73-570: Centrosaurinae (from the Greek , meaning "pointed lizards") is a subfamily of ceratopsid , a group of large quadrupedal ornithischian dinosaur . Centrosaurine fossil remains are known primarily from the northern region of Laramidia (modern day Alberta, Montana, and Alaska) but isolated taxa have been found in China and Utah as well. Defining features of centrosaurines include a large nasal horn, short supratemporal horns, and an ornamented frill projecting from
146-570: A basis for coinages: anthropology , photography , telephony , isomer , biomechanics , cinematography , etc. Together with Latin words , they form the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary ; for example, all words ending in -logy ('discourse'). There are many English words of Greek origin . Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. The ancient language most closely related to it may be ancient Macedonian , which, by most accounts,
219-552: A fairly stable set of consonantal contrasts . The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see Koine Greek phonology for details): In all its stages, the morphology of Greek shows an extensive set of productive derivational affixes , a limited but productive system of compounding and a rich inflectional system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in
292-556: A faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of ink and quill . The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase ( majuscule ) and lowercase ( minuscule ) form. The letter sigma has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in the final position of a word: In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of diacritical signs : three different accent marks ( acute , grave , and circumflex ), originally denoting different shapes of pitch accent on
365-531: A foreign language. It is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, " Homeric Greek is probably closer to Demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English ". Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable Greek-speaking minority in Albania near
438-511: A large nasal horn on its snout, and, unique among ceratopsians, irregular, spiky bone masses on its frill. Growing up to around 5 metres (16 ft) long and 2 tonnes (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons) in weight, it was mid-sized for its kind. The genus is classified as a member of the Centrosaurini, a group of derived centrosaurines which has also been found include taxa such as Styracosaurus , Spinops , Rubeosaurus , and Centrosaurus ,
511-422: A separate lineage. Thus, this analysis found no support for the monophyly of Centrosaurus . Later, Farke et al. (2011) used 97 morphological characters to assess the phylogenetic position of a new taxon which they named Spinops . Spinops was found to be in a polytomy with Centrosaurus apertus , C. brinkmani and Styracosaurus , and therefore C. brinkmani was excluded from the analysis to increase
584-861: A synonym of Styracosaurus , dropping it from their taxon list. The resulting cladogram (below) found Centrosaurini as a polytomy, a grouping with no discernable sister group relationships within it. The authors concluded that this meant the variation present within these species made it difficult to find any real resolution among them, and may even provide support for the hypothesis that centrosaurines evolved primarily via anagenesis (a single lineage changing through time) rather than cladogenesis (multiple branching lineages with shared common ancestors). Nasutoceratopsini Coronosaurus brinkmani Centrosaurus apertus Spinops sternbergorum [REDACTED] Styracosaurus albertensis Einiosaurus procurvicornis [REDACTED] Achelousaurus horneri Pachyrhinosaurus [REDACTED] Pachyrhinosaurini
657-529: Is a genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaurs which lived in the Late Cretaceous , in the middle Campanian stage. Its remains, two bone beds , were discovered by Phillip J. Currie in the Oldman Formation of Alberta , Canada , and its type and only species, Coronosaurus brinkmani , was first described in 2005, as a new species within the genus Centrosaurus . Later studies questioned
730-586: Is a large adult-sized parietal with an almost complete midline bar and a partial posterior bar with left P1–P3 processes and the partially eroded right P1-P2. The specimen lacks the extreme anterior margin of the midline bar that forms the posterior wall of the frontal fontanelle and the paper-thin lateral margins that define the medial margins of the supraorbital foramina. Other significant specimens according to Ryan & Russell (2005) include TMP 2002.68.3 (a parietal), TMP 2002.68.10 (a postorbital ), and TMP 2002.68.5 ( supraorbitals ). Coronosaurus
803-502: Is a medium-sized centrosaurine ceratopsid. Gregory S. Paul in 2010 estimated its body length at 5 metres (16 ft) and its weight at 2 tonnes (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons). It had as an adult inflated supraorbital horncores — the "brow horns" above the eye sockets — but not elongated as in Zuniceratops , chasmosaurines , and more basal centrosaurines (like Albertaceratops and Diabloceratops ), that project laterally (to
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#1733085269253876-766: Is also found in Bulgaria near the Greek-Bulgarian border. Greek is also spoken worldwide by the sizable Greek diaspora which has notable communities in the United States , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Chile , Brazil , Argentina , Russia , Ukraine , the United Kingdom , and throughout the European Union , especially in Germany . Historically, significant Greek-speaking communities and regions were found throughout
949-742: Is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece , Cyprus , Italy (in Calabria and Salento ), southern Albania , and other regions of the Balkans , Caucasus , the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor , and the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system
1022-474: Is an Indo-European language, but also includes a number of borrowings from the languages of the populations that inhabited Greece before the arrival of Proto-Greeks, some documented in Mycenaean texts ; they include a large number of Greek toponyms . The form and meaning of many words have changed. Loanwords (words of foreign origin) have entered the language, mainly from Latin, Venetian , and Turkish . During
1095-404: Is an exception, with an estimated skull length of 180 centimetres (71 in). By contrast, the skull length of Albertoceratops was more typical for this group at only 67 centimetres (26 in). In general, centrosaurines were about the size of a rhinoceros with body lengths ranging from 2.5–8 metres (8.2–26.2 ft). Possible neonate sized centrosaurine fossils have been documented in
1168-421: Is defined as "the largest clade containing Nasutoceratops titusi , but not Centrosaurus apertus . The remaining two tribes belong to the clade Eucentrosaura , defined as "the smallest clade containing Centrosaurus apertus and Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis ".. Centrosaurini is defined as "the largest clade containing Centrosaurus apertus , but not Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis " while Pachyrhinosaurini has
1241-538: Is located approximately fifty kilometres (31 miles) from Brooks, Alberta , in the Oldman Formation and 14.6 metres (48 ft) below the contact with the Dinosaur Park Formation . The MRR BB located approximately one hundred and eighty kilometres (110 miles) southwest of BB 138, is also from the Oldman Formation. These bone beds date to the middle Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period . Both
1314-464: Is oriented at least slightly caudally (backwards). In its original description, Ryan & Russell (2005) considered Coronosaurus to represent a new species of Centrosaurus on the basis of a small phylogenetic analysis. It included seventeen characters and nine taxa. Coronosaurus (as Centrosaurus brinkmani ) and C. apertus grouped at the base of the Centrosaurinae , while Styracosaurus
1387-510: Is protected and promoted officially as a regional and minority language in Armenia, Hungary , Romania, and Ukraine. It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . The phonology , morphology , syntax , and vocabulary of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to
1460-838: Is sometimes called aljamiado , as when Romance languages are written in the Arabic alphabet. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Greek: Transcription of the example text into Latin alphabet : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Proto-Greek Mycenaean Ancient Koine Medieval Modern Coronosaurus brinkmani Centrosaurus brinkmani Ryan & Russell, 2005 Coronosaurus
1533-471: Is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey , and the many other countries of the Greek diaspora . Greek roots have been widely used for centuries and continue to be widely used to coin new words in other languages; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary . Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around
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#17330852692531606-758: Is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek . In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (•), known as the ano teleia ( άνω τελεία ). In Greek the comma also functions as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι ( ó,ti , 'whatever') from ότι ( óti , 'that'). Ancient Greek texts often used scriptio continua ('continuous writing'), which means that ancient authors and scribes would write word after word with no spaces or punctuation between words to differentiate or mark boundaries. Boustrophedon , or bi-directional text,
1679-630: Is the Greek alphabet , which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with
1752-486: The Eastern Mediterranean , in what are today Southern Italy , Turkey , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , and Libya ; in the area of the Black Sea , in what are today Turkey, Bulgaria , Romania , Ukraine , Russia , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan ; and, to a lesser extent, in the Western Mediterranean in and around colonies such as Massalia , Monoikos , and Mainake . It
1825-510: The Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ), but little definitive evidence has been found. In addition, Albanian has also been considered somewhat related to Greek and Armenian, and it has been proposed that they all form a higher-order subgroup along with other extinct languages of the ancient Balkans; this higher-order subgroup is usually termed Palaeo-Balkan , and Greek has a central position in it. Linear B , attested as early as
1898-542: The nasal of Coronosaurus closely resembles that of Centrosaurus apertus in its unfused juvenile or subadult and fused adult forms and appears to have undergone a similar ontogenetic changes. Its erect, laterally compressed nasal horn core has a blunt tip that is formed from the fusion of the opposing nasals. It sits over the posterior portion of the external nares, as it does in all centrosaurines. All juvenile and most adult specimens have gently recurved anterior and posterior margins resulting in most horns having an apex that
1971-492: The nominal and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case (its functions being largely taken over by the genitive ). The verbal system has lost the infinitive , the synthetically -formed future, and perfect tenses and the optative mood . Many have been replaced by periphrastic ( analytical ) forms. Pronouns show distinctions in person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), number (singular, dual , and plural in
2044-457: The paleoenvironment of the Oldman Formation was an ancient coastal plain . In addition to remains of Coronosaurus , this formation has produced the remains of the theropods Saurornitholestes , Daspletosaurus , Troodon , Dromaeosaurus and Hesperonychus , the ceratopsids Albertaceratops , Chasmosaurus , and Anchiceratops , the hadrosaurids Brachylophosaurus , Gryposaurus , Parasaurolophus , and Corythosaurus ,
2117-792: The scientific literature . Research indicates that centrosaurines did not achieve fully developed mating signals until nearly fully grown. Scott D. Sampson found commonality between the slow growth of mating signals in centrosaurines and the extended adolescence of animals whose social structures are ranked hierarchies founded on age-related differences. In these sorts of groups, young males are typically sexually mature for several years before actually beginning to breed, when their mating signals are most fully developed. Females, by contrast, do not have such an extended adolescence. Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : Ελληνικά , romanized : Elliniká , [eliniˈka] ; Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνική , romanized : Hellēnikḗ )
2190-465: The 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. The earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language . Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct Anatolian languages . The Greek language is conventionally divided into
2263-486: The Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. It was created by modifying the Phoenician alphabet , with the innovation of adopting certain letters to represent the vowels. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late Ionic variant, introduced for writing classical Attic in 403 BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit
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2336-425: The Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to the extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than
2409-491: The Greek language was the Cypriot syllabary (also a descendant of Linear A via the intermediate Cypro-Minoan syllabary ), which is closely related to Linear B but uses somewhat different syllabic conventions to represent phoneme sequences. The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet. Greek has been written in
2482-629: The Greek verb have likewise remained largely the same over the course of the language's history but with significant changes in the number of distinctions within each category and their morphological expression. Greek verbs have synthetic inflectional forms for: Many aspects of the syntax of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow
2555-661: The Greek-Albanian border. A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of the Greek language due in part to the Albanian wave of immigration to Greece in the 1980s and '90s and the Greek community in the country. Prior to the Greco-Turkish War and the resulting population exchange in 1923 a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in Turkey , though very few remain today. A small Greek-speaking community
2628-511: The Late Cretaceous environments of Alberta. In 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic , Ryan was asked about the naming of the dinosaur, and stated he came up with it because its frill ornamentation made him think of the corona of the sun . He also stated his fellow students at the time had jokingly called it ‘broccoli-ceratops’. The holotype of Coronosaurus is TMP 2002.68.1. It
2701-605: The United States, two taxa, Diabloceratops and Machairoceratops , have been found as far south as Utah. Yehuecauhceratops , a nasutoceratopsin from Coahuila , Mexico, is the southernmost occurrence of a centrosaurine in North America. No centrosaurine fossils had been uncovered outside Western North America until the 2010 discovery of Sinoceratops in the Shandong Province of China . However, some authors question
2774-404: The acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in typography . After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified monotonic orthography (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system),
2847-402: The ancient language; singular and plural alone in later stages), and gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and decline for case (from six cases in the earliest forms attested to four in the modern language). Nouns, articles, and adjectives show all the distinctions except for a person. Both attributive and predicative adjectives agree with the noun. The inflectional categories of
2920-431: The back of the skull. With the exception of Centrosaurus apertus , all adult centrosaurines have spike-like ornaments midway up the skull. Morphometric analysis shows that centrosaurines differ from other ceratopsian groups in skull, snout, and frill shapes. There is evidence to suggest that male centrosaurines had an extended period of adolescence, and sexual ornamentation did not appear until adulthood. Centrosaurinae
2993-404: The early 19th century that was used for literary and official purposes in the newly formed Greek state. In 1976, Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece, after having incorporated features of Katharevousa and thus giving birth to Standard Modern Greek , used today for all official purposes and in education . The historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of
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3066-602: The epics of Homer , ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting importance in the European canon . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science and philosophy were originally composed. The New Testament of the Christian Bible was also originally written in Greek. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the Greek texts and Greek societies of antiquity constitute
3139-452: The following periods: In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia : the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the Greek language question was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek: Dimotiki , the vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and Katharevousa , meaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and Ancient Greek developed in
3212-435: The genus Coronosaurus for the species in 2012 . The generic name is derived from the Latin corona , meaning "crown" in reference to the multiple occurrences of extra epiparietals that cover the posterior margin of its parietal, giving it a crown-like appearance, and saurus (Latinized from Greek sauros ), meaning "lizard". The specific name brinkmani honors Donald Brinkman , for his research in palaeoecology of
3285-601: The genus it was originally placed within. Coronosaurus is known from two bone beds , BB 138 and MRR BB, located in the upper unit of the Oldman Formation , of the Belly River Group , excavated by Philip Currie between 1996 and 2000. Most of the ceratopsid material, if not all, from BB 138 in Dinosaur Provincial Park , Alberta , and the MRR BB near Warner, Alberta , was referred to C. brinkmani . Bone bed 138
3358-444: The growth positions of the second epiparietals, the P2 loci. Coronosaurus has also a uniquely shaped P3 epiparietal. It is variably developed as a short tongue-like hook or tapered spike that is oriented dorsolaterally, following the curve of the frill. Otherwise, as far as is known Coronosaurus resembles its relatives Centrosaurus and Styracosaurus in its morphology. For example,
3431-439: The infinitive entirely (employing a raft of new periphrastic constructions instead) and uses participles more restrictively. The loss of the dative led to a rise of prepositional indirect objects (and the use of the genitive to directly mark these as well). Ancient Greek tended to be verb-final, but neutral word order in the modern language is VSO or SVO. Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, which in turn
3504-463: The late 15th century BC, was the first script used to write Greek. It is basically a syllabary , which was finally deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick in the 1950s (its precursor, Linear A , has not been deciphered and most likely encodes a non-Greek language). The language of the Linear B texts, Mycenaean Greek , is the earliest known form of Greek. Another similar system used to write
3577-621: The membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's 24 official languages . Greek is recognized as a minority language in Albania, and used co-officially in some of its municipalities, in the districts of Gjirokastër and Sarandë . It is also an official minority language in the regions of Apulia and Calabria in Italy. In the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Greek
3650-409: The midline of the frill in a closely packed bunch above the base of the first epiparietal (P1), the bone spur that at each side growths downwards over the large opening in each frill half. They contribute to the substance of P1 and, through fusion, form a composite epiparietal, that is equivalent to the second epiparietal (P2) normally formed in a more lateral position. The P1 bases can thus be considered
3723-441: The modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because, in all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it. Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows a mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only oral vowels and
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#17330852692533796-399: The noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. However, the morphological changes also have their counterparts in the syntax, and there are also significant differences between the syntax of the ancient and that of the modern form of the language . Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks
3869-521: The objects of study of the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was by far the most widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world . It eventually became the official language of the Byzantine Empire and developed into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . It
3942-706: The older periods of Greek, loanwords into Greek acquired Greek inflections, thus leaving only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from the 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from Albanian , South Slavic ( Macedonian / Bulgarian ) and Eastern Romance languages ( Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian ). Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Example words include: mathematics , physics , astronomy , democracy , philosophy , athletics , theatre, rhetoric , baptism , evangelist , etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as
4015-442: The opposite definition consisting of "the largest clade containing Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis , but not Centrosaurus apertus ". Most recently, Mark Loewen and colleagues in 2024 named the tribe Albertaceratopsini in their description of the new species Lokiceratops rangiformis . It is defined as "all taxa more closely related to Albertaceratops nesmoi than to Centrosaurus apertus ". The classification of centrosaurines and
4088-863: The placement of Sinoceratops within Centrosaurinae. All other Late Cretaceous dinosaur groups from North America have also been found in Asia, so the initial absence of Asian centrosaurines had been surprising. The current evidence suggests that Centrosaurinae originated in Laramidia 90-80 million years ago, with the discovery of the oldest known centrosaurine, Menefeeceratops further proving this. This means Sinoceratops would have migrated to China from North America. Some hypothesize that centrosaurines originated in southern Laramidia and later radiated north. Compared to their sister group, Chasmosaurinae , centrosaurines are relatively small. The primitive Sinoceratops
4161-431: The presence of a direct relationship, and in 2012 it was named as a separate genus. Coronosaurus means "crowned lizard", coming from " corona ", Latin for crown, and " sauros ", Greek for lizard; this name refers to the unique, crown-like shape of the horns on the top of its frill. Like other ceratopsids , Coronosaurus had a large frill and horns on its head. These include a small pair of brow horns over its eyes,
4234-464: The relationships among the various species is complicated by a wide degree of variation between individuals and growth stages . Some features that have traditionally been used to classify these dinosaurs, like the number and arrangement of frill ornaments or spikes, have been discovered to be more variable than previously thought. For example, the cladogram presented below follows a 2016 phylogenetic analysis by Chiba et al. (2017). These authors treated
4307-464: The resolution. Finally, Ryan, Evans & Shepherd (2012) used the data matrix of Farke et al. (2011) to assess the phylogenetic position of Xenoceratops . Their revised analysis had significantly better resolution than that presented by Farke et al. (2011), due in part to the additional scoring of missing characters for some taxa based on direct observation of their specimens. For example, five additional characters were scored for C. brinkmani . In
4380-1070: The resultant tree, it was found to be in more advanced position than Spinops and C. apertus , as the sister taxon of Styracosaurus . Thus the new generic name, Coronosaurus , was given to it. The cladogram presented below follows a phylogenetic analysis by Chiba et al. (2017): Diabloceratops eatoni Machairoceratops cronusi Avaceratops lammersi (ANSP 15800) [REDACTED] MOR 692 CMN 8804 Nasutoceratops titusi [REDACTED] Malta new taxon Xenoceratops foremostensis Sinoceratops zhuchengensis Wendiceratops pinhornensis [REDACTED] Albertaceratops nesmoi [REDACTED] Medusaceratops lokii Rubeosaurus ovatus Styracosaurus albertensis Coronosaurus brinkmani Centrosaurus apertus Spinops sternbergorum [REDACTED] Einiosaurus procurvicornis [REDACTED] Achelousaurus horneri [REDACTED] Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis [REDACTED] Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum Studies suggest that
4453-535: The sides) over the orbit. As a sub-adult its postorbital horncores are pyramidal in shape with a slight lateral inflection of the distal, upper, one half. Uniquely among ceratopsians, Coronosaurus possesses a number of accessory epiparietal ossifications rear parietal frill of the skull that fuse to the posterior and dorsal frill surface. They develop through ontogeny , the growth of the individual, as short spines that may fuse along their adjacent margins into larger, irregular bone masses. They are located close to
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#17330852692534526-1067: The species Rubeosaurus ovatus as distinct from Styracosaurus albertensis , and recovered several distinct clades within Centrosaurini, which together formed a sister group to the Pachyrhinosaurini: Diabloceratops eatoni Machairoceratops cronusi Avaceratops lammersi (ANSP 15800) MOR 692 [REDACTED] CMN 8804 Nasutoceratops titusi [REDACTED] Malta new taxon Xenoceratops foremostensis Sinoceratops zhuchengensis Wendiceratops pinhornensis [REDACTED] Albertaceratops nesmoi [REDACTED] Medusaceratops lokii Rubeosaurus ovatus Styracosaurus albertensis Coronosaurus brinkmani Centrosaurus apertus Spinops sternbergorum [REDACTED] Einiosaurus procurvicornis [REDACTED] Achelousaurus horneri Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis [REDACTED] Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum However, subsequent studies have cast doubt on
4599-587: The specimens and the precise localities are archived at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology , in Drumheller , Alberta . Michael J. Ryan and Anthony P. Russell described and named the type species , then as Centrosaurus brinkmani , in 2005 . Later studies, however, did not recover a monophyletic clade with the genus' type species Centrosaurus apertus in phylogenetic analyses. Due to this, Ryan, David C. Evans and Kieran M. Shepherd erected
4672-437: The stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ( rough and smooth breathing ), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the diaeresis , used to mark the full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in handwriting saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of
4745-457: The usefulness of minor variations in frill spike arrangement for classifying centrosaurines. In particular, large sample sizes of the species Centrosaurus apertus and Styracosaurus albertensis have shown a higher than predicted amount of variation. In 2020, Holmes et al. explored what the effect of recognizing such diversity would have on centrosaur classification. They used the same data as Chiba et al.' s 2017 study, but treated Rubeosaurus as
4818-568: Was a distinct dialect of Greek itself. Aside from the Macedonian question, current consensus regards Phrygian as the closest relative of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological and lexical isoglosses , with some being exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed a Graeco-Phrygian subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated. Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists suggest that Greek may be most closely related to Armenian (see Graeco-Armenian ) or
4891-549: Was also used as the official language of government and religion in the Christian Nubian kingdoms , for most of their history. Greek, in its modern form, is the official language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population. It is also the official language of Cyprus (nominally alongside Turkish ) and the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (alongside English ). Because of
4964-546: Was also used in Ancient Greek. Greek has occasionally been written in the Latin script , especially in areas under Venetian rule or by Greek Catholics . The term Frankolevantinika / Φραγκολεβαντίνικα applies when the Latin script is used to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism (because Frankos / Φράγκος is an older Greek term for West-European dating to when most of (Roman Catholic Christian) West Europe
5037-657: Was defined in 2012 by Fiorillo & Tykoski. It was defined as all centrosaurine ceratopsids more closely related to Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis than to Centrosaurus apertus . It was defined during the description of Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum , a species from Alaska. The substituent clade Pachyrostra, compromising centrosaurs with bossed instead of horned noses, is defined as "the least inclusive clade including both Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis and Achelousaurus horneri . Centrosaurine fossils have mostly been found in Western North America (Alberta, Montana, and Alaska). In
5110-456: Was found to be more closely related to Pachyrhinosaurus , and other derived centrosaurines, than to Centrosaurus . In 2011, Anthony R. Fiorillo and Ronald S. Tykoski modified the analysis of Currie et al. (2008), with 54 characters, to include more taxa, such as C. brinkmani . They found C. brinkmani to be the sister taxon of the clade of Styracosaurus and C. apertus , while Pachyrhinosaurus and other derived centrosaurines were in
5183-649: Was named by paleontologist Lawrence Lambe in 1915, with Centrosaurus as the type genus . It is defined in the PhyloCode as "the largest clade containing Centrosaurus apertus , but not Chasmosaurus belli and Triceratops horridus . The centrosaurines are further divided into three tribes: the Nasutoceratopsini , the Centrosaurini , and the Pachyrhinosaurini by Ryan et al (2016). Nasutoceratopsini
5256-566: Was under the control of the Frankish Empire ). Frankochiotika / Φραγκοχιώτικα (meaning 'Catholic Chiot') alludes to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of Chios . Additionally, the term Greeklish is often used when the Greek language is written in a Latin script in online communications. The Latin script is nowadays used by the Greek-speaking communities of Southern Italy . The Yevanic dialect
5329-653: Was written by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the Hebrew Alphabet . In a tradition, that in modern time, has come to be known as Greek Aljamiado , some Greek Muslims from Crete wrote their Cretan Greek in the Arabic alphabet . The same happened among Epirote Muslims in Ioannina . This also happened among Arabic-speaking Byzantine rite Christians in the Levant ( Lebanon , Palestine, and Syria ). This usage
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