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58-445: The mall was built on a former slag dump in 1979. The Century III Mall planning began in 1976, opened in 1979, and closed in 2019. Anchor stores included Kaufmann's , Gimbels , JCPenney , Sears , and Montgomery Ward . It was the third-largest shopping mall in the world when it opened, but it has since been surpassed by much larger malls. The mall was developed and owned by Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation . A 1996 merger between

116-625: A "motion to reject lease or executory contract of JCPenney Properties, Inc." was filed out by Debtor Century III Mall PA LLC, which is part of Moonbeam. By August 31, Moonbeam's website said that the mall was sold. In August 2020, JCPenney announced that it would close over 150 stores, including the Century III Mall location. It closed on October 26, the last tenant of the mall. In March 2023, home improvement chain Menards reportedly declined on its offer to purchase Century III Mall. As of early 2023,

174-399: A cost-cutting measure. Just prior to the closing, the fountain near the food court was drained and filled with mulch. In 2010, La Hacienda opened in the former Ruby Tuesday space, but it closed and was eventually replaced with Old Mexico Restaurant in 2015. Also during this time, certain sections of mall parking were permanently barricaded and blocked off to the general public, particularly in

232-500: A few years as Lazarus, Federated closed several locations, including the Century III store. The location then became a unit of Kaufmann's , which opened a furniture showroom in that location. Kaufmann's was a division of the St. Louis -based May Department Stores Company . At its peak throughout the 1980s, Century III Mall boasted over 200 stores, services, and eateries, which at the time, was

290-571: A food court and several professional offices. Located across the street from Macy's is the South Hills Village light rail station. This terminal opened for revenue service in July 1985. Businesses located just outside of the mall include Eat 'N Park , AMC Classic South Hills Village 10 (opened as Carmike 10 Theater ), KeyBank (originally First Niagara Bank ), BJ's , Bonefish Grill , Barnes & Noble Bookstore . (This appears to be part of

348-711: A fully enclosed structure and was the largest in Greater Pittsburgh until the Monroeville Mall , also built by the Oxford Development Company, opened in 1969. The two-level complex is currently owned by Simon Property Group , which acquired it in 1997. It is anchored by Macy's (formerly Horne's and Lazarus ), Dick's Sporting Goods , Target , and Von Maur . Dick's Sporting Goods were formerly Kaufmann's , Gimbels , and Boscov's ). The mall features more than 134 specialty stores. The mall also houses

406-511: A higher concentration of hydroxide (OH-) in ground water . This alkalinity promotes the mineralization of dissolved CO 2 (from the atmosphere) to produce calcite (CaCO 3 ), which can accumulate to as thick as 20 cm. This can also lead to the dissolution of other metals in slag, such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and molybdenum (Mo), which become insoluble in water and mobile as particulate matter . The most effective method to detoxify alkaline ground water discharge

464-431: A highly abrasive dust that has caused car parts to wear at significantly greater than normal rates. Dissolution of slags generate alkalinity that can be used to precipitate out metals, sulfates, and excess nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in wastewater treatment. Similarly, ferrous slags have been used as soil conditioners to re-balance soil pH and fertilizers as sources of calcium and magnesium.   Because of

522-587: A hotel, office space and residential units. Further information in the bankruptcy dockets revealed a timeline with various dates. The demolition of the mall was set to begin as early as March 2020 and last 6–12 months. Site remediation, which would include removing existing foundations as well as performing major excavation and bringing in massive amounts of fill to level the entirety of the mall site, would follow shortly after and take 18 months to complete. The first buildings would've been built in May 2022. On August 7, 2019,

580-455: A large food court among its amenities. Adding to the mall's woes, it lost its first anchor tenant in 1999 when Federated Department Stores closed the Lazarus store due to underperforming sales. Other major retailers, such as TJ Maxx 'n More and Wickes Furniture, also closed in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The former Wickes Furniture location was replaced by Dick's Sporting Goods, and TJ Maxx 'n More

638-402: A more productive use for the slag heap, which had grown into an artificial mountain from years of industrial dumping. Locally known as Brown's Dump, the property encompassed 410 acres and overshadowed the landscape. The excavation and clearing of the slag was a monumental task that would span many years. As a result of the clearing, numerous businesses began to appear at the foot of the mountain by

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696-502: A much larger store to replace the small location that was formerly situated on the mall's periphery. Target operates on an expanded first level of the space with Dick's Sporting Goods taking the second and third floors, though the third floor is only accessible from within the Dick's Sporting Goods store. Dick's Sporting Goods had its grand opening October 17, 2012 and Target opened March 6, 2013. In 2014, plans were announced to redesign/modernize

754-538: A nationwide re-branding program, resulting in the Kaufmann's Furniture Gallery location to be returned once again to Federated Department Stores ownership and subsequently renamed as Macy's Furniture Gallery . Macy's Furniture only occupied the lower level. The mall went up for sale in 2006 as Simon refocused on its top-performing properties, including South Hills Village and Ross Park Mall in Pittsburgh's northern suburbs. As

812-413: A series of experiments testing the reactivity of a specific slag material (i.e., dissolution ) or using the topological constraint theory (TCT) to account for its complex chemical network. Slags are transported along with slag tailings to "slag dumps", where they are exposed to weathering, with the possibility of leaching of toxic elements and hyperalkaline runoffs into the soil and water, endangering

870-579: A two-level 126,000 square foot Gimbels -Pittsburgh, which began business in July 1980 and a two-level 231,000 square foot Sears , which opened in October 1980. The Montgomery Ward location at Century III Mall was the first such location for the Chicago-based chain in Allegheny County . The Wards location only lasted a few years, however, and ultimately closed in 1986. The Joseph Horne Company , owned by

928-402: A two-level 173,200 square foot JCPenney . The Kaufmann's unit was the chain's fourth shopping mall store and the first in the Pittsburgh region to anchor a mall-type center. Phase two, with the two-level 168,100 square foot Montgomery Ward and forty-six stores debuted March 12, 1980. The second phase of Century III Mall incorporated the third, fourth and fifth anchors to the complex, including

986-417: Is air sparging . Fine slags and slag dusts generated from milling slags to be recycled into the smelting process or upcycled in a different industry (e.g. construction) can be carried by the wind, affecting a larger ecosystem. It can be ingested and inhaled, posing a direct health risk to the communities near the plants , mines, disposal sites, etc. South Hills Village South Hills Village

1044-538: Is a two-level shopping mall that is located in the Pittsburgh suburbs of Bethel Park and Upper St. Clair Township, Pennsylvania , United States. The mall's anchor stores are Macy's , Von Maur , Target , Dick's Sporting Goods , and Barnes & Noble . This mall was originally developed during the mid-1960s by the Oxford Development Co. It was the first shopping complex in Greater Pittsburgh to be built as

1102-879: Is designed to minimize iron loss, which gives out the significant amount of iron, following by oxides of calcium , silicon , magnesium , and aluminium. As the slag is cooled down by water, several chemical reactions from a temperature of around 2,600 °F (1,430 °C) (such as oxidization ) take place within the slag. Based on a case study at the Hopewell National Historical Site in Berks and Chester counties, Pennsylvania , US, ferrous slag usually contains lower concentration of various types of trace elements than non-ferrous slag . However, some of them, such as arsenic (As), iron, and manganese , can accumulate in groundwater and surface water to levels that can exceed environmental guidelines. Non-ferrous slag

1160-467: Is produced from non-ferrous metals of natural ores. Non-ferrous slag can be characterized into copper, lead, and zinc slags due to the ores' compositions, and they have more potential to impact the environment negatively than ferrous slag. The smelting of copper, lead and bauxite in non-ferrous smelting, for instance, is designed to remove the iron and silica that often occurs with those ores, and separates them as iron-silicate-based slags. Copper slag,

1218-526: Is slags) are generated per tonne of steel produced. Slag is usually a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide . However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. It is important to note, the oxide form may or may not be present once the molten slag solidifies and forms amorphous and crystalline components. The major components of these slags include the oxides of calcium , magnesium , silicon , iron, and aluminium, with lesser amounts of manganese , phosphorus , and others depending on

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1276-588: Is used in the manufacture of high-performance concretes, especially those used in the construction of bridges and coastal features, where its low permeability and greater resistance to chlorides and sulfates can help to reduce corrosive action and deterioration of the structure. Slag can also be used to create fibers used as an insulation material called slag wool . Slag is also used as aggregate in asphalt concrete for paving roads . A 2022 study in Finland found that road surfaces containing ferrochrome slag release

1334-667: The alumina and silica separated from the metal, and assisting in the removal of sulfur and phosphorus from the steel. As a co-product of steelmaking , slag is typically produced either through the blast furnace – oxygen converter route or the electric arc furnace – ladle furnace route. To flux the silica produced during steelmaking, limestone and/or dolomite are added, as well as other types of slag conditioners such as calcium aluminate or fluorspar . There are three types of slag: ferrous , ferroalloy , non-ferrous slags, which are produced through different smelting processes. Ferrous slags are produced in different stages of

1392-585: The temperature control of the smelting, and minimizing any re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before the molten metal is removed from the furnace and used to make solid metal. In some smelting processes, such as ilmenite smelting to produce titanium dioxide , the slag can be the valuable product. During the Bronze Age of the Mediterranean area there were a vast number of differential metallurgical processes in use. A slag by-product of such workings

1450-491: The EAF process can contain toxic metals, which can be hazardous to human and environmental health. Due to the large demand for ferrous, ferralloy, and non-ferrous materials, slag production has increased throughout the years despite recycling (most notably in the iron and steelmaking industries) and upcycling efforts. The World Steel Association (WSA) estimates that 600 kg of co-materials (co-products and by-products)(about 90 wt%

1508-598: The New York City-based Associated Dry Goods Corporation , took over the space, relocating their store from an older open-air shopping center in Brentwood a few miles north. In 1994, the location changed names again when the Cincinnati -based Federated Department Stores purchased Horne's and converted the chain's locations into its own Lazarus regional nameplate . In 1999, after operating

1566-648: The United States. In July 2014, a new double-decker carousel opened in the center court. Sears closed on December 7, 2014. By 2015, the mall had become 60% vacant. On January 6, 2016, Macy's announced it would close its Century III store as part of a larger round of closings across the country. Macy's departure resulted in a mass exodus of retailers to leave the moribund mall. Its occupancy rate fell from 40 percent in January 2016 to 10 percent by December 2017. The once-sprawling food court, previously home to over 20 eateries,

1624-483: The hearing, receiving criticism for the property's decline since 2019. Pryor alleges that the company ceased funding towards maintenance in 2022 as the graffiti and damage was too expensive to clean. On July 18, 2023, West Mifflin Borough Council voted 6-0 to condemn the abandoned Century III Mall. On January 30, 2024, Allegheny County District Attorney Stephen A. Zappala Jr. filed criminal nuisance charges against

1682-624: The iron and steelmaking processes resulting in varying physiochemical properties. Additionally, the rate of cooling of the slag material affects its degree of crystallinity further diversifying its range of properties. For example, slow cooled blast furnace slags (or air-cooled slags) tend have more crystalline phases than quenched blast furnace slags ( ground granulated blast furnace slags ) making it denser and better suited as an aggregate. It may also have higher free calcium oxide and magnesium oxide content, which are often converted to its hydrated forms if excessive volume expansions are not desired. On

1740-512: The largest enclosed shopping center in the Pittsburgh tri-state area by store count. Simon Property Group acquired the mall when it merged with the DeBartolo Corporation in 1996. Shortly thereafter, the mall underwent an $ 8 million face-lift, which included the addition of skylights in the mall's common areas and the removal of the sunken-stage site at the center court, which was completed by 1997. Several contributing factors beginning in

1798-502: The last minute. On January 1, 2019, Life Uniform, the last of the mall's chain tenants, departed from the Century III Mall. On February 6, 2019, West Mifflin fire code deemed Century III Mall to be "unsafe, uninhabitable" due to numerous code violations, such as a non-functional sprinkler system, and no heat. On February 15, 2019, after 15 years, New Dimension Comics said that they were moving to The Waterfront beside Best Buy and Michael's . On February 12, 2019, Moonbeam's website said

Century III Mall - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-522: The late 1990s would result in the eventual decline of the mall. The biggest of these factors was the development of the Waterfront , which opened in nearby Homestead in 1999. The development had significantly expanded over the years, pulling shoppers away from Century III. South Hills Village , a smaller mall located only five miles to the west in Bethel Park , also underwent a major renovation, incorporating

1914-429: The later strength gain of concrete. This leads to concrete with reduced permeability and better durability. Careful consideration of the slag type used is required, as the high calcium oxide and magnesium oxide content can lead to excessive volume expansion and cracking in concrete. These hydraulic properties have also been used for soil stabilization in roads and railroad constructions . Granulated blast furnace slag

1972-513: The local ecological communities. Leaching concerns are typically around non-ferrous or base metal slags, which tend to have higher concentrations of toxic elements. However, ferrous and ferroalloy slags may also have them, which raises concerns about highly weathered slag dumps and upcycled materials. Dissolution of slags can produce highly alkaline groundwater with pH values above 12. The calcium silicates (CaSiO 4 ) in slags react with water to produce calcium hydroxide ions that leads to

2030-544: The mall continued to languish, it affected the mall's assessment value, which stood at $ 66 million in April 2009, a 40 percent decrease from the previous $ 112 million in recent years. Prior to that, the mall was valued at $ 128 million. In June 2009, it decreased further to $ 58 million. The struggling mall was noted as being one of America's most endangered malls in a published report by U.S. News & World Report . In April 2009, Macy's Furniture closed its Century III Mall location as

2088-992: The mall interior was stripped and salvaged material removed throughout the remainder of the year. At this time, there are no concrete plans to redevelop the former mall site. Slag The general term slag may be a by-product or co-product of smelting ( pyrometallurgical ) ores and recycled metals depending on the type of material being produced. Slag is mainly a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide . Broadly, it can be classified as ferrous (co-products of processing iron and steel), ferroalloy (a by-product of ferroalloy production) or non-ferrous / base metals (by-products of recovering non-ferrous materials like copper , nickel , zinc and phosphorus ). Within these general categories, slags can be further categorized by their precursor and processing conditions (e.g., blast furnace slags, air-cooled blast furnace slag, granulated blast furnace slag, basic oxygen furnace slag, and electric arc furnace slag). Slag generated from

2146-444: The mall was sold shortly after they took the sold banner off of their website. On February 16, 2019, the remaining mall tenants were issued eviction notices. JCPenney and Dick's Sporting Goods were the only remaining stores open at the time. On March 24, 2019, Dick's Sporting Goods announced that they were closing and that their last day would be March 30, 2019. This left one remaining original anchor, JCPenney. On April 17, 2019, it

2204-416: The mall were barricaded, including the parking lot. On June 3, 2023, a teenage boy fell through an opened roof hatch at the mall's former Macy's department store. The teenager was promptly taken to UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh in critical condition. A hearing was held on June 14, 2023, to condemn the mall following numerous complaints from city officials. Moonbeam Capital CEO Shawl Pryor attended

2262-616: The mall's developer, now known as the DeBartolo Realty Corporation, and Simon Property Group , brought Century III Mall under the Simon DeBartolo Group heading, who owned the mall until 2011. The vacant mall is owned by Las Vegas -based Moonbeam Capital Investments LLC, which began demolition in 2024. In 1969, USS Realty Development, a division of the United States Steel Corporation , wanted to find

2320-503: The mall, but is only accessible from outside), DSW (Designer Shoe Warehouse) , Ulta Beauty , Ashley Homestore and the UPS Store . The vacant three-story Boscov's store (formerly Kaufmann's and Gimbels ) was converted for use by Target and Dick's Sporting Goods . This allowed Target to enter Pittsburgh's South Hills market where limited land for new development had precluded a new store. It also allowed Dick's Sporting Goods to open

2378-463: The mall. This included a new food court, more stores, and general additions to the building, including the installation of escalators to replace the existing stairwells on each side of the mall. The remodel was finished in 2016. On May 31, 2018, it was announced that Sears would close its anchor store. It closed in September 2018. The Sears anchor store was demolished in 2023. It was replaced with

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2436-454: The mid-1970s. In 1976, the Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation and USS Realty Corporation proposed a $ 100 million, 1.6 million square foot shopping center. The mall's moniker Century III was chosen to allude to the 1976 United States Bicentennial. The first phase of 75 stores was dedicated on October 24, 1979. This included two anchors; a two-level 121,300 square foot, Pittsburgh-based Kaufmann's , and

2494-461: The molten metal and can be removed. Slag is the collection of compounds that are removed. In many smelting processes, oxides are introduced to control the slag chemistry, assisting in the removal of impurities and protecting the furnace refractory lining from excessive wear. In this case, the slag is termed synthetic . A good example is steelmaking slag: quicklime (CaO) and magnesite (MgCO 3 ) are introduced for refractory protection, neutralizing

2552-458: The old Macy's Furniture Gallery wing for the Netflix original series Mindhunter . On June 1, a walk-through was held for former mall workers and patrons who wanted to tour the mall one last time due to a sheriff's sale . Over 200 people participated in the event. On September 4, 2018, a sheriff's sale of the mall was postponed after Moonbeam Capital Investments filed for bankruptcy for the mall at

2610-653: The other hand, water quenched blast furnace slags have greater amorphous phases giving it latent hydraulic properties (as discovered by Emil Langen in 1862) similar to Portland cement . During the process of smelting iron, ferrous slag is created, but dominated by calcium and silicon compositions. Through this process, ferrous slag can be broken down into blast furnace slag (produced from iron oxides of molten iron), then steel slag (forms when steel scrap and molten iron combined). The major phases of ferrous slag contain calcium-rich olivine -group silicates and melilite -group silicates. Slag from steel mills in ferrous smelting

2668-461: The owners of the abandoned mall, calling it a "monument to blight." The Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas plans to seize the nearly 90-acre site and demolish the dilapidated structure within 60 to 90 days. Demolition of the mall began on March 26, 2024, with the attached external parking structure, which took six months. After asbestos abatement, the JCPenney building came down by November 2024 and

2726-523: The parking deck, and the wing leading towards Macy's Furniture Gallery. Simon Property Group defaulted on its $ 78 million loan for Century III Mall in August 2011, ultimately transferring ownership to its lenders. From September 2011 to May 2013, the mall was managed by Jones Lang LaSalle . On May 13, 2013, Century III Mall was purchased by Las Vegas-based Moonbeam Capital Investments LLC, a real estate investment trust which operates other shopping centers across

2784-439: The plastic, and concrete industries and leached for metals to be used in the electronic industries. However, high physical and chemical variability across different types of slags results in performance and yield inconsistencies. Moreover, stoichiometric -based calculation of the carbonation potential can lead to overestimation that can further obfuscate the material's true potential. To this end, some have proposed performing

2842-710: The slowly released phosphate content in phosphorus -containing slag, and because of its liming effect, it is valued as fertilizer in gardens and farms in steel making areas. However, the most important application is construction. Slags have one of the highest carbonation potential among the industrial alkaline waste due their high calcium oxide and magnesium oxide content, inspiring further studies to test its feasibility in CO 2 capture and storage ( CCS ) methods (e.g., direct aqueous sequestration, dry gas-solid carbonation among others). Across these CCS methods, slags can be transformed into precipitated calcium carbonates to be used in

2900-403: The specifics of the raw materials used. Furthermore, slag can be classified based on the abundance of iron among other major components. In nature, iron, copper, lead, nickel , and other metals are found in impure states called ores , often oxidized and mixed in with silicates of other metals. During smelting, when the ore is exposed to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from

2958-466: The waste product of smelting copper ores, was studied in an abandoned Penn Mine in California, US. For six to eight months per year, this region is flooded and becomes a reservoir for drinking water and irrigation . Samples collected from the reservoir showed the higher concentration of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) that exceeded regulatory guidelines. Slags can serve other purposes, such as assisting in

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3016-403: The water has been shut off in the section of the mall where it was previously kept running. On April 11, 2023, a fire broke out in the mall on the third floor above the food court area at 6:15 am, the fire was later extinguished around 9:40 am. The cause of the fire was determined to be arson. Power to the mall was also shut off. In the week following the fire, all entrances and exits to

3074-423: Was a colorful, glassy material found on the surfaces of slag from ancient copper foundries. It was primarily blue or green and was formerly chipped away and melted down to make glassware products and jewelry. It was also ground into powder to add to glazes for use in ceramics. Some of the earliest such uses for the by-products of slag have been found in ancient Egypt . Historically, the re-smelting of iron ore slag

3132-439: Was also used as an aggregate and had begun being integrated into the cement industry as a geopolymer . Today, ground granulated blast furnace slags are used in combination with Portland cement to create " slag cement ". Granulated blast furnace slags react with portlandite ( Ca(OH) 2 ), which is formed during cement hydration, via the pozzolanic reaction to produce cementitious properties that primarily contribute to

3190-502: Was announced that a redevelopment plan was coming to the mall. By June, it was reported that the mall was boarded up and the future of the mall remained unclear. Owners indicated that the largely vacant mall would be torn down in March 2020 with the exception of JCPenney which would have remained open. In place, a mixed-use development was planned for the site. The plan called for incorporating retail, dining and entertainment attractions as well as

3248-442: Was common practice, as improved smelting techniques permitted greater iron yields—in some cases exceeding that which was originally achieved. During the early 20th century, iron ore slag was also ground to a powder and used to make agate glass , also known as slag glass. Use of slags in the construction industry dates back to the 1800s, where blast furnace slags were used to build roads and railroad ballast. During this time, it

3306-613: Was filled with Steve and Barry's. As early as 2003, Century III Mall was about 20% vacant. By the late 2000s, several key retailers with locations at Century III Mall filed for bankruptcy, resulting in additional vacancies. On July 18, 2005, Federated Department Stores purchased the May Department Stores Company. That purchase brought the Kaufmann's nameplate under Federated ownership. On September 9, 2006, Federated converted all former May Company regional department store nameplates, including Kaufmann's, into Macy's as part of

3364-512: Was now completely vacant after the last remaining food court tenant, Italian Village Pizza, closed on July 1, 2017. The fast-fading mall continued to see more departures in 2018. Old Mexico, the last restaurant in the mall, closed in April, leaving the mall with no food tenant. In addition, the double-deck carousel was shut down and dismantled around the same time to be sent to an undisclosed location in Austin, Texas . Also in April, filming took place in

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