112-698: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission ( CERC ), a key regulator of the power sector in India , is a statutory body functioning with quasi-judicial status under sec – 76 of the Electricity Act 2003 . CERC was initially constituted on 24 July 1998 under the Ministry of Power 's Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 for rationalization of electricity tariffs , transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, and for matters connected Electricity Tariff regulation. CERC
224-508: A social development organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth , and regional integration . This is carried out through investments – in the form of loans, grants and information sharing – in infrastructure, health care services, financial and public administration systems, helping countries prepare for
336-532: A $ 4 billion emergency loan to South Korea. In 1999, ADB adopted poverty reduction as its overarching goal. The early 2000s saw a dramatic expansion of private sector finance. While the institution had such operations since the 1980s (under pressure from the Reagan Administration) the early attempts were highly unsuccessful with low lending volumes, considerable losses and financial scandals associated with an entity named AFIC. However, beginning in 2002,
448-504: A 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and groundwater in India. The majority of government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of a reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. Uncollected waste accumulates in urban areas, causing unhygienic conditions, and release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater. A reliable supply of electricity
560-411: A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with world-renowned USA's Federal Energy Regulatory Commission for Development and regulatory oversight of Power market, Grid Reliability, Energy Efficiency, Transmission and Distribution services in India. A system of single-part tariffs was in vogue in India for pricing of thermal power, prior to 1992. The single-part tariff for a station was calculated to cover both
672-457: A dedicated solar plant (see CIAL Solar Power Project ). India began using grid management on a regional basis in the 1960s. Individual State grids were interconnected to form 5 regional grids covering mainland India, the Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern Grids. These regional links were established to enable transmission of surplus electricity between states in each region. In
784-403: A downed grid by providing black start power from inverter-based resources like solar, wind and batteries. The installed capacity of natural gas-based power plants (including the plants ready to be commissioned with the commencement of natural gas supply) was nearly 26,765 MW at the end of the financial year 2014–15. These plants were operating at an overall plant load factor (PLF) of 22% due to
896-426: A large amount of funds from commercial sources to finance these projects by holding no more than 25% of any given transaction. ADB partners with other development organizations on some projects to increase the amount of funding available. In 2014, $ 9.2 billion—or nearly half—of ADB's $ 22.9 billion in operations were financed by other organizations. According to Jason Rush, Principal Communication Specialist,
1008-510: A ministerial conference in Manila in November/December 1965. In the first round on 30 November, Tokyo failed to win a majority, so a second ballot was held the next day at noon. Although Japan was in the lead, it was still inconclusive, so a final vote was held after lunch. In the third poll, Tokyo gained eight votes to Manila's nine, with one abstention. Therefore, Manila was declared the host of
1120-721: A new financial institution for the region. A year later, Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi announced that Japan intended to sponsor the establishment of a regional development fund with resources largely from Japan and other industrial countries. But the US did not warm to the plan and the concept was shelved. See full account in "Banking the Future of Asia and the Pacific: 50 Years of the Asian Development Bank", July 2017. The idea came up again late in 1962 when Kaoru Ohashi, an economist from
1232-608: A research institute in Tokyo, visited Takeshi Watanabe , then a private financial consultant in Tokyo, and proposed a study group to form a development bank for the Asian region. The group met regularly in 1963, examining various scenarios for setting up a new institution and drew on Watanabe's experiences with the World Bank . However, the idea received a cool reception from the World Bank itself and
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#17328946197031344-405: A result of the global glut in petroleum products, these fuels became cheap enough to compete with pit head coal-based power generators. Coal prices have also fallen. Low demand for coal has led to coal stocks building up at power stations as well as coal mines. New installations of renewable energy in India surpassed installations of fossil fuel for the first time in 2016–17. On 29 March 2017,
1456-560: A severe food crisis , while also addressing climate change with significant financial commitments, including $ 6.7 billion for climate initiatives and a $ 14 billion package for food security. The ADB committed a total of $ 20.5 billion in various forms of assistance, including private sector financing, and fostered regional cooperation, with a focus on gender equality , education, healthcare , and unlocking additional resources through innovative financial mechanisms. The report also notes organizational reforms for increased efficacy,
1568-438: A severe shortage of natural gas in the country, and the fact that imported liquid natural gas (LNG) was too expensive for power generation. Many power stations were shut down throughout the year for a lack of natural gas supply. The natural gas shortage for power sector alone was nearly 100 million cubic metre per day at standard conditions . The break-even price for switching from imported coal to LNG in electricity generation
1680-510: A significant shift towards coal due to a shortfall in hydropower generation, driven by lower-than-expected rainfall. As reported by the Grid Controller of India Ltd. in April, coal's share in the total power generation mix increased to 77% in the first week of the month, compared to the previous year. This shift to coal is a strategic response to meet the rising electricity demands anticipated during
1792-550: A thermal power plant is approved for construction and commissioning in India it must undergo an extensive review process that includes environmental impact assessment. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has produced a technical guidance manual to help project proposers avoid environmental pollution from thermal power plants. As of 2016, the existing coal-fired power stations in the utility and captive power sectors were estimated to require nearly 12.5 million INR per MW capacity to install pollution control equipment to comply with
1904-660: A variant of a simple two-part tariff. The scheme provided for linking of incentive and disincentive with Plant Load Factor (PLF) plus deemed generation , which in effect is Plant availability . The serious problems of regional grid operation however continued even after 1992. This was because the K.P. Rao Committee had been able to tackle only one end; the Central generation side. Overdrawals by some State Electricity Board's during peak-load hours and under-drawals during off-peak hours continued unabated, causing serious frequency excursions and perpetual operational/commercial disputes. In
2016-445: Is Thailand 's Mae Moh coal-fired power station . Environmental and human rights activists say ADB's environmental safeguards policy as well as policies for indigenous peoples and involuntary resettlement , while usually up to international standards on paper, are often ignored in practice, are too vague or weak to be effective, or are simply not enforced by bank officials. The bank has been criticized over its role and relevance in
2128-537: Is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966, which is headquartered in 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong , Metro Manila 1550, Philippines . The bank also maintains 31 field offices around the world to promote social and economic development in Asia. The bank admits the members of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and
2240-456: Is also reducing power generation from coal to control the emission of greenhouse gases . The particulate, NO x and SO x emissions (excluding particulate emissions in the form of drift from wet cooling towers and mercury emissions from the flue stacks) of coal, oil and gas fired power stations in utility power sector (excluding captive power plants) are monitored regularly. The state and central power generation companies are permitted by
2352-462: Is estimated that the production cost for syngas could be below US$ 6 per million British thermal units ($ 20/MWh). Earlier, natural gas use in power generation was thought to be a bridge fuel as it emits far less CO 2 (below 50%) when compared to coal use in power generation until renewable power generation without CO 2 emissions become economical. Renewable power generation is already cheaper than coal and gas fueled power generation in India. Now
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#17328946197032464-407: Is estimated to release 5–15x more pollutants than industrial combustion of coal, and is unlikely to be replaced until electricity or clean-burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India. The growth of the electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel burning. In addition to air pollution problems,
2576-907: Is expected to come from space cooling alone. About 136 million Indians (11%) use traditional fuels – firewood , agricultural waste and dry animal dung fuel – for cooking and general heating needs. These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves, sometimes known as chulah or chulha . Traditional fuel is an inefficient source of energy, and its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, NO x , SO x , PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other air pollutants , affecting outdoor air quality, haze and smog, chronic health problems, damage to forests, ecosystems and global climate. The World Health Organization estimates that 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burning and use of chulahs. Burning traditional fuel in conventional cook stoves
2688-555: Is given below. Hydroelectric power plants with ≤ 25 MW generation capacity are included in Renewable category (classified as SHP – Small Hydro Project) The installed captive power generation capacity (above 0.5 MW capacity) associated with industry-owned plants is 79,340 MW as of 31 March 2024. In the fiscal year 2023–24, captive power generation was 214,581 GWh. Diesel power generation sets of 75,000 MW capacity (excluding sets of size above 1 MW and below 100 kVA) are also installed in
2800-576: Is less by 1% compared to 628.94 million tons during 2018–19. However coal imports for utility power generation increased by 12.3% during year 2019–20 at 69.22 million tons from 61.66 million tons during 2018–19. A large part of the Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal : it is of low calorific value and high ash content, with poor fuel value. On average, Indian coal has a gross calorific value (GCV) of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas in Australia, for example,
2912-420: Is nearly 20.76% due to lower contribution from hydropower stations. Notes: Coal includes lignite; Misc: includes contributions from emergency diesel generator sets, rooftop solar, captive power generation from below 1 MW capacity plants, etc.; Hydro includes pumped storage generation; na = data not available. The above data is excluding net imports from Bhutan. In April 2024, India's electricity sector has seen
3024-691: Is no similar retirement plan for the captive power sector. In 2020 Carbon Tracker estimated that phasing out 20 years or more old coal-fired plants and the coal fired plants under construction with electricity sale price exceeding INR 4/kWh with new renewables is more economical as these coal fired plants are imposing heavy financial burden on Discoms. Some diesel generator plants and gas turbine plants were also decommissioned in 2016 though they are best suitable for catering ancillary services . India has committed to install 275,000 MW renewable energy capacity by 2027. The existing base load coal and gas based power plants need to be flexible enough to accommodate
3136-487: Is normally formulated in consultation with and taking into account the views of the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), Central Electricity Authority (CEA), and state governments. CERC and State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) are the two electricity regulators – one operating at the central level and the other at various state levels. CERC's primary function was to regulate
3248-496: Is required to address India's water pollution and associated environmental issues. The per capita annual domestic electricity consumption in India during the year 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for those with access to electricity. Globally the per capita annual average is 2,600 kWh and in the European Union it is 6,200 kWh. Adding to it, the recent coal crisis has raised an alarm as over 60 per cent of
3360-402: Is similar in scale to the 740 GW total power generation capacity of the European Union (EU-27) in 2005. The technologies and fuel sources India adopts as it adds this electricity generation capacity may have a significant impact on global resource usage and environmental issues. The demand for electricity for cooling ( HVAC ) is projected to grow rapidly. According to the analysis presented in
3472-925: Is unable to meet the requirements of coal-fired captive power plants. India is introducing single spot auctions/exchanges for all type of coal consumers. In 2021, the majority of CO2 emissions from power generation in India were produced by coal, accounting for 96.7% of the total. Natural gas was responsible for 2.6% of emissions, while oil contributed 0.5%. India's coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants are inefficient and replacing them with cheaper renewable technologies offers significant potential for greenhouse gas (CO 2 ) emission reduction. India's thermal power plants emit 50% to 120% more CO 2 per kWh produced compared to average emissions from their European Union (EU-27) counterparts. The central government plans to retire coal-based plants that are at least 25 years old and contributing excessive pollution, totalling 11,000 MW of capacity. As of 2018 there
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3584-646: The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . In addition, $ 1 billion in loans and grants was provided to the victims of the October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. In December 2005, China donated $ 20 million to the ADB for a regional poverty alleviation fund; China's first such fund set up at an international institution. In 2009, ADB's Board of Governors agreed to triple ADB's capital base from $ 55 billion to $ 165 billion, giving it much-needed resources to respond to
3696-561: The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) stated that for the first time India has become a net exporter of electricity. India exported 5,798 GWh to neighboring countries, against a total import of 5,585 GWh. The Government of India launched a program called "Power for All" in 2016. The program was accomplished by December 2018 in providing the necessary infrastructure to ensure uninterrupted electricity supply to all households, industries, and commercial establishments. Funding
3808-517: The Electricity Act, 2003 envisages separate identity for CERC and CEA, and there is a necessity for separation in the short run, the two regulators should be merged eventually, as there are substantial synergies between them. But Ministry of Power rejected IIM-A's recommendations in this regard and observed that the tariff fixation is in the exclusive domain of electricity regulatory commissions (ERCs), and no other entity or government has any role in this regard. On 1 September 2009, CERC has entered into
3920-642: The Fischer–Tropsch process at low pressure and high temperature. Coal gas can also be produced by underground coal gasification if the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or it is uneconomical to mine the coal. Synthetic natural gas production technologies promise to dramatically improve India's supply of natural gas. The Dankuni coal complex produces syngas that is piped to industrial users in Calcutta. Many coal-based fertiliser plants can also be economically retrofitted to produce synthetic natural gas. It
4032-508: The National Grid . By the end of the calendar year 2015, despite poor hydroelectricity generation, India had become a power surplus nation with huge power generation capacity idling for want of demand. The calendar year 2016 started with steep falls in the international price of energy commodities such as coal, diesel oil, naphtha , bunker fuel , and liquefied natural gas (LNG), which are used in electricity generation in India. As
4144-487: The United Nations Environmental Program , stating in a report that "much of the growth has bypassed more than 70 percent of its rural population, many of whom are directly dependent on natural resources for livelihoods and incomes." There had been criticism that ADB's large scale projects cause social and environmental damage due to lack of oversight. One of the most controversial ADB-related projects
4256-581: The food crisis . The ADB has been accused by civil society of ignoring warnings leading up the crisis and also contributing to it by pushing loan conditions that many say unfairly pressure governments to deregulate and privatize agriculture, leading to problems such as the rice supply shortage in Southeast Asia. Indeed, whereas the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) closed out that year with financings of $ 2.4 billion,
4368-501: The global economic crisis . The 200% increase is the largest in ADB's history, and was the first since 1994. Asia moved beyond the economic crisis and by 2010 had emerged as a new engine of global economic growth though it remained home to two-thirds of the world's poor. In addition, the increasing prosperity of many people in the region created a widening income gap that left many people behind. ADB responded to this with loans and grants that encouraged economic growth. In early 2012,
4480-528: The 1990s, the Indian government began planning for a national grid. Regional grids were initially interconnected by asynchronous high-voltage direct current (HVDC) back-to-back links facilitating the limited exchange of regulated power. The links were subsequently upgraded to high capacity synchronous links. The first interconnection of regional grids was established in October 1991 when the North Eastern and Eastern grids were interconnected. The Western Grid
4592-573: The 42.941 million total urban households. Notes: Per capita consumption = (gross electricity generation + captive power generation + net import) / mid-year population. Nearly a 24% difference between sales and gross generation due to auxiliary power consumption of thermal power plants and transmission and distribution (T&D) losses, etc. Maximum peak load (MW) in a year is nearly 25% of the total connected load only. India has recorded rapid growth in electricity generation since 1985, increasing from 179 TW-hr in 1985 to 1,057 TW-hr in 2012. The majority of
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4704-554: The ADB began to re-engage with Myanmar in response to reforms initiated by the government. In April 2014, ADB opened an office in Myanmar and resumed making loans and grants to the country. In 2017, ADB combined the lending operations of its Asian Development Fund (ADF) with its ordinary capital resources (OCR). The result was to expand the OCR balance sheet to permit increasing annual lending and grants to $ 20 billion by 2020 – 50% more than
4816-616: The ADB into a high-impact development agency. On 18 November 1972, the Bank inaugurated its headquarters along Roxas Boulevard in Pasay City , Philippines. On 31 May 1991, ADB moved its offices to Ortigas Center in Pasig City , with the Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines) taking over its old Pasay premises. In the 1990s, ADB began promoting regional cooperation by helping the countries on
4928-658: The ADB undertook a dramatic expansion of private sector lending under a new team. Over the course of the next six years, the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) grew by a factor of 41 times the 2001 levels of new financings and earnings for the ADB. This culminated with the Board's formal recognition of these achievements in March 2008, when the board of directors formally adopted the Long Term strategic Framework (LTSF). That document formally stated that assistance to private sector development
5040-554: The ADB's early days, critics have charged that the two major donors, Japan and the United States, have had extensive influence over lending, policy and staffing decisions. Oxfam Australia has criticized the Asian Development Bank for insensitivity to local communities. "Operating at a global and international level, these banks can undermine people's human rights through projects that have detrimental outcomes for poor and marginalized communities." The bank also received criticism from
5152-517: The Agricultural Special Fund in April 1968. Watanabe served as the first ADB president to 1972. In the 1970s, ADB's assistance to developing countries in Asia expanded into education and health, and then to infrastructure and industry. The gradual emergence of Asian economies in the latter part of the decade spurred demand for better infrastructure to support economic growth. ADB focused on improving roads and providing electricity. When
5264-531: The Bank communicates with many other multilateral organizations. More than 50 financing partnership facilities, trust funds, and other funds – totaling several billion each year – are administered by ADB and put toward projects that promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific. ADB has raised Rupees 5 billion or around Rupees 5 billion from its issuance of 5-year offshore Indian rupee (INR) linked bonds. On 26 February 2020, ADB raises $ 118 million from rupee-linked bonds and supporting
5376-493: The Commission departs significantly from the draft notification as also from the prevailing tariff design Tariff for supply of electricity shall comprise two parts: The annual fixed cost (AFC) of a generating station or a transmission system shall consist of the following components The Energy charge shall cover the primary fuel cost and limestone consumption cost (where applicable), and shall be payable by every beneficiary for
5488-547: The Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 to the CERC with effect from 15 May 1999, GOI forwarded the above draft ABT notification to CERC vide OM dated 31.5.1999 for finalization after due deliberation. The draft notification was then issued through a public notice and comments/objections were invited. The Commission in July 1999 held detailed hearings on the above. The ABT order dated 4 January 2000 of
5600-511: The Electricity Act, 2003, which is aimed at taking measures conducive to development of the electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protecting interest of consumers and enhancing supply of electricity. Electricity sector in India India is the third largest producer of electricity in the world. During the fiscal year (FY) 2023–24, the total electricity generation in
5712-785: The Electricity Regulatory Commission Act of 1998, which mandated the creation of the Central Electricity Regulation Commission with the charge of setting the tariff of centrally owned or controlled generation companies. The Ministry of Power , India, has published the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998. Apart from CERC, the act also introduced a provision for the states to create the State Electricity Regulation Commission (SERC) along with
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#17328946197035824-461: The Far East or ECAFE), and non-regional developed countries . Starting with 31 members at its establishment, ADB now has 68 members. The ADB was modeled closely on the World Bank and has a similar weighted voting system, where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital subscriptions. ADB releases an annual report that summarizes its operations, budget, and other materials for review by
5936-547: The GCV is about 6500 Kcal/kg . The result is that Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal per kWh of power generation, whereas in the United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. In 2017, India imported nearly 130 Mtoe (nearly 200 million tons) of steam coal and coking coal, 29% of total consumption, to meet the demand in electricity, cement and steel production. The Centre for Science and Environment has assessed
6048-476: The Government of India to minimize the cost of coal transportation using flexible coal linkage swaps from inefficient plants to efficient plants, and from plants situated far from coal mines to plants close to the pit head, leading to a reduction in the cost of power. Although coal imports for consumption in the utility sector are declining, the overall imports of steam coal are increasing as the local coal production
6160-558: The India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) released by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, only 8 percent of Indian households own air-conditioning units. The cooling demand across India is projected to rise at a rate of 15-20 percent annually and aggregated cooling demand will grow to around eight times by 2037–38, as compared to the 2017-18 baseline. In India, 45 percent of the country's peak electricity demand in 2050
6272-693: The Indian Electric Co, which was registered in London on 15 January 1897. A month later, the company was renamed the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation . The control of the company was transferred from London to Calcutta only in 1970. The introduction of electricity in Calcutta was a success, and power was next introduced in Bombay (now Mumbai ). The first electric lighting demonstration in Mumbai
6384-502: The Indian coal-based power sector as one of the most resource-wasteful and polluting sectors in the world, in part due to the high ash content in India's coal. India's Ministry of Environment and Forests has therefore mandated the use of coals whose ash content has been reduced to 34% (or lower) in power plants in urban, ecologically sensitive and other critically polluted areas. The coal ash reduction industry has grown rapidly in India, with current capacity topping 90 megatonnes. Before
6496-522: The Mekong River to trade and work together. The decade also saw an expansion of ADB's membership with the addition of several Central Asian countries following the end of the Cold War. In mid-1997, ADB responded to the financial crisis that hit the region with projects designed to strengthen financial sectors and create social safety nets for the poor. During the crisis, ADB approved its largest single loan –
6608-450: The Ministry of Power in February, 1995 to oversee the implementation of ECC's recommendations. Based on NTF deliberations between 1995 and 1998, Ministry of Power had crystallized the formulation for the so-called Availability-based tariff (ABT). With the spirit of the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act 1998 and consequent upon transfer of relevant powers vested under section 43 A (2) of
6720-532: The Pacific. In the wake of the second oil crisis, ADB expanded its assistance to energy projects. In 1982, ADB opened its first field office, in Bangladesh , and later in the decade, it expanded its work with non-government organizations (NGOs). Japanese presidents Inoue Shiro (1972–76) and Yoshida Taroichi (1976–81) took the spotlight in the 1970s. Fujioka Masao, the fourth president (1981–90), adopted an assertive leadership style, launching an ambitious plan to expand
6832-597: The adoption of a hybrid work model following the full reopening of its headquarters. ADB has an information disclosure policy that presumes all information that is produced by the institution should be disclosed to the public unless there is a specific reason to keep it confidential. The policy calls for accountability and transparency in operations and the timely response to requests for information and documents. ADB does not disclose information that jeopardizes personal privacy, safety and security, certain financial and commercial information, as well as other exceptions. Since
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#17328946197036944-569: The aggrieved person from getting the order. Since 1 April 1999 CEA has entrusted CERC with the task of regulating power tariffs of central government power utilities, inter-state generating companies, inter-state transmission tariffs. Section −76 of Electricity Act, 2003 stipulates that CERC shall consist of a Chairperson and three other Members. And one of the CERC members (Ex-Officio) has to be Chairman of CEA. In Indian Power Sector, CEA takes care of: Whereas CERC take care of third aspect of power sector regulation - National electricity policy
7056-528: The bank is at 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong , Metro Manila , Philippines , and it has 42 field offices in Asia and the Pacific and representative offices in Washington , Frankfurt, Tokyo and Sydney . The bank employs about 3,000 people, representing 60 of its 68 members. As early as 1956, Japan Finance Minister Hisato Ichimada had suggested to United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that development projects in Southeast Asia could be supported by
7168-605: The bank's ordinary capital resources (OCR), which functions as its general operational fund. The ADB's Private Sector Department (PSOD) can and does offer a broader range of financings beyond commercial loans. They also have the capability to provide guarantees, equity and mezzanine finance (a combination of debt and equity). In 2017, ADB lent $ 19.1 billion of which $ 3.2 billion went to private enterprises, as part of its "non-sovereign" operations. ADB's operations in 2017, including grants and co-financing, totaled $ 28.9 billion. ADB obtains its funding by issuing bonds on
7280-508: The bridge fuel concept is no more valid and existing gas-based generation needs to compete with the coal-based generation when there is no adequate renewable power generation (including storage and peaking type hydropower). The problem of stranded assets/capacity is more deep-rooted for gas-based power plants than that of the coal-based power plants as coal is far cheaper than natural gas in India. As of 31 March 2022, India had 6.78 GW of installed nuclear power generation capacity or nearly 1.7% of
7392-590: The country ran on the Harbour Line between Bombay's Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (then Victoria Terminus) and Kurla on 3 February 1925. The first high-voltage laboratory of India was established at the Government Engineering College, Jabalpur in 1947. On 18 August 2015, Cochin International Airport became the world's first fully solar powered airport with the inauguration of
7504-644: The country was 1,949 TWh , of which 1,734 TWh was generated by utilities. The gross electricity generation per capita in FY2023-24 was 1,395 kWh. In FY2015, electric energy consumption in agriculture was recorded as being the highest (17.89%) worldwide. The per capita electricity consumption is low compared to most other countries despite India having a low electricity tariff . The Indian national electric grid has an installed capacity of 442.0 GW as of 31 March 2024. Renewable energy plants, which also include large hydroelectric power plants, constitute 43% of
7616-581: The country. In addition, there are a large number of diesel generators of capacity less than 100 kVA to cater to emergency power needs during power outages in all sectors. The major states leading in captive power generation are Odisha, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan which are producing nearly 66% of the total. Other Renewable Energy sources include SHP (Small Hydro Power - hydel plants ≤ 25 MW), Biomass Power, Urban & Industrial waste, Solar and Wind Energy The draft national electricity plan 2022 prepared by CEA says that
7728-502: The development of India International Exchange in India, as it also contributes to an established yield curve which stretches from 2021 through 2030 with $ 1 billion of outstanding bonds. The 2022 Annual Report details ADB's efforts in aiding its developing member countries to overcome the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic , tackle new challenges like the Russian invasion of Ukraine and
7840-580: The electricity industry have failed in their efforts. There was a proposal of having benches of the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) in five to six locations instead of having a SERC in each state, but the Committee that has rejected the proposal stating it was not possible unless states were willing to accept such a proposal. MoP entrusts CERC for providing escalation rate for coal and gas, inflation rate based on WPI and CPI , discount rate , and dollar-rupee exchange variation rate for
7952-424: The electricity produced in the country is derived from thermal power plants, and thus, depend on coal. In 2021, electricity consumption in India was dominated by the industrial sector at 43.9%. The residential sector used 25.3%, agriculture and forestry 19.0%, and commercial and public services 6.6%. Transport had the lowest share at 1.6%. * Data from the fiscal year ending on 31 March of each year. ** Refers to
8064-399: The end of 1972, Japan had contributed $ 173.7 million (22.6% of the total) to the ordinary capital resources and $ 122.6 million (59.6% of the total) to the special funds. In contrast, the United States contributed only $ 1.25 million to the special fund. After its creation in the 1960s, ADB focused much of its assistance on food production and rural development. At the time, Asia
8176-466: The fiscal year ending on 31 December. Note: Gross per-capita generation=(gross electricity generation by all sources plus net import) / mid-year population. 'Consumption' is 'gross electricity generation by all sources plus net import' after subtracting transmission losses and auxiliary consumption in electricity generation. India's Ministry of Power launched Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) as one of its flagship programs in July 2015 with
8288-415: The fixed cost as well as the variable (energy) cost at a certain (normative) generation level. Demerit: Finding that the single-part tariff, particularly for Central generating stations, was conducive neither to economic generation of power as per merit-order, nor to satisfactory operation of the regional grids, the government of India adopted in 1992 a two-part tariff formula for NTPC stations based on
8400-459: The impact of climate change or better manage their natural resources , as well as other areas. Eighty percent of ADB's lending is concentrated public sector lending in five operational areas. The ADB offers "hard" loans on commercial terms primarily to middle income countries in Asia and " soft" loans with lower interest rates to poorer countries in the region. Based on a new policy, both types of loans will be sourced starting January 2017 from
8512-415: The increase came from coal-fired plants and non-conventional renewable energy sources (RES), with the contribution from natural gas, oil, and hydro plants decreasing in 2012–2017. The gross utility electricity generation (excluding imports from Bhutan) was 1,484 billion kWh in 2021–22, representing 8.1% annual growth compared to 2020–2021. The contribution from renewable energy sources (including large hydro)
8624-437: The largest proportion of shares at 15.571%. China holds 6.429%, India holds 6.317%, and Australia holds 5.773%. The highest policy-making body of the bank is the Board of Governors, composed of one representative from each member state. The Board of Governors, in turn, elect among themselves the twelve members of the board of directors and their deputies. Eight of the twelve members come from regional (Asia-Pacific) members while
8736-475: The latest emission norms set out by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. Most of the coal fired stations have not complied installation of flue gas de-sulphurisation units for reducing the pollution. In April 2020, CPCB declared that over 42,000 MW thermal power plants have outlived their lives. India has also banned imports of pet coke for use as fuel. As a signatory to the Paris Agreement , India
8848-531: The new development bank; the Japanese were mystified and deeply disappointed. Watanabe later wrote in his personal history of ADB: "I felt as if the child I had so carefully reared had been taken away to a distant country." (Asian Development Bank publication, "Towards a New Asia", 1977, p. 16) On 3 December 1965, Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal lays the foundation stone of the Asian Development Bank. As intensive work took place during 1966 to prepare for
8960-443: The objective of providing round-the-clock power to rural areas. The program focused on reforms in the rural power sector by separating feeder lines for rural households from those for agricultural applications and strengthening transmission and distribution infrastructure. A previous scheme for rural electrification, Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) was subsumed into the new scheme. As of 28 April 2018, 12 days ahead of
9072-400: The opening of the new bank in Manila, high on the agenda was choice of president. Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Satō asked Watanabe to be a candidate. Although he initially declined, pressure came from other countries and Watanabe agreed. In the absence of any other candidates, Watanabe was elected first President of the Asian Development Bank at its Inaugural Meeting on 24 November 1966. By
9184-604: The others come from non-regional members. The Board of Governors also elect the bank's president, who is the chairperson of the board of directors and manages ADB. The president has a term of office lasting five years, and may be re-elected. Traditionally, and because Japan is one of the largest shareholders of the bank, the president has always been Japanese. The current president is Masatsugu Asakawa . He succeeded Takehiko Nakao on 17 January 2020, who succeeded Haruhiko Kuroda in 2013. In 2024, Asakawa announced his resignation effective on 23 February 2025. The headquarters of
9296-672: The peak demand and energy demand would be 272 GW and 1,852 billion kWh (excluding rooftop solar generation) respectively in the fiscal year 2026–27. The peak demand and energy demand would be 363 GW and 2,459 billion kWh (excluding rooftop solar generation) respectively in the fiscal year 2031–32. From the calendar year 2015 onwards, power generation in India has been less of a problem than power distribution. Nearly 0.07% of Indian households (0.2 million) have no access to electricity. The International Energy Agency estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1,200 GW of additional new power generation capacity before 2050. This added new capacity
9408-516: The power to set the tariffs without having to enact separate state laws. Mr.S.L.Rao was the first Chairman of CERC (1998–2001). During March 2004, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIM-A) called for the merger of the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) on the grounds that technical and economic regulatory functions need to be carried out in close coordination. Even though
9520-650: The previous level. In 2020, ADB gave a $ 2 million grant from the Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund, to support the Armenian government in the fight against the spread of COVID-19 pandemic . In the same year, the ADB committed a $ 20 million loan to Electric Networks of Armenia, that will ensure electricity for the citizens during the pandemic, as well as approved $ 500,000 in regional technical assistance to procure personal protective equipment and other medical supplies. The ADB defines itself as
9632-464: The previous year. In 2020–21, India exported more electricity than it imported from neighboring countries. Solar power generation in 2020–21, occupied third place after coal and hydropower generations surpassing wind, gas and nuclear power generations. In 2022–23, renewable power generation was 22.47% of total utility power generation when total utility power generation increased by 8.77% to 1614.70 billion kWh. In 2023-24, renewable electricity generation
9744-476: The public. The ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP) enrolls about 300 students annually in academic institutions located in 10 countries within the Region. After completing their study programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their home countries. ADB holds the status of an official United Nations Observer. As of 31 December 2020, Japan and the United States each holds
9856-507: The purpose tariff determination. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has issued the Power Market Regulations, 2010 which will govern transactions related to ‘'Energy trading'’ by companies like Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) , Power Exchange India (PXI) , National Power Exchange (NPX) in various contracts related to electricity. The regulations have been issued by the CERC in exercise of its powers under section 66 of
9968-470: The recommendations of the KP Rao Committee. Recognizing that there would be no motivation on the part of NTPC (Central generating stations) to maintain a high level of efficiency and availability if it was paid the full fixed cost irrespective of level of generation and variable cost for the quantum of energy actually generated, the K.P. Rao Committee had recommended a scheme of incentive/disincentive, as
10080-447: The solar power plants remain idle during the night hours, reactive power capability of the inverters installed as part of the solar power plant can also be used during the night time for solving the problem of very high voltage which occurs due to low loads on the transmission lines. Wind and solar power plants are also capable to provide fast frequency response in ramping up falling grid frequency. Grid-forming inverters can also restart
10192-431: The study group became discouraged. In parallel, the concept was formally proposed at a trade conference organized by the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) in 1963 by a young Thai economist, Paul Sithi-Amnuai. (ESCAP, United Nations Publication March 2007, "The first parliament of Asia" pp. 65). Despite an initial mixed reaction, support for the establishment of a new bank soon grew. An expert group
10304-569: The summer season and ahead of the upcoming elections. This is despite the fact that India's coal reserves were 34% higher than the previous year. The reliance on coal in the short term highlights the tension between India's energy security needs and its clean energy targets. In India the Commercial Energy makes 74% of total energy, of which coal based energy production is around 72–75%, as per 2020 data. For utility power generation, India consumed 622.22 million tons of coal during 2019–20 which
10416-432: The target date, all Indian villages (a total of 597,464 census villages) were electrified. India has also achieved close to 100% electrification of all rural and urban households. As of 4 January 2019, 211.88 million rural households were provided with electricity, close to 100% of the 212.65 million total rural households. As of 4 January 2019, 42.937 million urban households are provided with electricity, close to 100% of
10528-589: The tariffs of central generating stations as well as for all interstate generation, transmission and supply of power. Whereas SERC's primary function was to determine bulk and retail tariffs to be charged to customers, regulate the operations of intrastate transmission, including those of the State Load Despatch Center (SLDC). During Parliamentary Standing Committee on Energy in the year 2001, SERC being established in states, for formulating standards relating to quality, continuity and reliability of service for
10640-608: The total energy scheduled to be supplied to such beneficiary with fuel and limestone price adjustment Appellate Tribunal for Electricity has been established by Central Government for those who are not satisfied with the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission order or with a state. The Tribunal has the authority to overrule or amend that order, just like the Income-Tax tribunal or the Central Administrative Tribunal. The tribunal has to be approached within 45 days of
10752-428: The total installed capacity. India’s electricity generation is more carbon-intensive (713 grams CO 2 per kWh) than the global average (480 gCO 2 /kWh), with coal accounting for three quarters of generation in 2023. The government declared its efforts to increase investment in renewable energy. Under the government's 2023-2027 National Electricity Plan, India will not build any new fossil fuel power plants in
10864-637: The total installed utility power generation capacity. Nuclear plants generated 47,063 million kWh at 79.24% PLF in 2021–22. India's nuclear power plant development began in 1964. India signed an agreement with General Electric (United States) for the construction and commissioning of two boiling water reactors at Tarapur. In 1967, this effort was placed under India's Department of Atomic Energy . In 1971, India set up its first pressurized heavy water reactors with Canadian collaboration in Rajasthan . Asian Development Bank The Asian Development Bank ( ADB )
10976-440: The utility sector, aside from those currently under construction. It is expected that non-fossil fuel generation contribution is likely to reach around 44.7% of the total gross electricity generation by 2029–30. The first demonstration of electric light in Calcutta (now Kolkata ) was conducted on 24 July 1879 by P.W. Fleury & Co. On 7 January 1897, Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric lighting license as agents of
11088-441: The variable renewable energy. Also ramping up, ramping down, warm start up, hot start up capabilities of existing coal based power stations are critical to accommodate the frequent variations in renewable power generation. It is also examined to use the retired coal based electric generators as synchronous condensers for improving the grid inertia when it is dominated by static power generation sources like solar and wind power. As
11200-420: The wake of the escalating U.S. military support for the government of South Vietnam . As a key player in the concept, Japan hoped that the ADB offices would be in Tokyo. However, eight other cities had also expressed an interest: Bangkok , Colombo , Kabul , Kuala Lumpur, Manila , Phnom Penh , Singapore, and Tehran . To decide, the 18 prospective regional members of the new bank held three rounds of votes at
11312-496: The world suffered its first oil price shock, ADB shifted more of its assistance to support energy projects, especially those promoting the development of domestic energy sources in member countries. Following considerable pressure from the Reagan Administration in the 1980s, ADB reluctantly began working with the private sector in an attempt to increase the impact of its development assistance to poor countries in Asia and
11424-418: The world's capital markets. It also relies on the contributions of member countries, retained earnings from lending operations, and the repayment of loans. ADB provides direct financial assistance, in the form of debt, equity and mezzanine finance to private sector companies, for projects that have clear social benefits beyond the financial rate of return. ADB's participation is usually limited but it leverages
11536-526: The year 1994, M/s ECC of USA were commissioned under a grant from the Asian Development Bank to undertake a comprehensive study of the Indian power system and recommend a suitable tariff structure. ECC submitted their report in February, 1994, recommending Availability Tariff for generating stations, which was accepted in principle by GOI in November, 1994. A National Task Force (NTF) was constituted by
11648-434: Was convened to study the idea, with Japan invited to contribute to the group. When Watanabe was recommended, the two streams proposing a new bank—from ECAFE and Japan—came together. Initially, the US was on the fence, not opposing the idea but not ready to commit financial support. But a new bank for Asia was soon seen to fit in with a broader program of assistance to Asia planned by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson in
11760-516: Was estimated to be approximately US$ 6 per million British thermal units ($ 20/ MWh ) (thermal energy). The Indian government has taken steps to enhance power generation from gas-based power plants by waiving import duties and taxes. Gasification of coal or lignite or pet coke or biomass produces synthesis gas or syngas (also known as coal gas or wood gas ) which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases. Coal gas can be converted into synthetic natural gas by using
11872-651: Was in 1882 at Crawford Market and the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (BEST) set up a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway. The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897. The first electric street light in Asia was lit on 5 August 1905 in Bangalore . The first electric train in
11984-489: Was instituted primarily to regulate the tariff of power generating companies owned or controlled by the Government of India , and any other generating company which has a composite scheme for power generation and interstate transmission of energy , including tariffs of generating companies. On 2 July 1998, recognizing the needs for reforms in the electricity sector nationwide, the Government of India moved forward to enact
12096-570: Was interconnected with these grids in March 2003. The Northern grid was also interconnected in August 2006, forming a Central Grid that was synchronously connected and operating at one frequency. The sole remaining regional grid, the Southern Grid, was synchronously interconnected to the Central Grid on 31 December 2013 with the commissioning of the 765 kV Raichur-Solapur transmission line, establishing
12208-441: Was made through a collaboration between the Government of India and its constituent states . The total installed power generation capacity is the sum of utility capacity, captive power capacity, and other non-utilities which is 495.200 GW as on 31 March 2023. Nearly 32,285 MW coal thermal power projects are under construction as on 1 April 2021. The total installed utility power generation capacity as on 31 March 2023 by type
12320-406: Was nearly 21.7% of the total. In 2019–20, all the incremental electricity generation is contributed by renewable energy sources as the power generation from fossil fuels decreased. During the year 2020–2021, the utility power generation decreased by 0.8% (11.3 billion kWh) with a reduction in power generation from fossil fuels by 1% and power generation from non-fossil sources is more or less same of
12432-560: Was one of the poorest regions in the world. Early loans went largely to Indonesia , Thailand , Malaysia , South Korea and the Philippines ; these countries accounted for 78.48% of the total ADB loans between 1967 and 1972. Moreover, Japan received tangible benefits, 41.67% of the total procurements between 1967 and 1976. Japan tied its special funds contributions to its preferred sectors and regions and procurements of its goods and services, as reflected in its $ 100 million donation for
12544-536: Was the lead priority of the ADB and that it should constitute 50% of the bank's lending by 2020. In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic hit the region and ADB responded with programs to help the countries in the region work together to address infectious diseases, including avian influenza and HIV/AIDS. ADB also responded to a multitude of natural disasters in the region, committing more than $ 850 million for recovery in areas of India, Indonesia, Maldives , and Sri Lanka which were impacted by
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