway is currently proposed. Karachi in Pakistan has a circular railway since 1969. Tehran Metro currently operates the Line 5 commuter line between Tehran and Karaj . Turkey has lines connecting Başkentray , İZBAN , Marmaray and Gaziray . Major metropolitan areas in most European countries are usually served by extensive commuter/suburban rail systems. Well-known examples include BG Voz in Belgrade (Serbia), S-Bahn in Germany, Austria and German-speaking areas of Switzerland, Proastiakos in Greece, RER in France and Belgium, Servizio ferroviario suburbano in Italy, Cercanías and Rodalies ( Catalonia ) in Spain, CP Urban Services in Portugal, Esko in Prague and Ostrava (Czech Republic), HÉV in Budapest (Hungary) and DART in Dublin (Ireland). London has multiple commuter rail routes: The Merseyrail network in Liverpool consists of two commuter rail routes powered by third rail, both of which branch out at one end. At

2625-470: Is operationally more like a typical metro system (frequent trains, an emphasis on standing passengers , short station spacings) than it is like commuter rail in other countries. Japanese commuter rail commonly interline with city center subway lines, with commuter rail trains continuing into the subway network, and then out onto different commuter rail systems on the other side of the city. Many Japanese commuter systems operate various stopping patterns to reduce

2730-526: Is still possible to tell them apart. Some operators, for example Thameslink , focus solely on commuter services. Others, such as Avanti West Coast and LNER , run solely intercity services. Others still, such as GWR and EMR , run a mixture of commuter, regional and intercity services. Some of these operators use different branding for different types of service (for example EMR brands its trains as either "InterCity", "Connect" for London commuter services, and "Regional") but even for those operators that do not,

2835-570: Is used in Australia (Sydney for example) to describe the regional trains operating beyond the boundaries of the suburban services, even though some of these "inter-city" services stop all stations similar to German regional services. In this regard, the German service delineations and naming conventions are clearer and better used for academic purposes. Sometimes high-speed rail can serve daily use of commuters. The Japanese Shinkansen high speed rail system

2940-426: Is widely used in many commuter rail trains to increase capacity in rush hours. Carriages are usually not organized to increase seating capacity (although in some trains at least one carriage would feature more doors to facilitate easier boarding and alighting and bench seats so that they can be folded up during rush hour to provide more standing room) even in the case of commuting longer than 50 km and commuters in

3045-900: The Brisbane ( Queensland Rail 's City network ) and Perth ( Transperth ) systems in Australia, in some systems in Sweden, and on the Genoa-Casella line in Italy. Some countries and regions, including Finland , India, Pakistan, Russia , Brazil and Sri Lanka, as well as San Francisco ( BART ) in the US and Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, use broad gauge track. Metro rail and rapid transit usually cover smaller inner-urban areas within 12 to 20 km (7 to 12 mi) of city centers, with shorter stop spacing, use rolling stocks with larger standing spaces, lower top speed and higher acceleration, designed for short-distance travel. They also run more frequently, to

3150-515: The C-8 line have trains every two hours on weekends. All lines (except C-9 ) finish their operations around midnight. There are basically three series of trains operating in the Madrid Cercanías network: They are also new modular and moderns trains, called Civia (462, 463, 464 or 465 series). They share the same design, the series number depending on the number of coaches, with a minimum of 2 and

3255-747: The Chennai MRTS , also covers over 300 stations and carries more than 2.5 million people daily to different areas in Chennai and its surroundings. Other commuter railways in India include the Hyderabad MMTS , Delhi Suburban Railway , Pune Suburban Railway and Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railway . In 2020, Government of India approved Bengaluru Suburban Railway to connect Bengaluru and its suburbs. It will be unique and first of its kind in India as it will have metro like facilities and rolling stock. In Bangladesh, there

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3360-525: The Compañía de los Ferrocarriles del Oeste . The next step taken by the state was the difficult task of calculating the amount of compensation to be received by the former companies. At the head of the priority of the collection of the ransoms paid by the State (which would end up being quite high) were the bondholders, followed by the shareholders and, lastly, in the event that there was something left to be distributed,

3465-519: The Greater Tokyo Area , Seoul metropolitan area , and Jabodetabek area have to stand in the train for more than an hour. Currently there are not many examples of commuter rail in Africa . Metrorail operates in the major cities of South Africa , and there are some commuter rail services in Algeria , Botswana , Kenya , Morocco , Egypt and Tunisia . In Algeria, SNTF operates commuter rail lines between

3570-811: The Guangshen Railway have more frequent metro-like service. The two MTR lines which are owned and formerly operated by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation ( East Rail line and Tuen Ma line which is integrated from the former West Rail line and Ma On Shan line in 2021), then the "KCR" ), and MTR's own Tung Chung line connect the new towns in New Territories and the city centre Kowloon together with frequent intervals, and some New Territories-bound trains terminate at intermediate stations, providing more frequent services in Kowloon and

3675-571: The Jakarta city center with surrounding cities and sub-urbans in Banten and West Java provinces, including Depok , Bogor , Tangerang , Serpong , Rangkasbitung , Bekasi and Cikarang . In July 2015, KRL Commuterline served more than 850,000 passengers per day, which is almost triple of the 2011 figures, but still less than 3.5% of all Jabodetabek commutes. Other commuter rail systems in Indonesia include

3780-611: The Madrid - Lleida section of the Madrid-Zaragoza-Barcelona-French Border high-speed line was inaugurated (at 200 km/h), the second to be inaugurated in Spain after the Madrid - Seville line and the first of the 21st century. Due to the new economic directives of the European Union , the State had to open the railway network to competition, so a new legislation for the railway sector (LSF, or Law 39/2003 of

3885-947: The Metro Surabaya Commuter Line , Commuter Line Bandung , KAI Commuter Yogyakarta–Solo Line , Kedung Sepur , and the Sri Lelawangsa . In the Philippines, the Philippine National Railways has two commuter rail systems currently operational; the PNR Metro Commuter Line in the Greater Manila Area and the PNR Bicol Commuter in the Bicol Region . A new commuter rail line in Metro Manila,

3990-597: The North–South Commuter Railway , is currently under construction. Its North section is set to be partially opened by 2021. In Malaysia, there are two commuter services operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . They are the KTM Komuter that serves Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding Klang Valley area , and the KTM Komuter Northern Sector that serves Greater Penang , Perak , Kedah and Perlis in

4095-721: The Pasillo Verde (Green Corridor), also created new streets (namely the Vallejo-Nájera Boulevard  [ es ] and the Imperial Boulevard) and housing projects. In 1996, the Pasillo Verde was finished. A new line, the C-10, was started linking Collado Villalba to Atocha Station through the Green Corridor. In 2000, the line C-1 was extended to the towns of Alcobendas and San Sebastián de los Reyes , relieving

4200-753: The Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway , serve a similar role with many more under construction or planned. In South Korea, some sections of the high-speed rail network are also heavily used by commuters, such as the section between Gwangmyeong Station and Seoul Station on the KTX network ( Gyeongbu HSR Line ), or the section between Dongtan Station and Suseo station on the SRT Line. The high-speed services linking Zürich , Bern and Basel in Switzerland (200 km/h (120 mph)) have brought

4305-405: The Spanish railway network severely damaged during the war. However, the question of the nationalization of the railroads was already a long-standing one, as Francesc Cambó , during his ministerial period, had already advocated this idea due to the poor performance of the private railway companies, which maintained an outdated rolling stock and sometimes even a railway line in poor condition. With

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4410-424: The Underground and the Overground , Elizabeth line , Thameslink along with other commuter rail operators , Madrid's Metro and Cercanías , Barcelona's Metro and Rodalies , and Tokyo's subway and the JR lines along with various privately owned and operated commuter rail systems. Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs in

4515-426: The Yamanote Line , Keihin Tohoku Line , Chūō–Sōbu Line services arguably are more akin to rapid transit with frequent stops, simple stopping patterns (relative to other JR East lines) no branching services and largely serving the inner suburbs; other services along the Chūō Rapid Line , Sōbu Rapid Line / Yokosuka Line , Ueno–Tokyo Line , Shōnan–Shinjuku Line etc. are mid-distance services from suburban lines in

4620-410: The autonomous communities came to the rescue of more than 600 km to avoid their closure. The modernization of facilities such as the stations of Madrid , Seville and Barcelona , which are undergoing profound transformations to adapt to new needs, will be carried out. Many other stations and tracks are also being modernized. In particular, Atocha traffic was absorbed by Chamartín Station until

4725-464: The rail station of Puerta del Sol in downtown Madrid, part of this second tunnel, was inaugurated. The old C-1 line was absorbed into the C-4 and until 2011 there was no C-1 line, when it was revived as the railway to the Madrid-Barajas Airport was inaugurated. Since 2011 no new lines have been enacted, and the link to the Parque Warner Madrid theme park was closed because of lack of use. The improvements have consisted of insertion of new stations in

4830-402: The 300 km/h (186 mph) Nuremberg–Ingolstadt high-speed railway . The regional trains Stockholm – Uppsala , Stockholm– Västerås , Stockholm– Eskilstuna and Gothenburg – Trollhättan in Sweden reach 200 km/h (120 mph) and have many daily commuters. In Great Britain , the HS1 domestic services between London and Ashford runs at a top speed of 225 km/h, and in peak hours

4935-414: The 7 zones remained almost intact for many years, the limits of the zones being in 1973 marked by the following lines: As a result of the completion of the works from the Plan of Railway Links of 1933, a large number of new lines were incorporated to RENFE in the area of Madrid-capital between 1967 and 1972, giving rise to numerous points of contact between the First and Second Zone. Madrid had ceased to be

5040-448: The Central Business Districts (CBDs) of these three cities within 1 hour of each other. This has resulted in unexpectedly high demand for new commuter trips between the three cities and a corresponding increase in suburban rail passengers accessing the high-speed services at the main city-centre stations ( Hauptbahnhof ). The Regional-Express commuter service between Munich and Nuremberg in Germany runs at 200 km/h (120 mph) on

5145-402: The East Rail Line share tracks with intercity trains to mainland China . The three KCR lines are integrated into the MTR network since 2008 and most passengers do not need to exit and re-enter the system through separate fare gates and purchase separate tickets to transfer between such lines and the rest of the network (the exceptions are between the Tuen Ma line's East Tsim Sha Tsui station and

5250-477: The Madrid-Alcalá-Guadalajara-Zaragoza line. One of the trains was a double-decker 450 series which served the C-2 line coming from Guadalajara to Chamartín ; the other three were 446 series who departed from Alcalá de Henares : two serving the C-1 line to Alcobendas and one serving the C-7 line, finishing in Príncipe Pío . After the attacks, services were reintroduced the following day, with RENFE private security reinforced. Security measures and design of

5355-433: The Netherlands carry many commuters, while their equipment, range, and speeds are similar to those of commuter trains in some larger countries. The United Kingdom has a privatised rail system, with different routes and services covered by different private operators. The distinction between commuter and intercity rail is not as clear as it was before privatisation (when InterCity existed as a brand of its own), but usually it

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5460-435: The Railway Sector ), which was supposed to come into force on June 1, 2004, but was delayed with the assumption of the Government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero to January 1, 2005. On that day, the public business entity " Renfe " was separated from RENFE, and from that moment on, the latter began to be called " Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias " (Adif). The functions of the former company were divided between

5565-421: The Spanish economy, which was also reflected in the railroads. In this sense, there was a significant improvement in RENFE's rolling stock, although this did not reach all the lines or the entire rolling stock. The improvements were always made on the main lines that concentrated the most passenger traffic, as is the case of the Madrid - Barcelona line, which is electrified and equipped with double track on most of

5670-402: The Stabilization Plan came to an abrupt halt in 1959, in response to the inflation and serious economic crisis experienced in Spain at the end of that decade. The causes of this serious crisis are the clear failure of the autarkic policy that had prevailed in Franco's regime since 1939 and that had tied up the Spanish economy. The developmentalism of the sixties meant a progressive improvement in

5775-411: The Tsuen Wan line's Tsim Sha Tsui station . In Taiwan, the Western line in the Taipei - Taoyuan Metropolitan Area, Taichung Metropolitan Area and Tainan - Kaohsiung Metropolitan Area as well as the Neiwan - Liujia line in the Hsinchu Area are considered commuter rail. In South Korea, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway includes a total of 22 lines, and some of its lines are suburban lines. This

5880-448: The aim of solving the most important needs. Among other things, it foresaw 5,000 million pesetas for the renovation of the network and the development of an extensive program. The Plan also included the renewal of material: the acquisition of 200 locomotives, 5000 wagons and 400 passenger cars was foreseen to complete the initial orders since 1941. In the fifties, the results of the Guadalhorce Plan began to be seen and to recover, in part,

5985-425: The beginning of the end for the Franco regime . This will have an impact on RENFE as it will mark the beginning of an era of extensive reforms aimed at turning the Spanish railroads into an efficient means of transport. The situation that RENFE had reached at the end of the seventies with huge annual deficits and a railway service that was not only inefficient but also unsustainable. In 1979, the first Contract Program

6090-405: The birth of the RENFE Plan 1972-1975 , with a major modernization program. On June 23, 1975 the last steam locomotive (a Mikado, specifically number 141F 2348) was taken out of service at the Vicálvaro (Madrid) Classification Station. The disappearance of the steam traction will not be the only event that happens that year, as on November 20 the dictator Francisco Franco dies and with it begins

6195-467: The capital Algiers and its southern and eastern suburbs. They also serve to connect Algiers ' main universities to each other. The Dar es Salaam commuter rail offers intracity services in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania. In Botswana, the ( Botswana Railways ) "BR Express" has a commuter train between Lobatse and Gaborone . In Japan, commuter rail systems have extensive network and frequent service and are heavily used. In many cases, Japanese commuter rail

6300-502: The central government (which operates the Cercanías) about who is responsible for building the line to the new terminal of the Barajas Airport delayed the construction of any rail link. The Madrid Metro Line 8 extension to Terminal 4 opened in May 2007, while the Cercanías link did not open until 2011. [REDACTED] 40°25′08″N 3°41′31″W  /  40.4189°N 3.6919°W  / 40.4189; -3.6919 Commuter rail The term can refer to systems with

6405-410: The city of Seville had another reason: the celebration of the 1992 Universal Exposition (Expo 92). In Barcelona , there was a reorganization of the track system that circulated through different areas of the city, as well as the improvement and adaptation of some stations such as Barcelona-Término (renamed Estació de França ) and Barcelona-Sants . As in Seville , these works were carried out within

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6510-404: The company Gestor de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (GIF) was founded, a public business entity that was created due to the railway transport measures that the European Union began to promote from the Council Directive 91/440/EEC on the Development of Community Railways , which established (among other issues) the separation between the train operators and the infrastructure manager. In 2003,

6615-417: The dense parts of Seoul, some track sections extend far outside of the city, and operate large sections at ground level, such as on the Line 1 , Line 3 and Line 4 . In Busan, the Donghae Line , while part of the Busan Metro system, mostly functions as a commuter rail line. In Indonesia , the KRL Commuterline is the largest commuter rail system in the country, serving the Greater Jakarta . It connects

6720-469: The direct railway line between Chamartín and San Fernando without stopping and thus provides faster through service to San Fernando and stations beyond. As Renfe is (at the moment) a constituent of the Spanish Ministry of Infrastructure, and national infrastructure development projects during the last ten years have focused on the development of the Spanish high speed network, funding for new lines has been scarce and growth has been slow (in comparison with

6825-413: The existing lines and further connections to the Madrid Metro , such as the access from the Sol rail station to the Gran Vía Street , opened in 2021. Nine lines serve the Cercanías network. There are three kinds of lines: It can be argued that lines C-2 and C-8 are the same line, as usually the trains who finish C-8 line in Atocha will follow line C-2 to Guadalajara and vice versa ; indeed,

6930-416: The former BR 's Regional Railways , France's TER ( Transport express régional ), Germany's Regionalexpress and Regionalbahn , and South Korea's Tonggeun and Mugunghwa-ho services. In some European countries, the distinction between commuter trains and long-distance/intercity trains is subtle, due to the relatively short distances involved. For example, so-called " intercity " trains in Belgium and

7035-440: The framework of an urban reorganization, in this case, for the celebration of the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona . On April 14, 1992, the Madrid-Seville high-speed line was inaugurated, coinciding with the opening of Expo'92 . It was a great moment for RENFE and the History of the Spanish railroads, which gave the world an image of modernity thanks to the publicity of Expo'92 and the Barcelona Olympics. Another important measure

7140-445: The growing Spanish railway system was dominated by two large companies: the Compañía del Norte (Northern Company), who operated the lines between Madrid and the Atlantic North of Spain from the Estación del Norte (now Príncipe Pío ), the Madrid, Zaragoza and Alicante railway (MZA) who operated the lines between the capital and the Mediterranean and Andalusian cities from the Atocha station. Another station, Delicias , served

7245-506: The heavy road traffic between these towns and Madrid. In 2003, the C-7 line was extended to Colmenar Viejo , and in 2004, the C-5 to Humanes . Both extensions were ardently sought, because both cities were already linked by railroad to Madrid, so a Cercanías service was considered logical. The company also developed the so-called CIVIS services, linking important stations non-stop with downtown Madrid ( see below at CIVIS ). The 11 March 2004 attacks occurred in four trains circulating by

7350-431: The inauguration of the new Atocha Station in 1992. Continuing with the projects already launched in the eighties, in 1991, work continued on the New Railway Access to Andalusia (NAFA), which involved the construction of Santa Justa Station to concentrate rail traffic in Seville . This in turn led to the dismantling of the San Bernardo and Plaza de Armas stations in Seville. A large part of these works carried out in

7455-407: The largest managing entity of Spanish railway infrastructures, and Renfe-Operadora , the company that took over the operation of the publicly owned railroads. Subsequently, as of 2013, the same would happen with FEVE , the counterpart state-owned company in charge of the narrow-gauge railway network . The foundation of RENFE took place in the context of the Spanish Civil War , with a large part of

7560-465: The line to Lisbon . Other smaller companies operated from Madrid, mostly in narrow gauge . After the Civil War , in 1941, the ailing railway companies were nationalised and joined in the new RENFE , and the narrow gauge lines were progressively closed, the last one in 1970. Almost at the same time, the new Chamartín station was built and all services were transferred to the main stations: Chamartín for

7665-673: The lines advocated by the World Bank report, in 1964 the Government approved the Ten-Year Modernization Plan from 1964 to 1973, which would bring modernization of the rolling stock and improvement of the railway network, allowing the maximum speed of some trains to be raised to 140 km/h in 1967. The beginning of the 1970s brought a slowdown in the Ten-Year Modernization Plan from 1964 to 1973 , which eventually led to

7770-659: The north and east-bound and the international services and Atocha for the south and west-bound trains. Both stations were linked by a tunnel, the Connection Railway Line ( Línea de Enlaces Ferroviarios , a line to link the MZA lines with the Norte lines; the building started during the Second Republic and was only finished in 1967. The delays gave the tunnel the nickname of Túnel de la risa ("Tunnel of Laughter" ( es )) , after

7875-526: The northeast and southwest part of the region to the northwest. RENFE then started an ambitious plan of growth of the Cercanías network: upgrading the 19th-century link  [ es ] from the decaying Norte station, now renamed Príncipe Pío, to the Atocha station, through the former industrial districts just south the Madrid downtown, burying it underground from Príncipe Pío to Delicias. This project, called

7980-917: The northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. In Thailand, the Greater Bangkok Commuter rail and the Airport Rail Link serve the Bangkok Metropolitan Region . The SRT Red Lines , a new commuter line in Bangkok, started construction in 2009. It opened in 2021. Another commuter rail system in Southeast Asia is the Yangon Circular Railway in Myanmar . In India, commuter rail systems are present in major cities and form an important part of people's daily lives. Mumbai Suburban Railway ,

8085-1003: The number expected to rise even higher upon full completion of the Acharnes Railway Center . Eskişehir-Ankara and Konya-Ankara high speed train routes serve as high speed commuter trains in Turkey. Commuter/suburban trains are usually optimized for maximum passenger volume, in most cases without sacrificing too much comfort and luggage space, though they seldom have all the amenities of long-distance trains. Cars may be single- or double-level , and aim to provide seating for all. Compared to intercity trains, they have less space, fewer amenities and limited baggage areas. Commuter rail trains are usually composed of multiple units , which are self-propelled, bidirectional, articulated passenger rail cars with driving motors on each (or every other) bogie . Depending on local circumstances and tradition they may be powered either by diesel engines located below

8190-522: The oldest suburban rail system in Asia, carries more than 7.24 million commuters on a daily basis which constitutes more than half of the total daily passenger capacity of the Indian Railways itself. Kolkata Suburban Railway , one of the largest suburban railway networks in the world, consists of more than 450 stations and carries more than 3.5 million commuters per day. The Chennai Suburban Railway along with

8295-510: The other, the Northern line continues out of the city centre to a mainline rail interchange, while the Wirral line has a city-centre loop. Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Espa%C3%B1oles Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles ( RENFE ) was a Spanish state-owned company that operated the national Iberian-gauge railway network between 1941 and 2005. For more than six decades and as

8400-507: The outbreak of the civil war on July 18, 1936, the railway companies were seized by the state in the State Decree of August 3, 1936. Although in the "uprising" or "nationalist" zone the railroads continued their independent existence, the actual control was exercised by the military and not by the Boards of Directors. After the war, thousands of kilometers of railway lines were unusable, and 40% of

8505-688: The outer reaches of Greater Tokyo through operating into these lines to form a high frequency corridor though central Tokyo. Other commuter rail routes in Japan include: Commuter rail systems have been inaugurated in several cities in China such as Beijing , Shanghai , Zhengzhou , Wuhan , Changsha and the Pearl River Delta . With plans for large systems in northeastern Zhejiang , Jingjinji , and Yangtze River Delta areas. The level of service varies considerably from line to line ranging high to near high speeds. More developed and established lines such as

8610-466: The participating companies. Thus, RENFE became for almost 64 years the dominant company in Spanish railroads. At the time of its creation, RENFE had 12,401 km of track as well as a varied and already outdated rolling stock from the old companies. In the first years of its existence it had to respond to shortages of all kinds and the pressing need to reconstruct the damage caused by the recent Civil War ,

8715-423: The passenger compartment ( diesel multiple units ) or by electricity picked up from third rails or overhead lines ( electric multiple units ). Multiple units are almost invariably equipped with control cabs at both ends, which is why such units are so frequently used to provide commuter services, due to the associated short turn-around time. Locomotive hauled services are used in some countries or locations. This

8820-485: The pre-war situation, but Spain was an impoverished country and the improvements and beginnings of modernization were very timid. In spite of everything, some steps were taken that would be the timid symbol of the intended reforms. In the same year, 1950, the first commercial Talgo services between Madrid and Hendaye began, although this was not the only innovation; in 1952 the TAF diesel railcars came into service, which meant

8925-582: The red, white and gray colors of the new Cercanías brand and new network maps were made, where the lines were numbered: clockwise from the north, from Madrid to: In 1991, the tunnel passing through Madrid linking the C-5 and the C-6 was finished, disbanding the C-6 into a new suburb-to-suburb C-5. At the same time, a shift was appreciated in the Metropolitan Madrid area growth; the new housing initiatives moved from

9030-552: The rest of the day, with regional rail being used to refer to systems that offer all-day service. Most commuter (or suburban) trains are built to main line rail standards, differing from light rail or rapid transit (metro rail) systems by: Compared to rapid transit (or metro rail), commuter/suburban rail often has lower frequency , following a schedule rather than fixed intervals, and fewer stations spaced further apart. They primarily serve lower density suburban areas (non inner-city), generally only having one or two stops in

9135-505: The rocket-paced growth of the Madrid Metro ). As the Cercanías network is the only public transportation system in Madrid which is owned by the Spanish central state (in comparison with the Metro and bus services, owned regionally, municipally and privately) this difference has been exploited politically. A harsh debate between the Madrid regional government (which operates the Metro) and

9240-557: The rolling stock have been accredited to having notably reduced the number of casualties in the attacks. In 2008, the opening of the second north-south rail tunnel through Madrid allowed the C-3, from Aranjuez, and the C-4, from Parla, which used to finish at Atocha, to continue their route further to the north, the C-3 to El Escorial, and the C-4 to Alcobendas-San Sebastián de los Reyes or Colmenar Viejo alternatingly, passing through Madrid. The next year,

9345-547: The rolling stock was destroyed and the rest was in need of repair. Faced with this situation, the new Francoist state in 1939 managed the railway companies that were unable to carry out their work, prior to the creation of RENFE in 1941. On January 24, 1941, the Government approved the Ley de Bases de Ordenación Ferroviaria y de los Transportes por Carretera by which all the Iberian-gauge companies operating in Spain were reunited in

9450-508: The route. In the case of the railway network, in 1962 the World Bank , in an extensive report on the Spanish economy, recommended abandoning investments in new lines and focusing the budgetary effort on improving the existing network. The only project that was saved from these cuts was the Railway from Madrid to Burgos through Aranda de Duero , which would be inaugurated a few years later. Following

9555-488: The same right-of-way can drastically reduce system construction costs. However, frequently they are built with dedicated tracks within that right-of-way to prevent delays, especially where service densities have converged in the inner parts of the network. Most such trains run on the local standard gauge track. Some systems may run on a narrower or broader gauge. Examples of narrow gauge systems are found in Japan, Indonesia , Malaysia , Thailand , Taiwan, Switzerland, in

9660-576: The same time, the former rural towns of Alcorcón , Móstoles , Leganés , Fuenlabrada and Getafe (and some others) started to grow as bedroom communities. These bedroom communities were less rail-oriented and relied more in bus services and private transportation, but soon the rail services were enlarged: in the Madrid- Toledo line for the towns of Getafe and Parla , in the Madrid- Talavera de la Reina line for Leganés and Fuenlabrada, and in 1976

9765-495: The south had their center in Atocha Station . The cars and wagons were marked on a label (generally located on the underside of the wagon) with the number of the zone to which they belonged. The Zone Directors came to have, especially in the decades of the forties and fifties, an almost military authority, often having small automobiles for their personal transportation to inspect the routes they were in charge of. This division of

9870-461: The towns closer to Kowloon. They use rolling stocks with a faster maximum speed and have longer stop spacing compared to other lines which only run in the inner urban area, but in order to maximise capacity and throughput, these rolling stocks have longitudinal seatings, 5 pairs of doors in each carriage with large standing spaces like the urban lines, and run as frequent as well. Most of the sections of these four lines are overground and some sections of

9975-515: The train from either end. The motive power for locomotive-hauled commuter trains may be either electric or diesel–electric , although some countries, such as Germany and some of the former Soviet-bloc countries, also use diesel–hydraulic locomotives. In the US and some other countries, a three-and-two seat plan is used. Middle seats on these trains are often less popular because passengers feel crowded and uncomfortable. In Japan, South Korea and Indonesia, longitudinal (sideways window-lining) seating

10080-549: The trains can be full with commuters standing. The Athens Suburban Railway in Greece consists of five lines, 4 of which are electrified. The Kiato – Piraeus line and the Aigio – Airport lines reach speeds of up to 180 km/h (112 mph). The Athens – Chalcis line is also expected to attain speeds of up to 200 km/h (124 mph) upon upgrading of the SKA–Oinoi railway sector. These lines also have many daily commuters, with

10185-517: The trains run between two or several cities (e.g. S-Bahn in the Ruhr area of Germany). Distances between stations may vary, but are usually much longer than those of urban rail systems. In city centres the train either has a terminal station or passes through the city centre with notably fewer station stops than those of urban rail systems. Toilets are often available on-board trains and in stations. Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in

10290-465: The travel time to distant locations, often using station passing loops instead of dedicated express tracks. It is notable that the larger Japanese commuter rail systems are owned and operated by for-profit private railway companies, without public subsidy. East Japan Railway Company operates a large suburban train network in Tokyo with various lines connecting the suburban areas to the city center. While

10395-598: The two new entities: As of 1990, the internal structure of the company changed with the creation of the Business Units, restructured as follows: In its first five years of operation, the early RENFE maintained a bureaucratic division of its network based largely on the territorial boundaries of the former absorbed companies, so it used to speak of the " North zone", the " MZA zone", the Andalusian zone , and so on. This system soon proved to be obsolete and on April 6, 1948,

10500-574: The type of train, amenities offered, and stopping pattern, usually tell the services apart. Russian commuter trains , on the other hand, frequently cover areas larger than Belgium itself, although these are still short distances by Russian standards. They have a different ticketing system from long-distance trains, and in major cities they often operate from a separate section of the train station. Some consider "inter-city" service to be that which operates as an express service between two main city stations, bypassing intermediate stations. However, this term

10605-457: The valley of the Henares river, going through the important town of Alcalá de Henares to Guadalajara and Zaragoza . The towns around the line ( Coslada , San Fernando de Henares , Torrejón de Ardoz , Alcalá itself) and some suburbs within the city of Madrid ( Vallecas Villa , Vicálvaro ) started to grow large bedroom communities, which relied heavily in the railway for commuting to Madrid. At

10710-470: The way inter-city rail does. Regional rail operates outside major cities. Unlike Inter-city, it stops at most or all stations between cities. It provides a service between smaller communities along the line that are often byproducts of ribbon developments , and also connects with long-distance services at interchange stations located at junctions, terminals, or larger towns along the line. Alternative names are "local train" or "stopping train". Examples include

10815-593: Was given to the Asturian-Galician-Leonese area previously represented by number 7. On January 1, 1987, RENFE put into effect Circular number 5372 , by which the size of the Central Zone was reduced, in order to balance its size with that of the peripheral zones. In the 1990s, the "zones" gradually disappeared and were replaced by operational management , reflecting the end of military terminology in favor of Anglo-Saxon-inspired corporate terminology. In 2005,

10920-535: Was signed, elaborated as the General Railway Plan , which was to be in force for 12 years, but which would only be partially implemented. In addition, Cercanías services began to be implemented in Madrid , Barcelona , Málaga and Valencia , with the aim of absorbing the passenger traffic moving in these large urban centers. Cercanías will become one of the crown jewels for RENFE. However, any new reform plan clashed with reality. In 1984 RENFE found itself in

11025-602: Was the creation of the Business Units in 1991, a consequence of the thorough reorganization of RENFE's railway services and whose creation will eventually lead to the disappearance of the territorial model of the Zonas . This new model pursues economic profitability, reducing bureaucracy and the high costs involved in the organization of the Zones. From now on, RENFE will be organized around three main business units: Cercanías , Media Distancia and Larga Distancia . On December 30, 1998,

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