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71-503: During excavation in preparation for a highway on March 13, 1994, in the Campo Grande area near Ceprano , Italy , a partial hominin calvaria was discovered. Although damaged by a bulldozer , it was recognized, documented, and described by archeologist Italo Biddittu, who happened to be present when the fossil was discovered. Mallegni et al. (2003) proposed the introduction of a new human species, dubbed Homo cepranensis , based on

142-646: A "highway" as only a way open for use by motor vehicles, but the California Supreme Court has held that "the definition of 'highway' in the Vehicle Code is used for special purposes of that act" and that canals of the Los Angeles neighborhood of Venice are "highways" that are entitled to be maintained with state highway funds. Large scale highway systems developed in the 20th century as automobile usage increased. The first United States limited-access road

213-802: A five-year period." A 2021 study found that areas that obtained access to a new highway experienced a substantial increase in top-income taxpayers and a decline in low-income taxpayers. Highways also contributed to job and residential urban sprawl. Highways are extended linear sources of pollution . Roadway noise increases with operating speed so major highways generate more noise than arterial streets. Therefore, considerable noise health effects are expected from highway systems. Noise mitigation strategies exist to reduce sound levels at nearby sensitive receptors . The idea that highway design could be influenced by acoustical engineering considerations first arose about 1973. Air quality issues: Highways may contribute fewer emissions than arterials carrying

284-403: A highway available to vehicles is also available to foot or horse traffic, a highway available to horse traffic is available to cyclists and pedestrians; but there are exceptional cases in which a highway is only available to vehicles, or is subdivided into dedicated parallel sections for different users. A highway can share ground with a private right of way for which full use is not available to

355-438: A highway. Recent examples include toll bridges and tunnels which have the definition of highway imposed upon them (in a legal order applying only to the individual structure) to allow application of most traffic laws to those using them but without causing all of the general obligations or rights of use otherwise applicable to a highway. Limited access highways for vehicles, with their own traffic rules, are called "motorways" in

426-615: A lack of Homo heidelbergensis frontal morphology was similar to the Daka specimen, and as such they were recovered as sister individuals in their cladistic analysis. They propose that the Bouri population was the source for later European populations, and the resulting species did not contribute to the genomes of later Middle Pleistocene (MP) hominins. They also suggested that similarity with Homo rhodesiensis fossils may be reflective of an ancestral-descendant phylogenetic relationship; and since

497-560: A number of similarly worded definitions such as "a way over which all members of the public have the right to pass and repass without hindrance" usually accompanied by "at all times"; ownership of the ground is for most purposes irrelevant, thus the term encompasses all such ways from the widest trunk roads in public ownership to the narrowest footpath providing unlimited pedestrian access over private land. A highway might be open to all forms of lawful land traffic (e.g. vehicular, horse, pedestrian) or limited to specific modes of traffic; usually

568-409: A public highway is also known as " The King's Highway ". The core definition of a highway is modified in various legislation for a number of purposes but only for the specific matters dealt with in each such piece of legislation. This is typically in the case of bridges, tunnels and other structures whose ownership, mode of use or availability would otherwise exclude them from the general definition of

639-632: A public road is not included in the relevant statistics. The United States has the world's largest network of highways, including both the Interstate Highway System and the United States Numbered Highway System . At least one of these networks is present in every state and they interconnect most major cities. It is also the world's most expensive mega-project, as the entirety of the Interstate Highway System

710-399: A stick (thus being, hypothetically, murder ). They hypothesized that the individual was a young adult man ( gender stated without evidence) whose activities consisted of hunting for themself or the group , and was "bold and aggressive " based on the accumulation of injuries . The fracture healed , suggesting that it did not cause death and the congenital malformation on the skull

781-455: Is cavernous sinus thrombosis . If a fast-growing tumor erodes the floor of the sphenoidal sinus, the vidian nerve may be in danger. If the tumor spreads laterally, the cavernous sinus and all its constituent nerves may be in danger. Sphenoidotomy, a form of endonasal surgery, may be done to enlarge the sphenoid sinus, usually in order to drain it. The sphenoid sinus should be distinguished from an Onodi cell , an anatomic variant that

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852-529: Is a paired paranasal sinus in the body of the sphenoid bone . It is one pair of the four paired paranasal sinuses. The two sphenoid sinuses are separated from each other by a septum. Each sphenoid sinus communicates with the nasal cavity via the opening of sphenoidal sinus. The two sphenoid sinuses vary in size and shape, and are usually asymmetrical. On average, a sphenoid sinus measures 2.2 cm vertical height, 2 cm in transverse breadth; and 2.2 cm antero-posterior depth. Each spehoid sinus

923-457: Is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis. Congestion is considered a negative externality by economists. A 2016 study found that for the United States, "a 10% increase in a region's stock of highways causes a 1.7% increase in regional patenting over

994-413: Is being popular in many cities to combat most of the social problems caused from highways. In transport, demand can be measured in numbers of journeys made or in total distance travelled across all journeys (e.g. passenger-kilometres for public transport or vehicle-kilometres of travel (VKT) for private transport ). Supply is considered to be a measure of capacity. The price of the good (travel)

1065-399: Is common in aurochs and Palaeoloxodon . The skull was discovered in clays of a gray-green color above a travertine and with scattered nodular calcium carbonate concretions , mixed with yellow sands, and diffused with Ferromanganese . The area would have probably been forested due to the clay corresponding to a fluvial period that is in relation to terminal tectonics . It lived during

1136-416: Is in the body of sphenoid bone , just under the sella turcica . The sphenoid sinuses are separated from each other medially by the septum of sphenoidal sinuses, which is usually asymmetrical. An opening of sphenoidal sinus forms a passage between each sphenoidal sinus and the nasal cavity. Posteriorly, an opening of sphenoidal sinus opens into the sphenoidal sinus by an aperture high on the anterior wall

1207-504: Is measured using the generalised cost of travel, which includes both money and time expenditure. The effect of increases in supply (capacity) are of particular interest in transport economics (see induced demand ), as the potential environmental consequences are significant (see externalities below). In addition to providing benefits to their users, transport networks impose both positive and negative externalities on non-users. The consideration of these externalities—particularly

1278-407: Is reflected in the vault rather than the face , and most of the peculiar aspects of the skull are now gone. For example, the single autapomorphy used to distinguish it as a new, valid species is a foreshortened vault, which when compared to the new reconstruction, appears typical of H. heidelbergensis . The specimen preserves several injuries, The first is a deep, wide recess infiltrating deep

1349-691: Is the best descriptor for the calvaria, and further proposed two modes of classification . One uses a single species under that name with Ceprano being having ancestral characters, but noticed that subspecific distinctions may be made. The second incorporates this, using the following: H. h. heidelbergensis (Ceprano, Mauer, Arago, ? Hexian , Melka Kunture 2–3), daliensis (Dali, Denisova , Jinniushan , Narmada ), rhodesiensis ( Broken Hill , Irhoud , Florisbad , Eliye Springs , Ngaloba , Omo Kibish II ), and steinheimensis (Steinheim, Petralona, Reilingen , Swanscombe , Sima ). Di Vincenzo et al. (2017) found with their new reconstruction that it

1420-408: Is the rearmost ethmoidal air cell . Onodi cells typically extend back to lie superolateral to the sphenoid sinus and thus near the optic nerve and internal carotid artery . Failure to recognize an Onodi cell on CT scan before surgery may put these structures at risk. One study found that an Onodi cell was present in 26.6% of males and 19.1% of females. Because only thin shelves of bone separate

1491-515: Is typical of H. heidelbergensis , specifically Broken Hill and Petralona. They suggest that it is ancestral to the neanderthalensis - sapiens - Denisovan clade . Manzi (2021) elaborates that the specimen is a lost morphology that lived in a refugium in Italy (much like the Neanderthal from Altamura ) and retained plesiomorphic traits for an extended duration. This suite of old traits gave rise to

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1562-468: The European pond turtle ( Emys orbicularis ). Pleistocene fossils occur in strata that is around 50 meters in thickness. The Ceprano basin splits into two sections: one of 22 meters in fluvial-colluvial facies with gravels and sands intercalacted with clays, and one of 24 meters with distinct limno-marsh facies , clays and silts . Further, six groups are split. The furthest to the top holds Acheulean and

1633-472: The facial nerve that synapsed at the pterygopalatine ganglion control mucus secretion . Nearby structures include the optic canal , the optic nerve , the internal carotid artery , the cavernous sinus , the trigeminal nerve , the pituitary gland , and the anterior ethmoidal cells . One study found that carotid canal protrudation into the sphenoid sinus wall was present in 23.9–32.1% of males and 35.5–36.2% of females, dehiscence in carotid canal

1704-500: The fossil . As the specimen was believed to be around 700 ka, they believed that this specimen and Homo antecessor suggested a wave of dispersals into Europe 0.9-0.8 Ma through Iberia and the Middle East . The most recent belief is that it is associated with Homo heidelbergensis or rhodesiensis , or that it is ancestral to Neanderthals . The fossil was first estimated to be between 690,000 and 900,000 years old determined on

1775-437: The skull was buried once by rising and falling water levels , which is evidenced by the pedofeatures of the clay it was found in situ . This would have dispersed the remaining skeleton and rapidly filled the cranium for fossilization . The reconstruction of the skull made in 2000 by Clarke and tweaked by M.A. de Lumley and Mallegni features repositioning of the parietal , removal of dental plaster, midsagittal plane

1846-419: The 1920s and 1930s, many nations began investing heavily in highway systems in an effort to spur commerce and bolster national defence. Major highways that connect cities in populous developed and developing countries usually incorporate features intended to enhance the road's capacity, efficiency, and safety to various degrees. Such features include a reduction in the number of locations for user access ,

1917-466: The Camp Grande area by what is now a highway. It was associated with bone and lithic Acheulean artifacts and faunal remains, such as the straight-tusked elephant ( Palaeoloxodon antiquus ), the narrow-nosed rhinoceros ( Stephanorhinus hemitoechus ), Hippopotamus sp., the giant deer Praemegaceros verticornis , the fallow deer Dama clactoniana , beavers , aurochs ( Bos primigenius) , and

1988-450: The Castro dei Volschi facie, and overlie the choppers found at Arce Fontana Liri. They are 458-385 ka (as low as 200 ka) in age, which was, at the time, much younger than the cranium. It is suggested that these populations dispersed during the late Early Pleistocene with Mode I technologies and their morphology was lost by other Acheulean-using hominins. The Ceprano calvarium was discovered in

2059-447: The MIS 11, a warm stage at Lirino Lake, which was a refugium for archaic morphologies. It was buried once in a perilacustrine environment by rising and lowering water, scattering the skeleton and filling the cranium. Highway A highway is any public or private road or other public way on land. It includes not just major roads, but also other public roads and rights of way . In

2130-708: The MP hominin diversity observed, but was absorbed. Manzi, again, recommends H. h. heidelbergensis for the specimen. The description of the Harbin skull suggests that it is associated specifically with H. rhodesiensis . Roksandic et al. (2022) considered it for inclusion in their Homo bodoensis , but this term was agreed to be valueless and does not comply with ICZN naming conventions. They suggest that it may have contributed to Arago and Petralona, among other specimens. Lithics at Ceprano tend to be located higher up and in volcanic sediment. Choppers are more common than lithics at

2201-427: The U.S., many of these effects are from racist planning practices from before the advent of civil rights . This would result in the vast majority of displacement and social effects mostly going to people like African Americans. In recent times, the use of freeway removal or the public policy of urban planning to demolish freeways and create mixed-use urban areas, parks, residential, commercial, or other land uses

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2272-654: The UK. Scots law is similar to English law with regard to highways but with differing terminology and legislation. What is defined in England as a highway will often in Scotland be what is defined by s.151 Roads (Scotland) Act 1984 (but only "in this act" although other legislation could imitate) simply as a road , that is: The word highway is itself no longer a statutory expression in Scots law but remains in common law. In American law,

2343-557: The US and Ontario . These classifications refer to the level of government (state, provincial, county) that maintains the roadway. In British English , "highway" is primarily a legal term. Everyday use normally implies roads, while the legal use covers any route or path with a public right of access, including footpaths etc. The term has led to several related derived terms, including highway system , highway code , highway patrol and highwayman . Major highways are often named and numbered by

2414-540: The United States, it is also used as an equivalent term to controlled-access highway , or a translation for motorway , Autobahn , autostrada , autoroute , etc. According to Merriam-Webster , the use of the term predates the 12th century. According to Etymonline , "high" is in the sense of "main". In North American and Australian English , major roads such as controlled-access highways or arterial roads are often state highways (Canada: provincial highways ). Other roads may be designated " county highways " in

2485-399: The basis of regional correlations and a series of absolute dates . Taking the circumstances of the recovery of the fossil into account, Ascenzi (2001) noted that "an age between 800 and 900 ka is at present our best chronological estimate" based on "the absence in the sediments containing the cranium of any leucitic remnants of the more recent volcanic activity known in the region . . . and

2556-466: The federal government's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ). Italy was the first country in the world to build controlled-access highways reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only. The Autostrada dei Laghi ("Lakes Highway"), the first built in the world, connecting Milan to Lake Como and Lake Maggiore , and now parts of the A8 and A9 highways, was devised by Piero Puricelli and

2627-423: The fossil as "an appropriate ancestral stock of [ H. heidelbergensis ] . . . preceding the appearance of regional autapomorphic features." They suggested that the specimen could be "an appropriate 'counterpart'" to the current, inadequate holotype due to its preservation and morphology. They also suggest ancestry with Neanderthals. Segre and Mallegni (2012) retain use of Homo cepranensis and dispute redating of

2698-523: The fossil was appearing so distinct they named Homo cepranensis with the calvarium as the holotype and only specimen. Bruner et al. (2007) recognize that the characters of the specimen exhibits a mix of early African and later European features, enough to be potentially distinct or, alternatively, considered a ancestral of Homo heidelbergensis . However, they caution other workers that no direct comparisons can yet be made based on fossil record incompleteness. Mounier et al. (2011) have identified

2769-431: The general public: for example farm roads which the owner may use for any purpose but for which the general public only has a right of use on foot or horseback. The status of highway on most older roads has been gained by established public use, while newer roads are typically dedicated as highways from the time they are adopted (taken into the care and control of a council or other public authority). In England and Wales,

2840-791: The governments that typically develop and maintain them. Australia's Highway 1 is the longest national highway in the world at over 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi) and runs almost the entire way around the continent. China has the world's largest network of highways, followed closely by the United States. Some highways, like the Pan-American Highway or the European routes , span multiple countries. Some major highway routes include ferry services, such as US Route 10 , which crosses Lake Michigan . Traditionally highways were used by people on foot or on horses . Later they also accommodated carriages , bicycles and eventually motor cars , facilitated by advancements in road construction . In

2911-480: The left greater wing of the sphenotemporal suture on the sphenoidal sinus , which was found but not reported early in Ceprano's literature history. Second, a healed depression on the right brow . This was probably caused by an altercation with a large animal , where the skull was butted and fractured ; this is more plausible than another, more popular explanation that the blow was inflicted by another human wielding

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2982-463: The negative ones—is a part of transport economics. Positive externalities of transport networks may include the ability to provide emergency services , increases in land value and agglomeration benefits . Negative externalities are wide-ranging and may include local air pollution , noise pollution , light pollution , safety hazards , community severance and congestion . The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous climate change

3053-508: The network. In South Korea , in February 1995 a bus lane (essentially an HOV -9) was established between the northern terminus and Sintanjin for important holidays and on 1 July 2008 bus lane enforcement between Seoul and Osan (Sintanjin on weekends) became daily between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. On 1 October this was adjusted to 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekdays, and 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekends. In Hong Kong , some highways are set up with bus lanes to solve

3124-432: The number of intersections. They can also reduce the use of public transport , indirectly leading to greater pollution. High-occupancy vehicle lanes are being added to some newer/reconstructed highways in the United States and other countries around the world to encourage carpooling and mass transit. These lanes help reduce the number of cars on the highway and thus reduces pollution and traffic congestion by promoting

3195-659: The planning stage, this extra traffic may lead to the new road becoming congested sooner than would otherwise be anticipated by considering increases in vehicle ownership. More roads allow drivers to use their cars when otherwise alternatives may have been sought, or the journey may not have been made, which can mean that a new road brings only short-term mitigation of traffic congestion. Where highways are created through existing communities, there can be reduced community cohesion and more difficult local access. Consequently, property values have decreased in many cutoff neighborhoods, leading to decreased housing quality over time. Mostly in

3266-500: The presence above the cranium itself of a clear stratigraphic unconformity that marks" After clarification of its geostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and archaeological relation to the well known and nearby Acheulean site of Fontana Ranuccio , dated to 487 ± 6 ka , Muttoni et al. (2009) suggested that Ceprano is most likely about 450,000 years old. Manzi et al. (2010) agree with this, citing an age of 430 and 385 ka. Segre and Mallegni (2012) strongly retain their beliefs that

3337-426: The roads around the world each year and was the leading cause of death among children 10–19 years of age. The report also noted that the problem was most severe in developing countries and that simple prevention measures could halve the number of deaths. For reasons of clear data collection, only harm involving a road vehicle is included. A person tripping with fatal consequences or dying for some unrelated reason on

3408-643: The roots of the pterygoid processes or greater wings of sphenoid bone , and may invade the basilar part of the occipital bone . The septum of the sphenoidal sinuses may be partly or completely absent. Other septa also may be incomplete. The sphenoidal sinuses are minute at birth; their main development takes place after puberty. The sphenoid sinuses cannot be palpated on physical examination. However, patients with isolated sphenoid sinusitis may complain of occipital or vertex headache, retro-orbital pain, otalgia , drowsiness, or meningitis -like symptoms. A potential complication of sphenoidal sinusitis

3479-523: The safety performance of roads and streets, and methods used to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on the highway system from traffic collisions . It includes the design, construction and regulation of the roads , the vehicles used on them and the training of drivers and other road-users. A report published by the World Health Organization in 2004 estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured on

3550-634: The same vehicle volumes. This is because high, constant-speed operation creates an emissions reduction compared to vehicular flows with stops and starts. However, concentrations of air pollutants near highways may be higher due to increased traffic volumes. Therefore, the risk of exposure to elevated levels of air pollutants from a highway may be considerable, and further magnified when highways have traffic congestion . New highways can also cause habitat fragmentation , encourage urban sprawl and allow human intrusion into previously untouched areas, as well as (counterintuitively) increasing congestion, by increasing

3621-429: The sinus; anteriorly, an opening of sphenoidal sinus opens into the roof of the nasal cavity via an aperture on the posterior wall of the sphenoethmoidal recess , just over the choana . The mucous membrane receives sensory innervation from the posterior ethmoidal nerve (branch of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V 1 ) ) and from branches of the maxillary nerve (CN V 2 ) . Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of

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3692-475: The site. Freidline et al. (2012) follow suit with the opinion of Guipert (2005). Guipert (2005) digitally reconstructed several hominin fossils exhibiting extreme degrees of distortion , including the cranial remains from Arago. In their results, both teams draw similar conclusions that the Ceprano calvarium and the Arago hominins are closest in morphology. Manzi (2016) suggested that the species Homo heidelbergensis

3763-408: The skull is 900-800 ka and is not the same age as the clay it was found in situ . Di Vincenzo et al. (2017) explain that this thought process is based on the belief of secondary deposition into younger strata , though they believe otherwise based on renewed analysis and context of the find. They note that a lack of gnawing , weathering or abrasions induced by transport supports the theory that

3834-406: The skull, and hinted that connection between it and North Africa may be evident. Clarke (2000) suggested that inconsistencies with minimal fontal breadth may be individual or geographic variation , and not taxonomically informative. Ascenzi et al. (2000) followed the cranial reconstruction by Clarke (2000) and modifications by M.A. de Lumley to reinforce assignment to H. erectus based on

3905-405: The specimen is not referrable to Homo erectus , H. ergaster , H. heidelbergensis , or H. rhodesiensis . In fact, they recommend creation of a new name to represent a transition from late African to early European fossils. They also suggest that Early Pleistocene dispersals toted a new morphology that was lost, possibly by other Acheulean-using hominins. Mallegni et al. (2003) noticed

3976-409: The sphenoidal sinuses from the nasal cavities, below, and from the hypophyseal fossa , above, the pituitary gland can be reached surgically through the roof of the nasal cavities by passage through the anterioinferior aspect of the sphenoid bone and into the sinuses, followed by entry through the top of the sphenoid bone into the hypophyseal fossa. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text in

4047-437: The tori, cranial capacity , bone thickness, and occipital profile angle. Manzi et al. (2001) pose the possibility that it may be an adult Homo antecessor , but do not make the referral based on the reasoning that no elements from Gran Dolina match in age or completeness to directly compare with Ceprano. They also state that a less parsimonious explanation would be the accommodation of two contemporary species, as they find

4118-615: The traffic congestion. Traffic congestion was a principal problem in major roads and highways in the Philippines , especially in Metro Manila and other major cities. The government decided to set up some bus lanes in Metro Manila like in the Epifanio delos Santos Avenue . The following is a list of highways by country in alphabetical order. Sphenoidal sinus The sphenoid sinus

4189-483: The use of dual carriageways with two or more lanes on each carriageway, and grade-separated junctions with other roads and modes of transport. These features are typically present on highways built as motorways ( freeways ). The general legal definition deals with right of use, not the form of construction; this is distinct from e.g. the popular use of the word in the US. A highway is defined in English common law by

4260-445: The use of carpooling in order to be able to use these lanes. However, they tend to require dedicated lanes on a highway, which makes them difficult to construct in dense urban areas where they are the most effective. To address habitat fragmentation, wildlife crossings have become increasingly popular in many countries. Wildlife crossings allow animals to safely cross human-made barriers like highways. Road traffic safety describes

4331-831: The usual principle that a road available to vehicular traffic was also available to horse or pedestrian traffic as is usually the only practical change when non-motorways are reclassified as special roads . The first section of motorway in the UK opened in 1958 (part of the M6 motorway) and then in 1959 the first section of the M1 motorway . Often reducing travel times relative to city or town streets, highways with limited access and grade separation can create increased opportunities for people to travel for business, trade or pleasure and also provide trade routes for goods. Highways can reduce commute and other travel time but additional road capacity can also release latent traffic demand . If not accurately predicted at

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4402-456: The word "highway" is sometimes used to denote any public way used for travel, whether a "road, street, and parkway"; however, in practical and useful meaning, a "highway" is a major and significant, well-constructed road that is capable of carrying reasonably heavy to extremely heavy traffic. Highways generally have a route number designated by the state and federal departments of transportation. California Vehicle Code, Sections 360, 590, define

4473-401: Was "late Homo erectus ", being one of the latest occurrences of the species and earliest Italian hominin. This allocation was supported by them with vault profile data and metrics . However, Ascenzi and Segre also consider specimens such as Montmaurin , Arago , Petralona and Vertesszolos as H. erectus or a similar taxon . They suggested that Tighenif No. 3 mandible is a good fit for

4544-555: Was constructed on Long Island, New York, and known as the Long Island Motor Parkway or the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway. It was completed in 1911. It included many modern features, including banked turns , guard rails and reinforced concrete tarmac . Traffic could turn left between the parkway and connectors, crossing oncoming traffic, so it was not a controlled-access highway (or "freeway" as later defined by

4615-433: Was detected more in females (34%) than in males (22%), optic canal protrudation was 33.3 and 30.5% in males and females, and optic canal dehiscence was detected in 11.3% of males and 9.9% of females. The sphenoid sinuses vary in size and shape; because of the lateral displacement of the intervening septum of sphenoid sinuses, the pair rarely is symmetrical. When exceptionally large, the sphenoid sinuses may extend into

4686-579: Was established, added two zygomatic frontal processus previously missing, added an occipital fragment, and rid of unnecessary plaster and glue reinforcements. DI Vincenzo et al. (2017) provided a virtual reconstruction wherein all plaster and glue was removed and the remains were repositioned to most closely fit their life position. They noticed misplacement and misalignment in the temporo-parietal region, left mastoid process, and occipital squama , and worked to correct some taphonomic distortion through retrodeformation and other methods. Most of this work

4757-483: Was estimated to cost $ 27 billion in 1955 (equivalent to $ 240 billion in 2023 ). China's highway network is the second most extensive in the world, with a total length of about 3,573,000 kilometres (2,220,000 mi). China's expressway network is the longest Expressway system in the world, and it is quickly expanding, stretching some 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi) at the end of 2011. In 2008 alone, 6,433 kilometres (3,997 mi) expressways were added to

4828-547: Was inaugurated in 1924. This highway, called autostrada , contained only one lane in each direction and no interchanges. The Southern State Parkway opened in 1927, while the Long Island Motor Parkway was closed in 1937 and replaced by the Northern State Parkway (opened 1931) and the contiguous Grand Central Parkway (opened 1936). In Germany, construction of the Bonn-Cologne Autobahn began in 1929 and

4899-485: Was not restrictive or painful enough to limit the subject's physical abilities. Ascenzi et al. (1996) argue that the similarity to Chinese H. erectus and assignment to Homo heidelbergensis based on provenance (as Mauer cannot be compared to Ceprano) cannot justify attribution to any other species. Ascenzi and Segre (1997) compared an early cranial reconstruction with the Gran Dolina fossils and concluded that it

4970-605: Was opened in 1932 by Konrad Adenauer , then the mayor of Cologne . Soon the Autobahn was the first limited-access, high-speed road network in the world, with the first section from Frankfurt am Main to Darmstadt opening in 1935. In the US, the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 (Phipps Act) enacted a fund to create an extensive highway system. In 1922, the first blueprint for a national highway system (the Pershing Map )

5041-568: Was published. The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 allocated $ 25 billion for the construction of the 66,000-kilometre-long (41,000 mi) Interstate Highway System over a 20-year period. In Great Britain , the Special Roads Act 1949 provided the legislative basis for roads for restricted classes of vehicles and non-standard or no speed limits applied (later mostly termed motorways but now with speed limits not exceeding 70 mph); in terms of general road law this legislation overturned

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