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39-520: Ceramus, initially subjected to Stratonicea , afterwards autonomous, was a member of the Athenian League and was one of the chief cities of the Chrysaorian League (Bulletin de corresp. hellén., IX, 468). It probably had a temple of Zeus Chrysaoreus . In Roman times, it coined its own money. Polites ( Ancient Greek : Πολίτης ) of Ceramus was a famous runner who won three different races in

78-484: A church. There was probably a large porticoed avenue terminated with. a gateway. Xanthos, like the rest of Lycia, prospered in the later Roman period. Luxury houses were built on the Lycian acropolis. Several churches were also built, including a large basilica (74m x 29m), a small chapel, and another large basilica on the acropolis. In the sixth century, earthquakes damaged many buildings, and they were repaired. The city wall

117-403: A courtyard to the east. It has been variously dated to the 1st or 2nd century AD. The north wall of the building is covered with Greek and Latin inscriptions, including a partial Latin text of Diocletian 's price edict , and a Greek mnemonic poem listing the months of the year and attributed to Menippus , the orator from Stratoniceia praised by Cicero. In the center of the north side of

156-609: A hill on the left bank of the River Xanthos. The number and quality of the surviving tombs at Xanthos are a notable feature of the site, which, together with nearby Letoon , was declared to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. The city of Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians , and later for the Persians , Greeks and Romans who in turn conquered the region. Xanthos influenced its neighbours architecturally;

195-453: A name, however, which may (also) refer to another town also called Stratonikeia. Pliny enumerates it among free cities in Anatolia . Menippus , according to Cicero one of the most distinguished orators of his time, was a native of Stratonikeia. Although human habitation in the region extends back to the early Bronze Age, and the existence of an Archaic and Classical settlement at the site

234-503: A series of five rooms, the central one semicircular, those on either side rectangular, separated from the open courtyard to the south by columns. Originally constructed in the second quarter of the 2nd century BC, it was remodeled in the Augustan and Antonine periods. Southeast of the gymnasium stands a well-preserved bouleuterion (previously thought to be a temple of Serapis ), measuring c. 25 x 30 m, with semicircular rows of seats and

273-401: A successor settlement to Chrysaoris ; and for a time named Hadrianopolis – was one of the most important towns in the interior of ancient Caria , Anatolia , situated on the east-southeast of Mylasa , and on the south of the river Marsyas ; its site is now located at the present village of Eskihisar , Muğla Province , Turkey . It is situated at a distance of 1 km (0.62 mi) from

312-484: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article on a Roman Catholic diocese in Asia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Stratonicea (Caria) Stratonicea ( Hittite : 𒀜𒊑𒅀 Atriya , Ancient Greek : Στρατoνικεια or Στρατoνικη ; or per Stephanus of Byzantium : Στρατονίκεια) – also transliterated as Stratonikeia , Stratoniceia , Stratoniki , and Stratonike and Stratonice ;

351-454: Is attested by the remains of earlier fortifications at Kadıkulesi hill, almost all of the visible remains date to the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The theater, with a capacity of c. 12,000, was located south of the center of the city at the northern foot of Kadıkulesi hill. Originally constructed in the Hellenistic period, it was remodeled in the early Imperial period (1st century AD), when

390-564: Is included in the Catholic Church 's list of titular sees . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Ceramus ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. 37°02′33″N 27°57′05″E  /  37.042418°N 27.951332°E  / 37.042418; 27.951332 This article relating to archaeology in Turkey

429-551: Is partly occupied by the Turkish village of Eskihisar. Much of the surrounding area, including part of the site's necropolis , was destroyed by the opening of a pit to extract the lignite reserves that feed the nearby Yatağan power plant. The pit is proposed to be transformed into a lake in the coming years, once the reserves there are exhausted. The village has a local museum, which contains mostly Roman remains, but also some earlier material, including an Early Bronze Age spouted jug of

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468-458: The Battle of Philippi . The Lycian League refused to contribute; Brutus besieged Xanthos and the city was once again destroyed and only 150 Xanthian men survived the carnage. But Plutarch describes the carnage as self-inflicted, with Brutus and his Romans trying but unable to save the city from flames. In his words, 150 “did not escape having their lives saved.” Plutarch explains such suicidal behavior by

507-571: The Nereid Monument directly inspired the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in the region of Caria . The acropolis of Xanthos dates from the 8th century BCE. The city was mentioned by ancient Greek and Roman writers. The Greek historian Strabo noted that Xanthos was the largest city in Lycia . The important religious sanctuary of Leto at Letoon , 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of Xanthos, dates from

546-667: The Tomb of Payava , and the original sculptures of the Harpy Tomb are exhibited in the British Museum . The Harpy Tomb itself is located in its original location at Xanthos, now with replica reliefs. The archeological excavations and surface investigations at Xanthos have yielded inscriptions in both the Lycian language and Greek, including bilingual texts that are useful in the understanding of Lycian. The Xanthian Obelisk , otherwise known as

585-519: The see of Stratonicea up to the 13th century among the suffragans of Stauropolis . Only three of its bishops are known, by their signatures at councils: The ancient bishopric of Stratonicea in Caria is included in the Catholic Church 's list of titular sees . No further titular bishop of this eastern see has been appointed since the Second Vatican Council . The site of Stratonicea

624-424: The 2nd century AD, have been excavated in the western part of the city. Two other baths are attested by inscriptions. Near the western bath is a Roman public latrine with a capacity of c. 60 people. n 2021, archaeologists excavated a church which was built after the earthquake of 365 AD and continued in use until the 7th century, after which the area was used as a cemetery. The Notitiae Episcopatuum mention

663-466: The 3rd millennium BC and two Submycenaean vases dated to the 12th or 11th century BC. Xanthos Xanthos or Xanthus , also referred to by scholars as Arna , its Lycian name, ( Turkish : Ksantos , Lycian : 𐊀𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 Arñna , Greek : Ξάνθος , Latin : Xanthus ) was an ancient city near the present-day village of Kınık , in Antalya Province , Turkey. The ruins are located on

702-632: The Persian Empire. Reports on the city's surrender to Alexander the Great differ: Arrian reports a peaceful surrender, but Appian claims that the city was sacked. After Alexander's death, Xanthos was captured by Ptolemy I Soter from Antigonos . Xanthus was in the Roman province of Lycia . In 42 BC Brutus came to Lycia in the Roman Civil Wars , to obtain funds for his campaign in that year before

741-628: The army of Alexander the Great marched over the mountains to Xanthos. There representatives from each of the cities of the Lycian League, including the port of Phaselis , personally offered the Lycians' submission, which was accepted. Alexander was encouraged when he found a sacred spring close to the River Xanthus, and obtained from there an inscribed bronze tablet that predicted that the Greeks would destroy

780-468: The brave resistance it offered to him entitled it to the gratitude of Augustus and the Senate . The alleged divine intervention against Quintus Labienus by Zeus at Panamara led to the elevation of that sanctuary, in the hinterland of Stratonikeia, to one favoured by the city. The emperor Hadrian is said to have taken this town under his special protection, and to have changed its name into Hadrianopolis ,

819-435: The circuit wall surrounding the Hellenistic and Roman city was a monumental gate, which marked the point at which the road from the sanctuary of Hekate at Lagina entered the city. It consisted of a pair of arched gateways with a total width of c. 42.5 m. Between the two gateways on the side facing the city was a semicircular nymphaeum decorated with two tiers of Corinthian columns and niches for statues. It has been dated to

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858-462: The city's founder Stratonice's son, Antiochus II Theos , or, later still, Antiochus III the Great . What seems certain is that the city was founded on the site of an old Carian town, Idrias, anciently called Chrysaoris, said to be the first town founded by the Lycians . Later it passed under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. According to Athens' tribute "assessment" of 425 BC Idrias

897-451: The city, which Harpagus then besieged. The Lycians destroyed their acropolis , and killed their wives, children and slaves, before engaging the enemy in a suicidal attack. During the Persian occupation, a local leadership was installed and by 520 BC it was minting coins. By 516 BC Xanthos had been included in the first Nomos of Darius I in the tribute list. From Telmessos

936-457: The city’s similar response to Persian conquest generations earlier. It was rebuilt under Mark Antony . Most of the buildings visible today were built during the Later Empire. The town took on a grid plan. A large piazza with porticoes was built in the west, probably where the classical agora was. There was also a triple-naved building which may have started as a pagan basilica and then become

975-556: The confederacy because of the Carian towns and villages within their territory. The league is attested by an inscription already in 267 BC, but was probably older still. Near the town was the temple of Zeus Chrysaoreus , at which the League's assembly met; at these meetings several city-states had votes in proportion to the number of towns they possessed. The rural sanctuaries of Hekate at Lagina and Zeus at Panamara were absorbed into

1014-455: The early Imperial period (1st century AD), and an inscription suggests that it was dedicated to the Imperial cult . In the northwestern part of the city is a large structure identified as a gymnasium . The estimated overall dimensions are 105 x 267 m, which would make it the largest known gymnasium in the classical world. Only the north side of the complex has been excavated; it is divided into

1053-404: The hands of his enemies with the fall of the city. Some time after, in 88 BC, Mithridates VI of Pontus (120–63 BC), after imposing a fine and a garrison on the city, resided for some time at Stratonikeia, and married Monime , the daughter of Philopoemen, one of its principal citizens. Then came in 40 BC the siege sustained against Quintus Labienus and his Parthian troops, and

1092-567: The hostages from Utima and Atriya to Milawata while the King of Milawata did not send him the hostages from Awarna and Pina, therefore not honoring his part of the hostage exchange deal. According to Strabo , the city was founded by the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter (281–261 BC), who named it after his wife Stratonice . Or at least this is what has been generally told; some historians have contested this date as too early, and proposed to consider

1131-521: The intercity road D.330 that connects the district center of Yatağan with Bodrum and Milas , shortly before Yatağan power station if one has taken departure from the latter towns. Some scholars identified the city of Atriya from the Hittite documents as Stratonicea. Atriya played an important role during the conflict between the Mycenean Greek colonists (Ahhiyawa) and native Anatolians. During

1170-435: The late Antonine or early Severan period, with many later repairs. In front of the nymphaeum was an open square from which a broad colonnaded street, c. 8.70 m wide, continued south to the center of the city. During repairs in the 4th and 5th centuries AD the original Corinthian columns flanking the road were replaced with Doric, and mosaic floors were added in the eastern portico. The remains of one Roman bath, dated to

1209-522: The late 6th century BC, and was closely associated with the city and linked by a sacred road. The Greek historians Herodotus and Appian both described the conquest of the city by the Median general Harpagus on behalf of the Persian Empire , According to Herodotus, the Persians defeated a small Lycian army in the flatlands to the north of the city in c.  540 BC . The Lycians retreated into

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1248-523: The place in 197 BC, keeping it until 167 BC when the whole of Caria was declared free by the Roman Republic . From this point starts the city's independent coinage, which was to last until the times of the emperor Gallienus (253–268). In 130 BC the city had a central role in the revolt led against the Romans, since here the self-proclaimed king Aristonicus made a last stand before falling into

1287-634: The reign of the Hittite Great King Tudhaliya IV , Utima and Atriya were a part of the Hittite territory while Awarna and Pina were controlled by the king of Milawata which was in turn controlled by the Ahhiyawans. In the historical document called the Milawata Letter , Hittite Great King Tudhaliya IV makes a complaint about the attitude of the King of Milawata. He mentions that he sent

1326-730: The same day at the Olympia . Ceramus is mentioned in the Notitiae Episcopatuum until the 12th or 13th century as a bishopric suffragan to Aphrodisias , or Stauropolis . Three bishops are known: Spudasius (Σπουδάσιος), who attended the First Council of Ephesus in 431; Maurianus (Μαυριανός), who attended the Council of Nicaea in 787; and Symeon (Συμεών), who attended the council in Constantinople that reinstated Photius in 879. Ceramus

1365-451: The scene building was entirely rebuilt. Additional changes were made in the 2nd century AD, and the theater continued to function until the 4th century. On a terrace on the hillside south of the theater was a small peripteral temple in the Ionic order, measuring ca. 12.5 x 18.5 m, with the entrance facing north toward the theater. The style of the building and its decoration point to a date in

1404-583: The territory of Stratonicea when the city was founded, receiving monumental temples at which the Stratoniceans would process to and worship every year. Under the succeeding Seleucid kings, Stratonikeia was adorned with splendid and costly buildings. At a later time in the 3rd century BC it was ceded to the Rhodians . Rhodes seems to have then temporarily lost it, possibly during king Philip V of Macedon 's Carian campaign (201–198 BC), but it retook control of

1443-668: Was Father Ignatios, later Metropolitan of Libya under the Patriarchate of Alexandria , who presided over this diocese from 1863 to 1884. In the Catholic Church, the diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as the Titular bishopric of Xanthus . Excavations at Xanthos have shown that wooden structures were destroyed in c.  470 BC , probably by the Athenian Kimon . Xanthos was later rebuilt in stone. The Nereid Monument ,

1482-733: Was also reinforced because of the Arab threat. The city was subsequently destroyed and deserted. Xanthus was a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archbishopric of Myra . In the Eastern Orthodox Church , Xanthoupolis was a titular diocese under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , whose bishop assisted the Metropolitan Province of Smyrna, part of the larger Province of Asia Minor. Its last known bishop

1521-517: Was supposed to be responsible for the payment of the considerable sum of six talents . Like many other non-Greek cities on the 425 BC assessment Idrias is never recorded actually paying any tribute to Athens and was never a member of the Delian League . In early Seleucid times, Stratonikeia was a member of the Chrysaorian League , a confederation of Carian towns. The Stratonikeians, though of Macedonian rather than Carian origin, were admitted into

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