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48-396: Sheffield Town Council was constituted in 1843. While the town had one of the less restrictive electoral franchises , only ratepayers of three years standing were permitted to vote. Tenants of cottages , including many workers in the city, typically paid their rates indirectly through their landlords and were therefore not permitted to vote. This set-up had been unproblematic until

96-579: A public meeting to decide whether a local bill should be applied for that year. The meeting was little-attended, but supported the proposal. The bill claimed for Sheffield a wide range of powers, which would include the absorption of the Church Burgesses and the Town Trustees . These two measures were later dropped in order to minimise Parliamentary opposition. A public meeting was held in December and

144-449: A "slum of hope" from the 1920s and 1930s, members of this class are given hardly any chances of attaining membership of the formal economic structures. Diane Reay stresses the challenges that working-class students can face during the transition to and within higher education, and research intensive universities in particular. One factor can be the university community being perceived as a predominately middle-class social space, creating

192-507: A farmer, in Brightside in the annual election, and Isaac Ironside , an accountant and former support of Robert Owen , in Ecclesall in a by-election held soon afterwards. Briggs was easily elected, while Ironside won narrowly on a record turnout: 397 votes to 317 for his Liberal rival. Voter registration was also up, reaching 11,500 people. The Liberals dominated the council, and portrayed

240-399: A farmer. This was not representative of their electorate. The Chartists joined a campaign against Wilson Overend , a local magistrate accused of anti- trade union bias, and later in the year, initiated a campaign in support of former police constable George Bakewell who had been banished from the town by his superintendent after being accused of stealing a pair of trousers. This campaign

288-470: A key change in these Soviet-style societies has been a new type of proletarianization , often effected by the administratively achieved forced displacement of peasants and rural workers. Since then, four major industrial states have turned towards semi-market-based governance ( China , Laos , Vietnam , Cuba ), and one state has turned inwards into an increasing cycle of poverty and brutalization ( North Korea ). Other states of this sort have collapsed (such as

336-521: A part of Somalia. In August 2019, a governance petition was submitted to the council, asking for a referendum on changing the council's governance system. The petition, organised by the Sheffield community group It's Our City!, was signed by over 26000 people (approximately 6.6% of the Sheffield City Council electorate). In September 2019 this petition was accepted as valid under the provisions of

384-401: A self-identification with the working class group. This subjective approach allows individuals, rather than researchers, to define their own "subjective" and "perceived" social class. Karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as those individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production . He argued that they were responsible for creating

432-669: A shareholder in the Sheffield Consumers Gas Company, which engaged in a rivalry with the established Sheffield Gas-Light Company . Disputes over these actions led some former allies to turn against him. In 1853, two former allies organised a campaign against Ironside, and he lost his seat in Ecclesall. He subsequently took a seat in St George's, but in 1854, only two of the nine Democrat candidates were successful, and Ironside again lost his seat. The Democrats lost influence on

480-577: A third of the council (one councillor for each ward) being elected each time for a four-year term. Sheffield City Council provides approximately 550 services to its citizens. It is also a major employer in the city, with more than 8,000 employees, including all state school staff in its role as Local Education Authority (LEA). In April 2021 the Sheffield Star published a list of seven Council employees earning more than £100k-a-year. Services and employees are organised into four portfolios: The council

528-484: Is deserving of aid. In other contexts the term working class refers to a section of society dependent on physical labour , especially when compensated with an hourly wage (for certain types of science, as well as journalistic or political analysis). Working-class occupations can be categorized into four groups: unskilled labourers, artisans, outworkers , and factory workers. Common alternative definitions of Working Class include definition by income level, whereby

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576-408: Is insufficiently high to place them in the middle class , or both. However, socialists define "working class" to include all workers who fall into this category; thus, this definition can include almost all of the working population of industrialized economies . As with many terms describing social class , working class is defined and used in different ways. One definition used by many socialists

624-549: Is responsible for 16 cemeteries across the city. Working class The working class is a subset of employees who are compensated with wage or salary -based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition. Members of the working class rely primarily upon earnings from wage labour . Most common definitions of "working class" in use in the United States limit its membership to workers who hold blue-collar and pink-collar jobs, or whose income

672-589: Is that the working class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labour, a group otherwise referred to as the proletariat . In this sense, the working class includes white and blue-collar workers, manual and menial workers of all types, excluding individuals who derive their livelihood from business ownership or the labour of others. The term, which is primarily used to evoke images of laborers suffering "class disadvantage in spite of their individual effort", can also have racial connotations, applying diverse themes of poverty and implications about whether one

720-646: Is the local authority for the City of Sheffield , a metropolitan borough with city status in South Yorkshire , England. The council consists of 84 councillors, elected to represent 28 wards , each with three councillors. It is currently under no overall control , with Labour , the Liberal Democrats and the Green Party each holding chair positions in a proportionate number of committees. The town of Sheffield

768-563: The Localism Act 2011 , forcing the council to hold a referendum on changing the council's executive arrangements from the Leader and Cabinet system to a Committee system. The referendum was postponed from May 2020 (due to the COVID-19 pandemic ) and took place on 6 May 2021, with 65% voting for change to a Committee system. In 2023 the council leader Terry Fox stood down as leader at the request of

816-471: The Public Health Act 1848 ( 11 & 12 Vict. c. 63) as centralising, adding expense and placing local boards under central governmental rather than local democratic control. The Chartists also opposed the additional property qualifications it introduced for voters and members of local boards, noting this would disenfranchise many of their supporters. In 1851, Ironside seconded a council motion to call

864-608: The Sheffield City Police , criticising its organisation and calling for a lower police rate. This was supported by the group's efficient administration of the Ecclesall board of highway surveyors. In 1848, the Chartists won four of the six wards they contested, and by the end of the year had fifteen councillors. This rose to 22 the following year. They still opted not to run in the Park ward as they lacked registered supporters, but as

912-526: The Soviet Union ). Since 1960, large-scale proletarianization and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world , generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, expanding the size of the urban working class. The informal working class is a sociological term coined by Mike Davis for a class of over a billion predominantly young urban people who are in no way formally connected to

960-408: The global economy and who try to survive primarily in slums . According to Davis, this class no longer corresponds to the socio-theoretical concepts of a class, from Marx, Max Weber or the theory of modernization . Thereafter, this class developed worldwide from the 1960s, especially in the southern hemisphere. In contrast to previous notions of a class of the lumpen proletariat or the notions of

1008-454: The wealth of a society, asserting that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land or factories . A sub-section of the proletariat, the lumpenproletariat ( rag-proletariat ), are the extremely poor and unemployed, such as day labourers and homeless people. Marx considered them to be devoid of class consciousness. In Marxist terms wage labourers and those dependent on

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1056-403: The welfare state are working class, and those who live on accumulated capital are not, and this broad dichotomy defines the class struggle . In The Communist Manifesto , Marx and Friedrich Engels argue that it is the destiny of the working class to displace the capitalist system, with the dictatorship of the proletariat (as opposed to the " dictatorship of the bourgeoisie ") abolishing

1104-518: The Chartists as socialists , and Ironside as a demagogue . The Liberal press in the shape of the Sheffield Independent was initially supportive, but as the group gain success, became increasingly hostile. In 1847, Ironside was re-elected in Ecclesall, along with another Chartist councillor. Other Chartists were elected in Brightside, St George's, St Philip's and Nether Hallam wards, and by

1152-530: The Council was founded, but was now of concern, as the registered voters were generally the wealthier residents. In 1843, only 5,584 people were registered to vote, and this had risen to 8,000 in 1845. In 1846, a committee of Chartists in the city met to discuss the problem of voter registration . They decided to focus their campaign for registration by putting up two candidates in the November elections: Thomas Briggs,

1200-534: The English Working Class , E. P. Thompson argues that the English working class was present at its own creation, and seeks to describe the transformation of pre-modern labouring classes into a modern, politically self-conscious, working class. Starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class (see Soviet working class ). Some historians have noted that

1248-514: The Sheffield City Region until 2021), led by the directly elected Mayor of South Yorkshire since 2018. In April 2014, the Sheffield City Council voted to recognize the right to self-determination of Somaliland , an autonomous region in northwestern Somalia , the first city council to do so. The gesture is purely ceremonial and carries no legal weight. The UK government and the international community officially recognise Somaliland as

1296-521: The body pressed for summons for the others. Members of the police force and other relevant bodies were also free to attend the wardmotes to justify their actions, and the Democrats were not universally critical of their actions. By the 1840s, there was a general consensus in the city that a new Act of Parliament was needed to replace the Sheffield Improvement Act 1818 . The council opposed

1344-548: The city centre. The building was purpose-built for the council and was completed in 1897. It is a Grade I listed building . The council also uses a modern office building nearby at Howden House, 1 Union Street, as additional offices and the main customer service centre. There are also smaller offices and area offices across the city. Since the last boundary changes in 2016, the council has comprised 84 councillors representing 28 wards , with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held three years out of every four, with

1392-469: The city council before the 1974 reforms, Ron Ironmonger, went on to be the first leader of South Yorkshire County Council . Metropolitan Borough Following the 2024 election the composition of the council was: Six of the independent councillors sit together as the "Sheffield Community Councillors" group. The next election is due in May 2026. The council meets at Sheffield Town Hall on Pinstone Street in

1440-610: The council annually voted a petition for parliamentary reform , and also petitioned the monarch on taxation , the Poor Law and county administration. Ironside was the chair of the city's Highways Board from 1852 to 1854, and led a campaign of street paving and laying deep sewers . Ironside attempted to get Toulmin Smith to stand for the Parliamentary seat of Sheffield at the 1852 general election , but Smith refused. Ironside also became

1488-409: The council, but remained influential on the highway and vestry boards. In 1858, they opposed a new bill, sponsored by George Calvert Holland , essentially a more limited version of the 1851 proposal. Ironside's support for former diplomat David Urquhart lost him further support, and by the 1860s, the group was defunct. Sheffield Town Council Other groups (7) Sheffield City Council

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1536-464: The end of the year they formed a group of nine councillors. In addition, Richard Otley was elected in Ecclesall, but was unseated because he failed to meet the property qualification. This required councillors to have resources worth £1,000 or to occupy property with a rental value above £30 a year. As a result, the Chartist councillors were mostly shopkeepers and craftsmen, with a couple of surgeons and

1584-507: The late 18th century, under the influence of the Enlightenment , European society was in a state of change, and this change could not be reconciled with the idea of a changeless God-created social order. Wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics (i.e. excessive consumption of alcohol, perceived laziness and inability to save money). In The Making of

1632-520: The national Labour Party, amid controversy around the council's response to the Sheffield street tree scandal . Since 2021 the council has been under no overall control . At the 2021 elections , Labour lost its majority on the council, and its leader, Bob Johnson, lost his seat on the council. A coalition between Labour and the Greens was formed to run the council, with Labour's new leader Terry Fox taking

1680-535: The new borough. From 1974 to 1986 Sheffield was a district-level authority, with county-level services provided by South Yorkshire County Council . In 1986, the abolition of metropolitan county councils saw Sheffield City Council become a unitary authority , the modern equivalent of the county borough it had been before 1974. Since 2014 the council has been a constituent member of the South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority (called

1728-415: The outgoing authorities until the new arrangements took effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows: The role of Lord Mayor of Sheffield is largely ceremonial and is usually held by a different councillor each year. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council . The leaders since 1901 have been: County Borough The last leader of

1776-502: The role of leader of the council . Following the 2022 election , the Liberal Democrats joined Labour and the Greens in the ruling administration. The 'rainbow coalition' of Labour, The Liberal Democrats and the Green Party has continued following the 2023 election . The first election to the reconstituted city council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside

1824-471: The same social unit , a third estate of people who were neither aristocrats nor church officials. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies . The social position of these labouring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants' War . In

1872-721: The skilled working classes ), were inspired by Joshua Toulmin Smith 's ideas. In 1851, Ironside formalised the network by launching the Sheffield Free Press as a party newspaper, followed by the Central Democratic Ward Association to co-ordinate the ward committees and decide borough-wide strategy. The Liberals largely failed to imitate these structures. The Association allowed the wardmotes to select any candidate they chose, and while many were active Democrats, other radicals and independent Chartists were sometimes elected on to their slate. Ironside also saw

1920-461: The social relationships underpinning the class system before then developing into a communist society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." In feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the labouring class, a group made up of different professions, trades and occupations. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of

1968-451: The start. By 1852, the group was sufficiently successful that six of their candidates were elected without opposition, and a further four in contests, giving the group a total of twenty-six councillors. However, not all councillors stuck to the party line, and as a result, a non-Democrat Mayor of Sheffield was elected. During the 1850s, the Democrats were easily the main opposition on the council. Under their influence, from 1854 to 1857,

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2016-747: The voter registration drive gained successes, in 1851 they came a close second to the Liberal, and in 1852 the Liberal association decided to avoid a repeat by adopting the Democrat candidate as official. By this time, Ironside had become recognised as the leader of the group, and had persuaded the council to set up a health committee and to set up a model farm at Hollow Meadows . The Chartists set up ward committees which met regularly and were responsible for selecting candidates, canvassing for them and for encouraging supporters to vote. These committees, known as "wardmotes" and open to all " burghers " (loosely defined as

2064-411: The wardmotes as a venue for the resolution of local grievances. For example, they took up complaints against pollution and inadequate street maintenance, and even petty crimes . On one occasion, Ironside found five youths disturbing the peace and a wardmote passed a resolution calling for their parents to bring them before the body. When one youth attended the next meeting, he was reprimanded, while

2112-512: The working class is contrasted with a middle class on the basis of access to economic resources, education , cultural interests, and other goods and services, and the "white working class" has been "loosely defined" by the New York Times as comprising white people without college degrees. Researchers in Australia have suggested that working class status should be defined subjectively as

2160-465: Was awarded city status in 1893. In 1974 the county borough of Sheffield was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972 , being replaced by a larger metropolitan borough of Sheffield, covering the area of the former county borough plus the abolished Stocksbridge Urban District and the parishes of Bradfield and Ecclesfield . Sheffield's city status was extended to cover the whole area of

2208-408: Was dominated by Chartists. They opposed it on the grounds that it did not introduce a universal male franchise for the council, and that it would for the first time impose rates on housing with a rateable value of £7 or less per year. The meeting rejected the bill. Ironside also moved to oppose it, but his change in position alienated both colleagues in favour of it and members who had opposed it from

2256-454: Was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1843. The borough was run by the Corporation of Sheffield , also known as the town council. When elected county councils were established in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888 , Sheffield was considered large enough to run its own county-level services and so it was made a county borough , independent from West Riding County Council . The town

2304-531: Was supported by Liberal members of the Watch Committee, annoyed that they had not been consulted. Chartist candidates had to give their broad support to Chartist goals, and in particular had to support universal male suffrage . The group was lightly whipped , a situation much criticised by the Sheffield Independent . Its main planks of policy were opposition to high civic salaries, and opposition to

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